Яжык Аркеоский (Jažyk Arkéoskij): Difference between revisions

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Arkhæn [ɑr.'keɪ.ɨn] or Arkhæo [ɑr.'keɪ.oʊ] is a language spoken by the nation of Arkhæo. The language has gone through many chnges and spelling reforms, and it will continue to evolve.
Arkéan [aɾ.'ke.n̩] or Arkéo [aɾ.'ke.o] is a language spoken by the nation of Arkhéo. The language has gone through many chnges and spelling reforms, and it will continue to evolve.


= History =
= History =
Before Arkæo became it's own nation, It was a part of larger country know Verkhazi. This nation was a gloabal superpower in the continent of Se'Ashiran and ruled the Verkhazi Empire. However, eventually through fierce resistance from it's enemies, The Khamuhiyot Nation, the empire faced eventual collapse, and the nation was split into two; one nation became Arkhæo, and the other became Chanar /'ʃɑnɑr/
Before Arkæo became it's own nation, It was a part of larger country know Verkhazi. This nation was a gloabal superpower in the continent of Se'Ashiran and ruled the Verkhazi Empire. However, eventually through fierce resistance from it's enemies, The Khamuhiyot Nation, the empire faced eventual collapse, and the nation was split into two; one nation became Arkhæo, and the other became Chanar /'ʃænaɹ/


= Álkavāht (alphabet) =
= Ålkavat (alphabet) =
The Arkæn Alphabet is known as the Álkavāht, the name of which came from the first four letters of Arkhæn's predecessor, Valwerjao. The letters were Ál, Ka, Vāw and Hit.
The Arkéan Language uses three writings systems:
The script consists of 33 letters, 9 of which are vowels.
*The Ålkavat Romaźa Ålfyśa (Official Romanization Alphabet), used for teaching and informal writing.
:Table Below shows the letters:
*The Ålkavat Cyrylys Ålfyśa (Official Cyrillic Alphabet), used for formal writing.
[[File:ArkhaVaht.PNG]]
*The Ålkavat Arkéoskij Ålfyśa (Official Arkhean Alphabet) is used for "sacred" writings, government documents, and sometimes very formal writing. The name of the script is derived from the first four letters of Arkhéan's ancestor language, Verkhaza. The letters were Ál, Ka, Vāw and Hīt.
 
:Alphabetically, the variations of letter A and E are indistinguished.


= Phonology =
= Phonology =
Listed below are the phonetics as they are pronounced in roman script.
Arkhean Language contains a large phonemic inventory. Most of the sounds it contains are shared with many Slavic languages, as well as sharing palatal secondary articulation. This language also contains a phoneme not found in any native language, the lateral trill, which is represented by the IPA as /ɺ͡r/ and Orthographically as <Ŀ ŀ>.
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
'''Vowel Chart'''
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 290px; text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+Vowel Phonemes
! style="width: 90px; "|
|-
! style="width: 90px; " |
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
|-
!Close
!Close
| i
| i
|
| ɨ
| ɨ
|
| u
| ɯ u
|-
!Near-close
|
| ɪ
|
| ʊ
|
|-
|-
!Close-mid
!Close-mid
| e
| e
|
|
|
|
| o
| o
Line 49: Line 35:
!Mid
!Mid
|  
|  
|
| ə  
| ə
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 57: Line 41:
| ɛ
| ɛ
|
|
| ɜ
| ɔ
|
| ʌ ɔ
|-
!Near-open
| æ
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!Open
!Open
| a
|colspan=3|a
|
|
|
| ɑ ɒ
|}
|}
'''Phonemes'''


