Univax: Difference between revisions
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* /θ/ is lamino-interdental, /t n̥ n l/ are apico-dental, except apico-alveolar before /i/, /s r/ are apico-alveolar, /c ɲ̊ ɲ/ are lamino-postalveolar | * /θ/ is lamino-interdental, /t n̥ n l/ are apico-dental, except apico-alveolar before /i/, /s r/ are apico-alveolar, /c ɲ̊ ɲ/ are lamino-postalveolar | ||
* /θ x/ voiced to [ð ɣ~ʁ] between voiced sounds and initially | * /θ x/ voiced to [ð ɣ~ʁ] between voiced sounds and initially | ||
** Equivalently, one may consider these phonemically voiced /ð ɣ/, devoiced to [θ x~χ] adjacent to voiceless consonants and word-finally | |||
* /s/ voiced to [z] only intervocally & if the next consonant is also voiced | * /s/ voiced to [z] only intervocally & if the next consonant is also voiced | ||
** eg. /kisim/ [kizim], but /kisi/ [kisi], /kisixat/ [kisiχɑt̪] | ** eg. /kisim/ [kizim], but /kisi/ [kisi], /kisixat/ [kisiχɑt̪] | ||
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(so what's this in terms of feet? (C)V(V/C)(C)CV(C/V)(CV)(V/C)(CV)(V/C) I think?) | (so what's this in terms of feet? (C)V(V/C)(C)CV(C/V)(CV)(V/C)(CV)(V/C) I think?) | ||
==Grammar | ==Grammar== | ||
Person markers: | Person markers: | ||
* standalone pronouns sŋ. ''xuu suu uu'' [ʁuː(l) suː(l) uː(l)], pl. ''xusar | * standalone pronouns sŋ. ''xuu suu uu'' [ʁuː(l) suː(l) uː(l)], pl. ''xusar tesar vaar'' [ʁusɑr t̪əsɑr ʋɑːr] <!-- xu-sa-r, tə-sa-r, va-va-r; tə- former demonstrativ base--> | ||
** possessivs sŋ. ''xakta sakta vakta'' [ʁɑqt̪ɑ sɑqt̪ɑ ʋɑqt̪ɑ], pl. xaŧer saŧer vaŧer [ʁɑðər sɑðər ʋɑðər] <!-- *Catrə --> | ** possessivs sŋ. ''xakta sakta vakta'' [ʁɑqt̪ɑ sɑqt̪ɑ ʋɑqt̪ɑ], pl. xaŧer saŧer vaŧer [ʁɑðər sɑðər ʋɑðər] <!-- *Catrə --> | ||
* subject markers sŋ. ''-xa -sa -va'', pl. ''-x - | * subject markers sŋ. ''-xa -sa -va'', pl. ''-x -s -u'' <!-- *xə sə və < *Ce < *Ca-j < ... --> | ||
<!--* object markers [-k -t -n] > benefactiv, ?, indicativ--> | <!--* object markers [-k -t -n] > benefactiv, ?, indicativ--> | ||
Latest revision as of 11:51, 19 March 2014
Phonetic doodle inspired by a ZBB discussion about the "sound of polar languages" (from Aleut to Icelandic). Just to be contrary, I'm putting it in Sahara.
Phoneme inventory
Consonants
| p | t | c | k | |
| θ | s | x | ||
| m̥ | n̥ | ɲ̊ | h | |
| m | n | ɲ | ||
| ʋ | l | r | j |
Vowels
| Short | Long | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Centr. | Back | Front | Centr. | Back | |
| Hi | i | ʉ | u | iː | ʉː | uː |
| Non-hi | ə | ɑ | ɑː | |||
Difthongs consist of a non-hi vowel + glide: front əj, back ɑw.
Allophony
- /k x/ backed to [q χ] before a back vowel or after one before a consonant
- /θ/ is lamino-interdental, /t n̥ n l/ are apico-dental, except apico-alveolar before /i/, /s r/ are apico-alveolar, /c ɲ̊ ɲ/ are lamino-postalveolar
- /θ x/ voiced to [ð ɣ~ʁ] between voiced sounds and initially
- Equivalently, one may consider these phonemically voiced /ð ɣ/, devoiced to [θ x~χ] adjacent to voiceless consonants and word-finally
- /s/ voiced to [z] only intervocally & if the next consonant is also voiced
- eg. /kisim/ [kizim], but /kisi/ [kisi], /kisixat/ [kisiχɑt̪]
Structure
Cluster table (obstruent-initials only for now):
| 1st ↓ · 2nd → | p | t | c | k | θ | s | x | m̥ | n̥ | ɲ̊ | m | n | ɲ | ʋ | l | r | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p | pt | pc | ps | px | pnh? | pñh? | |||||||||||
| t | tp | tk | tx | tmh | tv | ||||||||||||
| c | cp | ck | cx | cmh | cv | ||||||||||||
| k | kp | kt | kc | kmh | knh? | kñh? | kv | ||||||||||
| θ | ŧp | ŧk | ŧx | ŧmh | ŧnh? | ŧñh? | ŧm | ŧv | ŧl | ŧr | |||||||
| x | xp | xt | xc | xŧ | xs | xmh | xnh? | xñh? | xm | xn | xñ | xv |
Coda /s/ occurs only word-finally.
Stress
- Level 1 (usually 2ndary) stress falls on the initial syllable, unless immediately pretonic
- Level 2 (usually primary) stress falls on
- the rightmost superhevvy syllable, if there is one
- otherwise the rightmost non-final hevvy syllable, if there is one
(so what's this in terms of feet? (C)V(V/C)(C)CV(C/V)(CV)(V/C)(CV)(V/C) I think?)
Grammar
Person markers:
- standalone pronouns sŋ. xuu suu uu [ʁuː(l) suː(l) uː(l)], pl. xusar tesar vaar [ʁusɑr t̪əsɑr ʋɑːr]
- possessivs sŋ. xakta sakta vakta [ʁɑqt̪ɑ sɑqt̪ɑ ʋɑqt̪ɑ], pl. xaŧer saŧer vaŧer [ʁɑðər sɑðər ʋɑðər]
- subject markers sŋ. -xa -sa -va, pl. -x -s -u
Flavor test
- seriutvalem [ˌseriˈut̪ʋɑl̪əm] (not difthongal due to foot breik)
- kaarhuxmet [ˈqɑːrhuʁmət̪]
- terakvaasuxmit [ˌt̪ərɑqʋɑːˈzuʁmit̪] (do we have an -uxmit/-uxmet suffix here?)
- ŧykurpyycuu [ˌðʉqurˈpʉːcuː]
- uñiivacxamhyykap [ˌuɲiːʋɑcχɑˈm̥ʉːqɑp] (perhaps tripedal)
- xarvytxaanaa [ˌʁɑrʋʉˈt̪χɑːn̪ɑː]
- yŧkyr cepesak [ˈʉθkʉr ˈcəpəsɑq]
- kepuut sinikau suvatpeti [kəˈpuːt̪ ˈsiniqaw suˈʋɑt̪pəti]
- tylpyraktiipii [ˌt̪ʉl̪pʉrɑqˈtiːpiː]
- aŧrun kuulacxun [ˈɑðrun̪ quːˈl̪ɑcχun̪]
