Яжык Аркеоский (Jažyk Arkéoskij): Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 19:48, 21 September 2013
Arkhæn [ɑr.'keɪ.ɨn] or Arkhæo [ɑr.'keