Яжык Аркеоский (Jažyk Arkéoskij): Difference between revisions

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Arkhæn [ɑr.'keɪ.ɨn] or Arkhæo [ɑr.'keɪ.oʊ] is a language spoken by the nation of Arkhæo. The language has gone through many chnges and spelling reforms, and it will continue to evolve.
Arkéan [aɾ.'ke.n̩] or Arkéo [aɾ.'ke.o] is a language spoken by the nation of Arkhéo. The language has gone through many chnges and spelling reforms, and it will continue to evolve.


= History =
= History =
Before Arkæo became it's own nation, It was a part of larger country know Verkhazi. This nation was a gloabal superpower in the continent of Se'Ashiran and ruled the Verkhazi Empire. However, eventually through fierce resistance from it's enemies, The Khamuhiyot Nation, the empire faced eventual collapse, and the nation was split into two; one nation became Arkhæo, and the other became Chanar /'ʃɑnɑr/
Before Arkæo became it's own nation, It was a part of larger country know Verkhazi. This nation was a gloabal superpower in the continent of Se'Ashiran and ruled the Verkhazi Empire. However, eventually through fierce resistance from it's enemies, The Khamuhiyot Nation, the empire faced eventual collapse, and the nation was split into two; one nation became Arkhæo, and the other became Chanar /'ʃænaɹ/


= Álkavāht (alphabet) =
= Ålkavat (alphabet) =
The Arkæn Alphabet is known as the Álkavāht, the name of which came from the first four letters of Arkhæn's predecessor, Valerjao[væl'ɛrwoʊ̯]. The letters were Ál, Ka, Vāw and Hit.
The Arkéan Language uses three writings systems:
The script consists of 30 letters, 9 of which are vowels.
*The Ålkavat Romaźa Ålfyśa (Official Romanization Alphabet), used for teaching and informal writing.
*The Ålkavat Cyrylys Ålfyśa (Official Cyrillic Alphabet), used for formal writing.
*The Ålkavat Arkéoskij Ålfyśa (Official Arkhean Alphabet) is used for "sacred" writings, government documents, and sometimes very formal writing. The name of the script is derived from the first four letters of Arkhéan's ancestor language, Verkhaza. The letters were Ál, Ka, Vāw and Hīt.


= Phonology =
= Phonology =
Listed below are the phonetics as they are pronounced in roman script.
Arkhean Language contains a large phonemic inventory. Most of the sounds it contains are shared with many Slavic languages, as well as sharing palatal secondary articulation. This language also contains a phoneme not found in any native language, the lateral trill, which is represented by the IPA as /ɺ͡r/ and Orthographically as <Ŀ ŀ>.
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
'''Vowel Chart'''
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 290px; text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+Vowel Phonemes
! style="width: 90px; "|
|-
! style="width: 90px; " |
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
|-
!Close
!Close
| i
| i
|  
| ɨ
|
|
| u
| u
|-
!Near-close
|
| ɪ
|
| ʊ
|
|-
|-
!Close-mid
!Close-mid
| e
| e
|
|
|
|
| o
| o
Line 45: Line 35:
!Mid
!Mid
|  
|  
|
| ə  
| ə
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 53: Line 41:
| ɛ
| ɛ
|
|
|
| ɔ
|
| ɐ ɔ
|-
!Near-open
| æ
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!Open
!Open
|  
|colspan=3|a
|
|
|
| ɑ ɒ
|}
|}
'''Phonemes'''