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Phonemes
   ! IPA  
   ! IPA  
   ! Letter  
   ! Letter  
Line 86: Line 55:
   | colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Monopthongs'''
   | colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Monopthongs'''
   |-
   |-
  | ɑ
   | a
   | a
   | br'''a''' or f'''a'''ther
  | a
   | br'''a''',f'''a'''ther, c'''o'''t, b'''a'''d
   |-
   |-
   | ɛ
   | e
   | e
   | e
   | b'''e'''t
   | b'''e'''t
   |-
   |-
   | j¹ or aɪ
   | ɛ
   | i
   | é
   | '''y'''et/cr'''y'''
   | b'''a'''y, f'''a'''ce
   |-
   |-
   | oʊ
   | o
   | o
   | o
   | r'''oa'''d
   | r'''oa'''d
   |-
   |-
   | ə
   | ɔ
  | ó
  | '''o'''r, f'''o'''r, c'''o'''t
  |-
  | u
   | u
   | u
  | b'''u'''m
  |-
  | uː
  | ɯ
   | z'''oo'''
   | z'''oo'''
   |-
   |-
   | ɪ
   | ə 
   | y
   | ë
   | t'''i'''n
   | '''u'''nder 
   |-
   |-
   | iː
   | i
   | ý
   | i
   | b'''ee'''
   | b'''ee'''
  |-
  | ɨ
  | y
  | ros'''e'''s
   |-
   |-
   | colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Dipthongs'''   
   | colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Dipthongs'''   
   |-
   |-
   | eɪ
   | aj
   | æ
   | aj
   | b'''a'''y
   | cr'''y'''
   |-
   |-
   | ɪə
   | ɔj
   | ie
   | oj
   | f'''ea'''r 
   | b'''oy''', j'''oy'''  
  |-
  | ɛə
  | ei
  | f'''ai'''r
  |-
  | aɪ
  | ai and æy
  | cr'''y'''
   |-
   |-
   |}
   |}
¹Letter "I" makes a /j/ sound primarily only between vowels , otherwise the letter is pronounced as /aɪ/. Example: leiiet ("loyal") is pronounced as <leɪ'jɛt> because it is between vowels "i" and "e" whereas in the word vælhigan is pronounced <veɪlhaɪgɑn>, the "i" is between the consonants "h" and "g".
====Allophony====
*Letter "A" can also be pronounced as /æ/ like the "a" in "tap".
*Letter "U" can also be pronounced as /ʌ/ like the "u" in "cut" or "strut".
*Letter "Y" can also sound like /ɛr/ if it is the first letter and beside an r, example "yrgăm".
*Letter "Ý" can also sound like /ɪə/ like the "EA" in "EAr". (e.g. Mýr(my) as "mɪər" or english "mere")


*Vowel "A" becomes /ə/ when unstressed.


====Digraphs====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Followed by an R...'''
  ! IPA
  ! IPA
  ! letters
  ! letters
! Example
  |-
  |-
  | jɪ or iː²
  | ɪər
  | ii
  | ýr
| '''ear''', f'''ear''' 
  |-
  |-
  | wɑ
  | ɛər
  | joi
  | ĕr
| '''air''', f'''air'''
  |-
  |-
  | ɔr
  | ɔr
  | uar
  | or
| f'''or''', p'''our'''
|-
| ɛr
| yr
| butt'''er'''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
²Ii can also sound like /iː/ only if it is not at the beggining of a word.


 
'''Allophony'''
 
Arkhean Allophony only occurs with vowels:
'''Diacretic'''
*/æ/ is an allophone of /a/, word initially and before /l/, and occurs after /ɬ/ and /ɮ/.
:The letter "A" with a breve (Ă) denotes that the letter is pronounced as /ɔ/ like in "l'''aw'''n"
*/ɐ/ is an allophone of /ə/ when followed by plosives.
:The letter "E" with a breve (Ĕ) denotes that the letter is pronounced as /ɛə/ like in "'''ai'''r" or "f'''ai'''r"
*/ɪ/ is an allophone of /ɨ/ when it is word-initial.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Consonant Phonemes
|-
  ! rowspan=2|
  !colspan=2 width=70px|Bilabial
  !colspan=2 width=70px|Labio-
Dental
  !colspan=2 width=70px|Alveolar
  !Post-
Alveolar
  !(Aveolo)-
Palatal
  !colspan=2 width=70px|Velar
  !Uvular
  !Glottal
|-
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small></small>
! <small></small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small></small>
! <small></small>
|-
! Nasal
| m || mʲ
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|n
|
| ɲ
|colspan=2|
|
|
|-
! Stop
| p b || pʲ bʲ
|colspan=2|
| t d || tʲ dʲ
|
|
| k ɡ||kʲ ɡʲ
|
|
|-
! Affricate
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
| t͡s d͡z||t͡sʲ d͡zʲ
|t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
|[t͡ɕ d͡ʑ]
|colspan=2|
|
|
|-
! Fricative
|colspan=2|
|f v || fʲ vʲ
|s z || sʲ zʲ
|ʃ ʒ
|[ɕ ʑ]
|colspan=2|x [ɣ]
|χ [ʁ]
|h
|-
! Approximant
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|ɹ~ɾ <ref>The Arkhéan <R r> can be either an Alveolar Approximant [ɹ] or an Alveolar Tap [ɾ], as both consonant sounds are used in Free-Variation, meaning they can be used interchangeably without changing the meaning of the word, and only relies on the preference of the speaker.
</ref>
|
|j
|colspan=2|
|
|
|-
! Lateral Approximant
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|l
|
|
|colspan=2|
|
|
|-
! Lateral Trill
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|ɺ͡r
|
|
|colspan=2|
|
|
|-
|}