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Phonemes
   ! IPA  
   ! IPA  
   ! Letter  
   ! Letter  
Line 82: Line 55:
   | colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Monopthongs'''
   | colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Monopthongs'''
   |-
   |-
  | ɑ and ɒ
   | a
   | a
   | br'''a''',f'''a'''ther, l'''o'''t, c'''o'''t
  | a
   | br'''a''',f'''a'''ther, c'''o'''t, b'''a'''d
   |-
   |-
   | æ
   | e
  | á
  | t'''a'''p, b'''a'''t, b'''a'''d
  |-
  | ɛ
   | e
   | e
   | b'''e'''t
   | b'''e'''t
   |-
   |-
   | e
   | ɛ
   | ĕ
   | é
   | b'''a'''y, f'''a'''ce
   | b'''a'''y, f'''a'''ce
  |-
  | aɪ
  | i
  | cr'''y'''
   |-
   |-
   | o
   | o
Line 106: Line 71:
   | r'''oa'''d
   | r'''oa'''d
   |-
   |-
   | ʌ    
   | ɔ
   | ó
  | '''o'''r, f'''o'''r, c'''o'''t
  |-
   | u
   | u
  | str'''u'''t 
  |-
   | u
   | u
  | ų
   | z'''oo'''
   | z'''oo'''
   |-
   |-
   | j
   | ə 
   | y
   | ë
   | '''y'''et
   | '''u'''nder 
   |-
   |-
   | i
   | i
   | ý
   | i
   | b'''ee'''
   | b'''ee'''
  |-
  | ɨ
  | y
  | ros'''e'''s
   |-
   |-
   | colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Dipthongs'''   
   | colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Dipthongs'''   
   |-
   |-
   | eɪ
   | aj
   | æ
   | aj
   | b'''a'''y
  | cr'''y'''
  |-
  | ɔj
  | oj
   | b'''oy''', j'''oy'''  
   |-
   |-
   |}
   |}


====Allophony====
*Vowel "A" becomes /ə/ when unstressed.
:Vowels "A" and "U" become /ə/ when unstressed.
:Vowels "Y" and "I" become /ɪ/ when unstressed


====Digraphs====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Followed by an R...'''
  ! IPA
  ! IPA
  ! letters
  ! letters
! Example
  |-
  |-
  | ɪəɹ
  | ɪər
  | ier  
  | ýr
| '''ear''', f'''ear'''  
  |-
  |-
  | ɛəɹ
  | ɛər
  | eir
  | ĕr
| '''air''', f'''air'''
  |-
  |-
  | jɪ or iː²
  | ɔr
  | ii
| or
| f'''or''', p'''our'''
|-
| ɛr
| yr
  | butt'''er'''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
²Ii can also sound like /iː/ only if it is not at the beggining of a word.
 
'''Allophony'''
Arkhean Allophony only occurs with vowels:
*/æ/ is an allophone of /a/, word initially and before /l/, and occurs after /ɬ/ and /ɮ/.
*/ɐ/ is an allophone of /ə/ when followed by plosives.
*/ɪ/ is an allophone of /ɨ/ when it is word-initial.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonant Phonemes
   |  
|-
   ! Bilabial  
   ! rowspan=2|
   ! Labio-
   !colspan=2 width=70px|Bilabial
Dental 
   !colspan=2 width=70px|Labio-
  ! Dental
Dental
   ! Alveolar
   !colspan=2 width=70px|Alveolar
   ! Post-
   !Post-
Alveolar
Alveolar
   ! (Aveolo)-
   !(Aveolo)-
Palatal
Palatal
   ! Velar
   !colspan=2 width=70px|Velar
   ! Labial-
   !Uvular
Velar
  !Glottal
  ! Uvular
|-
  ! Glottal
! <small>hard</small>
  |-
! <small>soft</small>
  ! Nasal
! <small>hard</small>
  | m  
! <small>soft</small>
  |  
! <small>hard</small>
  |
! <small>soft</small>
  | n
! <small></small>
  |
! <small></small>
  |
! <small>hard</small>
  |
! <small>soft</small>
  |
! <small></small>
  |
! <small></small>
  |  
|-
  |-
! Nasal
  ! Plosive
| m || mʲ
  | p b
| colspan=2|
  |  
| colspan=2|n
  |
|
  | t d
| ɲ
  |
|colspan=2|
  |
|
  |
|
  | k g
|-
  |
! Stop
  |
| p b || pʲ bʲ
  |-
|colspan=2|
  ! Affricate
| t d || tʲ dʲ
  |  
|
  |
|
  |  
| k ɡ||kʲ ɡʲ
  | d͡z
|
  |  
|
  | d͡ʒ
|-
  |
! Affricate
  |
|colspan=2|
  |
|colspan=2|  
  |  
| t͡s d͡z||t͡sʲ d͡zʲ
  |-
|t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
  ! Fricative
|[t͡ɕ d͡ʑ]
  |  
|colspan=2|
  | f v
|
  | θ¹
|
  | s z
|-
  | ʃ ʒ  
! Fricative
  | ɕ ʑ
|colspan=2|
  |
|f v || fʲ vʲ
  |
|s z || sʲ zʲ
  | χ  
|ʃ ʒ  
  | h
|[ɕ ʑ]
  |-
|colspan=2|x [ɣ]
  ! Approximant
|χ [ʁ]
  |
|h
  |  
|-
  |
! Approximant
  |
|colspan=2|
  | ɹ
|colspan=2|
  | j
|colspan=2|ɹ~ɾ <ref>The Arkhéan <R r> can be either an Alveolar Approximant [ɹ] or an Alveolar Tap [ɾ], as both consonant sounds are used in Free-Variation, meaning they can be used interchangeably without changing the meaning of the word, and only relies on the preference of the speaker.
  | w²
</ref>
  |  
|
  |
|j
  |  
|colspan=2|
  |-
|
  ! Lateral
|
  |
|-
  |
! Lateral Approximant
  |  
|colspan=2|
  |
|colspan=2|
  | l
|colspan=2|l
  |
|
  |
|
  |
|colspan=2|
  |
|
  |  
|
  |-
|-
  |}
! Lateral Trill
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|ɺ͡r
|
|
|colspan=2|
|
|
|-
|}


:₁the phonemic sound /θ/ is virtually non-existant, with its occurence only being in a handful of words.
<references/>
:² the phonemic sound /w/ only exists in the trigraph "joi" for historical reasons


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 256: Line 249:
   | m
   | m
   | '''m'''et
   | '''m'''et
  |-
  | mʲ
  | mj
  | '''mu'''sic
   |-
   |-
   | n
   | n
   | n
   | n
   | '''n'''ame
   | '''n'''ame
  |-
  |ɲ
  |ň
  | '''ne'''w
   |-
   |-
   | p
   | p
   | p
   | p
   | '''p'''ot
   | '''p'''ot
  |-
  | pʲ
  | pj
  | '''pu'''re
   |-
   |-
   | b
   | b
   | b
   | b
   | '''b'''an
   | '''b'''an
  |-
  | bʲ
  | bj
  | no english equvalent
   |-
   |-
   | t
   | t
Line 273: Line 282:
   | '''t'''an
   | '''t'''an
   |-
   |-
   | ɹ
   | tʲ
  | tj
  | no english equivalent
  |-
  | r
   | r
   | r
   | '''r'''an, '''r'''ed, '''r'''ot, ca'''r'''   
   | '''r'''an, '''r'''ed, '''r'''ot, ca'''r'''   
Line 280: Line 293:
   | d
   | d
   | '''d'''ad
   | '''d'''ad
  |-
  | dʲ
  | dj
  | '''dew''', a'''deiu'''
   |-
   |-
   | k
   | k
   | k
   | k
   | s'''k'''y
   | s'''k'''y
  |-
  | kʲ
  | kj
  | cute
  |-
  | x
  | ǩ
  | lo'''ch'''
   |-
   |-
   | g
   | g
   | g
   | g
   | '''g'''one
   | '''g'''one
  |-
  | gʲ
  | gj
  | ar'''gu'''e
   |-
   |-
   | d͡ʒ
   | d͡ʒ
   | j
   | dž
   | '''j'''udge
   | '''j'''udge
  |-
  | d͡ʑ
  | dź
  | no english equivalent
   |-
   |-
   | f
   | f
   | f
   | f
   | '''f'''at
   | '''f'''at
  |-
  | fʲ
  | fj
  | '''fj'''ord
   |-
   |-
   | v
   | v
Line 301: Line 338:
   | '''v'''an
   | '''v'''an
   |-
   |-
   | θ
   | ts
   | th
   | c
   | ma'''th'''
   | ba'''ts'''
  |-
  | tsʲ
  | cj
  | no english equivalent
   |-
   |-
   | s
   | s
   | s
   | s
   | '''s'''un
   | '''s'''un
  |-
  | sʲ
  | sj
  | no english equivalent
   |-
   |-
   | z
   | z
   | z  
   | z  
   | '''z'''eal
   | '''z'''eal
  |-
  | zʲ
  | zj
  | somewhat like in '''ze'''al
   |-
   |-
   | ʃ
   | ʃ
   | ch
   | š
   | '''sh'''un
   | '''sh'''un
   |-
   |-
   | ʒ or ʑ
   | ʒ
   | hź
  | ž
   | plea'''s'''ure
  | bei'''ge'''
  |-
  | ʑ
   | ź
   | plea'''su'''re
   |-
   |-
   | h
   | h
   | h
   | h
   | '''h'''ead
   | '''h'''ead
  |-
  | w
  | w
  | '''w'''ent
   |-
   |-
   | l
   | l
Line 333: Line 382:
   | '''l'''ad
   | '''l'''ad
   |-
   |-
   | ɕ
   | ɺ͡r
   | sh
   | ŀ
   | '''sh'''e
  | no english equivalent
  |-
  | tʃ
  | č
   | '''ch'''eese
   |-
   |-
   | χ  
   | χ  
   | ȟ
   | ȟ
   | ȟomyk (home)
   | no english equivalent
   |-
   |-
   | d͡z
   | d͡z
Line 346: Line 399:
   |-
   |-
   |}
   |}