{| class="wikitable"
<references/>
  |
  ! Bilabial
  ! Labio-
Dental 
  ! Dental
  ! Alveolar
  ! Post-
Alveolar
  ! Palatal
  ! Velar
  ! Labial-
Velar
  ! Glottal
  |-
  ! Nasal
  | m
  |
  |
  | n
  |
  |
  | ŋ
  |
  | 
  |-
  ! Plosive
  | p b
  |
  |
  | t d
  |
  |
  | k g
  |
  | 
  |-
  ! Affricate
  |
  |
  |
  |
  | dʒ
  |
  |
  |
  |
  |-
  ! Fricative
  |
  | f v
  | θ
  | s z
  | ʃ  ʒ
  |
  |
  |
  | h
  |-
  ! Approximant
  |
  |
  |
  | r
  |
  | j
  |
  | w
  |
  |-
  ! Lateral
  |
  |
  |
  | l
  |
  |
  |
  |
  |
  |-
  |}


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 260: Line 245:
   ! Example  
   ! Example  
(in english)  
(in english)  
  |-
  | colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Monopthongs'''
   |-
   |-
   | m
   | m
   | m
   | m
   | '''m'''et
   | '''m'''et
  |-
  | mʲ
  | mj
  | '''mu'''sic
   |-
   |-
   | n
   | n
Line 271: Line 258:
   | '''n'''ame
   | '''n'''ame
   |-
   |-
   | ŋ
   |ɲ
   | ng
   |ň
   | fi'''ng'''er
   | '''ne'''w
   |-
   |-
   | p
   | p
   | p
   | p
   | '''p'''ot
   | '''p'''ot
  |-
  | pʲ
  | pj
  | '''pu'''re
   |-
   |-
   | b
   | b
   | b
   | b
   | '''b'''an
   | '''b'''an
  |-
  | bʲ
  | bj
  | no english equvalent
   |-
   |-
   | t
   | t
   | t
   | t
   | '''t'''an
   | '''t'''an
  |-
  | tʲ
  | tj
  | no english equivalent
  |-
  | r
  | r
  | '''r'''an, '''r'''ed, '''r'''ot, ca'''r''' 
   |-
   |-
   | d
   | d
   | d
   | d
   | '''d'''ad
   | '''d'''ad
  |-
  | dʲ
  | dj
  | '''dew''', a'''deiu'''
   |-
   |-
   | k
   | k
   | k
   | k
   | s'''k'''y
   | s'''k'''y
  |-
  | kʲ
  | kj
  | cute
  |-
  | x
  | ǩ
  | lo'''ch'''
   |-
   |-
   | g
   | g
   | g
   | g
   | gone
   | '''g'''one
   |-
   |-
   | dʒ
   | gʲ
   | j
   | gj
  | ar'''gu'''e
  |-
  | d͡ʒ
  | dž
   | '''j'''udge
   | '''j'''udge
  |-
  | d͡ʑ
  | dź
  | no english equivalent
   |-
   |-
   | f
   | f
   | f
   | f
   | '''f'''at
   | '''f'''at
  |-
  | fʲ
  | fj
  | '''fj'''ord
   |-
   |-
   | v
   | v
Line 311: Line 338:
   | '''v'''an
   | '''v'''an
   |-
   |-
   | θ
   | ts
   | th
   | c
   | ma'''th'''
   | ba'''ts'''
  |-
  | tsʲ
  | cj
  | no english equivalent
   |-
   |-
   | s
   | s
   | s
   | s
   | '''s'''un
   | '''s'''un
  |-
  | sʲ
  | sj
  | no english equivalent
   |-
   |-
   | z
   | z
   | z  
   | z  
   | '''z'''eal
   | '''z'''eal
  |-
  | zʲ
  | zj
  | somewhat like in '''ze'''al
   |-
   |-
   | ʃ
   | ʃ
   | ẋ
   | š
   | '''sh'''un
   | '''sh'''un
   |-
   |-
   | ʒ
   | ʒ
   | dz
   | ž
   | plea'''s'''ure
  | bei'''ge'''
  |-
  | ʑ
  | ź
   | plea'''su'''re
   |-
   |-
   | h
   | h
Line 335: Line 378:
   | '''h'''ead
   | '''h'''ead
   |-
   |-
   | r
   | l
   | r
   | l
   | '''r'''an
   | '''l'''ad
   |-
   |-
   | j
   | ɺ͡r
   | i
   | ŀ
   | '''y'''et
   | no english equivalent
   |-
   |-
   | w
   | tʃ
   | w
   | č
   | '''w'''ent
   | '''ch'''eese
   |-
   |-
   | l
   | χ
   | l
   | ȟ
   | '''l'''ad
   | no english equivalent
   |-
   |-
   | hw
   | d͡z
   | w
   | dz
   | '''wh'''at
   | be'''ds'''
   |-
   |-
   |}
   |}
:The consonants of the language is roughly the same as in English, with the exception of letter "C" and "H".
*Latin Letter "C" is pronounced solely like /s/
*Latin Letter "H" is mute at the begginning of words and after consonants "k", "d" and "m" and "n".
*Latin Ligature "ʦ" is a ligature that represents the /ts/ sound.
*Letter "Jza": Dz(miniscule dz)is pronounced as /ʒ/ the "s" in "pleasure"
*Letter "Shii": Ẋ (miniscule ẋ) is pronounced as /ʃ/ or the "sh" in "shun"
====Digraphs====
{| class="wikitable"
! IPA
! letters
|-
| zɑ
| ẃ
|-