*Latin Letter "C" is pronounced solely like /s/
*Latin Letter "H" is mute at the begginning of words and after consonants "k", and before and after "d".
====Digraphs and Trigraphs====
{| class="wikitable"
  ! IPA
  ! Letters 
  |-
  | aɪ¹
  | æy
  |-
  | wɑ¹
  | joi
  |-
  | ɔr
  | uar
  |-
  |}
¹ both digraph "æy" and trigraph "joi" are kept in the language for historical purposes.
= Morphology =
===Verbal Morphology===
====Personal Endings====
Arkhæo distinguishes four persons, 3 tenses:
'''Persons'''
*1st person; the speaker(s): I, we
*2nd person; the adressee(s): you(singular) you(plural)
*3rd person; other(s): he, she, they;
*Noun; things, ideas, etc.: it;
'''Tenses'''
*Past: reports what already happened
*Present: reports what is happening
*Future: reports what is going to happen in the future
= Grammar =
=== Word Order ===
Basic word order is subject–verb–object. In a noun phrase demonstratives come first, but adjectives¹, possessor and prepositional phrases all follow the noun:
:kýham grevat strong boy (kýham man, grevat great)
:kýat bænam good cat (kýat cat, bænam good)
:zar sjoird this sword (zar this, sjoird sword)
:zir kakatas that cactus (zir that, kakatas cactus)
¹some adjectives pertaining to physical properties (example: colour, and texture) of objects precede the noun.
Adverbs come after verbs:
:merkhii ábenam makes quickly (merkhii makes, ábenam quickly)
=== the three tenses ===
The affixes are added to the verb depending on whether the word ends in a consonant or vowel.
====Consonant Tenses====
:Past: -am
:Present: -a
:Future: -ų
====Vowel Tenses====
:Past: -kro
:Present: -ba
:Future: -kų
== Different Modes ==
listed below are affixes depending on the mode of the verb and, like above, whether the verb ends in a consonant or a vowel. The words in bracket are the english equivalent.
====Consonant Mood====
:Imperfect potential (could): -ųzĕ
:Perfect Potential (can): -ago
:Obligation (must): -ata
:Permission (May): -iat
:Possibility (May): -iam
:Conditional Possibility (might): -ajų
:Conditional (would): -ado
:Conditional Obligation (should) –aja
====Vowel Mood====
:Imperfect potential (could) -jĕ
:Perfect Potential (can): -jan
:Obligation (must): -jii
:Permission (May): -jiat
:Possibility (May): -jiam
:Conditional Possibility (might): -jų
:Conditional (would): -do
:Conditional Obligation (should): -tso

Latest revision as of 19:57, 21 March 2014

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Arkéan [aɾ.'ke.n̩] or Arkéo [aɾ.'ke.o] is a language spoken by the nation of Arkhéo. The language has gone through many chnges and spelling reforms, and it will continue to evolve.

History

Before Arkæo became it's own nation, It was a part of larger country know Verkhazi. This nation was a gloabal superpower in the continent of Se'Ashiran and ruled the Verkhazi Empire. However, eventually through fierce resistance from it's enemies, The Khamuhiyot Nation, the empire faced eventual collapse, and the nation was split into two; one nation became Arkhæo, and the other became Chanar /'ʃænaɹ/

Ålkavat (alphabet)

The Arkéan Language uses three writings systems:

  • The Ålkavat Romaźa Ålfyśa (Official Romanization Alphabet), used for teaching and informal writing.
  • The Ålkavat Cyrylys Ålfyśa (Official Cyrillic Alphabet), used for formal writing.
  • The Ålkavat Arkéoskij Ålfyśa (Official Arkhean Alphabet) is used for "sacred" writings, government documents, and sometimes very formal writing. The name of the script is derived from the first four letters of Arkhéan's ancestor language, Verkhaza. The letters were Ál, Ka, Vāw and Hīt.

Phonology

Arkhean Language contains a large phonemic inventory. Most of the sounds it contains are shared with many Slavic languages, as well as sharing palatal secondary articulation. This language also contains a phoneme not found in any native language, the lateral trill, which is represented by the IPA as /ɺ͡r/ and Orthographically as <Ŀ ŀ>.

Vowels

Vowel Phonemes
Front Central Back
Close i ɨ u
Close-mid e o
Mid ə
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a
Phonemes
IPA Letter Example
Monopthongs
a a bra,father, cot, bad
e e bet
ɛ é bay, face
o o road
ɔ ó or, for, cot
u u zoo
ə ë under
i i bee
ɨ y roses
Dipthongs
aj aj cry
ɔj oj boy, joy
  • Vowel "A" becomes /ə/ when unstressed.
Followed by an R...
IPA letters Example
ɪər ýr ear, fear
ɛər ĕr air, fair
ɔr or for, pour
ɛr yr butter

Allophony Arkhean Allophony only occurs with vowels:

  • /æ/ is an allophone of /a/, word initially and before /l/, and occurs after /ɬ/ and /ɮ/.
  • /ɐ/ is an allophone of /ə/ when followed by plosives.
  • /ɪ/ is an allophone of /ɨ/ when it is word-initial.

Consonants

Consonant Phonemes
Bilabial Labio-

Dental

Alveolar Post-

Alveolar

(Aveolo)-

Palatal

Velar Uvular Glottal
hard soft hard soft hard soft hard soft
Nasal m mʲ n ɲ
Stop p b pʲ bʲ t d tʲ dʲ k ɡ kʲ ɡʲ
Affricate t͡s d͡z t͡sʲ d͡zʲ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ [t͡ɕ d͡ʑ]
Fricative f v fʲ vʲ s z sʲ zʲ ʃ ʒ [ɕ ʑ] x [ɣ] χ [ʁ] h
Approximant ɹ~ɾ [1] j
Lateral Approximant l
Lateral Trill ɺ͡r
  1. ↑ The Arkhéan <R r> can be either an Alveolar Approximant [ɹ] or an Alveolar Tap [ɾ], as both consonant sounds are used in Free-Variation, meaning they can be used interchangeably without changing the meaning of the word, and only relies on the preference of the speaker.
IPA Letter Example

(in english)

m m met
mʲ mj music
n n name
ɲ ň new
p p pot
pʲ pj pure
b b ban
bʲ bj no english equvalent
t t tan
tʲ tj no english equivalent
r r ran, red, rot, car
d d dad
dʲ dj dew, adeiu
k k sky
kʲ kj cute
x ǩ loch
g g gone
gʲ gj argue
d͡ʒ dž judge
d͡ʑ dź no english equivalent
f f fat
fʲ fj fjord
v v van
ts c bats
tsʲ cj no english equivalent
s s sun
sʲ sj no english equivalent
z z zeal
zʲ zj somewhat like in zeal
ʃ š shun
ʒ ž beige
ʑ ź pleasure
h h head
l l lad
ɺ͡r ŀ no english equivalent
tʃ č cheese
χ ȟ no english equivalent
d͡z dz beds
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