| piː
| ṗ
|-
| kiː
| ḳ
|-
| dh³
| ḥ
|-
|mɑ
| ḿ
|-
|}
³Letter Dhăk: Ḥ (miniscule ḥ) is equivalent to the digraphs "dh" or "dd", which denotes that the preceding vowel is short.
= Morphology =
===Verbal Morphology===
====Personal Endings====
Arkhæo distinguishes four persons, 3 tenses:
'''Persons'''
*1st person; the speaker(s): I, we
*2nd person; the adressee(s): you(singular) you(plural)
*3rd person; other(s): he, she, they;
*Noun; things, ideas, etc.: it;
'''Tenses'''
*Past: reports what already happened
*Present: reports what is happening
*Future: reports what is going to happen in the future
= Grammar =
===Tenses===
:'''In the Past Tense:'''
:the suffix -en for words that end in consonants and -jen for vowels. This suffix would be equivalent to -ed in english but this applies for all verbs except for:
:The verb "to be" the past tense for "ta"(am) would be "tan" (was), and for ir(are) would be ira(were).
:words that end in nasal consonants, n and m, they would have the suffix -a.
:'''In Present Tense:'''
:all verbs stay the way they are.
:'''In Future Tense:'''
:The suffix -a for words that end in consonants and the suffix -n for wors that end in vowels, these suffixes would be equivalent tothe suffix -ing.
:'''Distant Past Tense'''
:The distant past tense is rarely used in conversations and it is used mainly for referring to actions or things that have been done a while ago and histories(referencing historical texts for example).
:Words would contain the prefix ja- for words that start with consonants and jek- for words that start with vowels. This suffix is equival.ent to "awhile ago" or "a long time ago". example: "''I did my work a long time ago''" would be "''ja-Ze adren myr joirk"'' or ''"A long time ago, I finished my work"'' in english.
:Prefixes and suffixes are never capitalized.
===Word Order===
:The typical word order of Arkhæn is that of the Subject-Verb-Object(SVO) word order.
Things to note:
*Infinite verbs (will, may ,might, shall, etc.) always come after the finite verb (such as learn, know, run, etc.).
:Example, to say "I will unleash my power, it would be translated as "''Zĕ zarev ashrɯd myr kædii''" which would then be translated as ''"I unleash will my power"''
:Another example: "I might know this" would be said as "''Zĕ joikăn măhdƜ zar''" or ''"I know might this."''
*Adverbs occur after the verb e.g. for " I easily saw him in that bush, it would be: "Zĕ zolysen iimii hæmo rƴz zir budzen" (I saw-easily him in that bush)
===Asking Questions in the language===
*The Prefix "ki-" ('kaɪ) for consonants and "k-" lets the listener know that a question is being posed. These prefixes do not have to be used, as they are usually used for formality.
:Also, with reversing the verb and the subject the verb and the first two letters of the subject(aside from h) are combined. (e.g. ir [conjugated from takad meaning "(to)be"] + kadh [singular, meaning "you"]  = irka [meaning you are/are you].
:Together with the prefix it would be: "k-Irka?" ('k-ɪərkɑ) meaning "are you?"
:More examples:
*Am I?
:ki-Tazĕ
:Some verbs are excepted from this rule like the verb "ashrɯd" [meaning "will"]
:Takad
*Is he?
:k-Azut
:Ashrɯd meaning "will":
* Will I?
:ki-Rɯzĕ (ruːzeɪ)
*Will You?
:ki-Rɯko (ruːkoʊ)
*Will He?
:ki-Rɯju (ruːdʒuː)
*Will She?
:ki-Rɯshi (ruːʃiː)
*Will It?
:ki-Rɯna (ruːzɑ)
*Will They?
:ki-Rɯho (ruːhoʊ)

Latest revision as of 19:57, 21 March 2014

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Arkéan [aɾ.'ke.n̩] or Arkéo [aɾ.'ke.o] is a language spoken by the nation of Arkhéo. The language has gone through many chnges and spelling reforms, and it will continue to evolve.

History

Before Arkæo became it's own nation, It was a part of larger country know Verkhazi. This nation was a gloabal superpower in the continent of Se'Ashiran and ruled the Verkhazi Empire. However, eventually through fierce resistance from it's enemies, The Khamuhiyot Nation, the empire faced eventual collapse, and the nation was split into two; one nation became Arkhæo, and the other became Chanar /'ʃænaɹ/

Ålkavat (alphabet)

The Arkéan Language uses three writings systems:

  • The Ålkavat Romaźa Ålfyśa (Official Romanization Alphabet), used for teaching and informal writing.
  • The Ålkavat Cyrylys Ålfyśa (Official Cyrillic Alphabet), used for formal writing.
  • The Ålkavat Arkéoskij Ålfyśa (Official Arkhean Alphabet) is used for "sacred" writings, government documents, and sometimes very formal writing. The name of the script is derived from the first four letters of Arkhéan's ancestor language, Verkhaza. The letters were Ál, Ka, Vāw and Hīt.

Phonology

Arkhean Language contains a large phonemic inventory. Most of the sounds it contains are shared with many Slavic languages, as well as sharing palatal secondary articulation. This language also contains a phoneme not found in any native language, the lateral trill, which is represented by the IPA as /ɺ͡r/ and Orthographically as <Ŀ ŀ>.

Vowels

Vowel Phonemes
Front Central Back
Close i ɨ u
Close-mid e o
Mid ə
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a
Phonemes
IPA Letter Example
Monopthongs
a a bra,father, cot, bad
e e bet
ɛ é bay, face
o o road
ɔ ó or, for, cot
u u zoo
ə ë under
i i bee
ɨ y roses
Dipthongs
aj aj cry
ɔj oj boy, joy
  • Vowel "A" becomes /ə/ when unstressed.
Followed by an R...
IPA letters Example
ɪər ýr ear, fear
ɛər ĕr air, fair
ɔr or for, pour
ɛr yr butter

Allophony Arkhean Allophony only occurs with vowels:

  • /æ/ is an allophone of /a/, word initially and before /l/, and occurs after /ɬ/ and /ɮ/.
  • /ɐ/ is an allophone of /ə/ when followed by plosives.
  • /ɪ/ is an allophone of /ɨ/ when it is word-initial.

Consonants

Consonant Phonemes
Bilabial Labio-

Dental

Alveolar Post-

Alveolar

(Aveolo)-

Palatal

Velar Uvular Glottal
hard soft hard soft hard soft hard soft
Nasal m mʲ n ɲ
Stop p b pʲ bʲ t d tʲ dʲ k ɡ kʲ ɡʲ
Affricate t͡s d͡z t͡sʲ d͡zʲ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ [t͡ɕ d͡ʑ]
Fricative f v fʲ vʲ s z sʲ zʲ ʃ ʒ [ɕ ʑ] x [ɣ] χ [ʁ] h
Approximant ɹ~ɾ [1] j
Lateral Approximant l
Lateral Trill ɺ͡r
  1. ↑ The Arkhéan <R r> can be either an Alveolar Approximant [ɹ] or an Alveolar Tap [ɾ], as both consonant sounds are used in Free-Variation, meaning they can be used interchangeably without changing the meaning of the word, and only relies on the preference of the speaker.
IPA Letter Example

(in english)

m m met
mʲ mj music
n n name
ɲ ň new
p p pot
pʲ pj pure
b b ban
bʲ bj no english equvalent
t t tan
tʲ tj no english equivalent
r r ran, red, rot, car
d d dad
dʲ dj dew, adeiu
k k sky
kʲ kj cute
x ǩ loch
g g gone
gʲ gj argue
d͡ʒ dž judge
d͡ʑ dź no english equivalent
f f fat
fʲ fj fjord
v v van
ts c bats
tsʲ cj no english equivalent
s s sun
sʲ sj no english equivalent
z z zeal
zʲ zj somewhat like in zeal
ʃ š shun
ʒ ž beige
ʑ ź pleasure
h h head
l l lad
ɺ͡r ŀ no english equivalent
tʃ č cheese
χ ȟ no english equivalent
d͡z dz beds
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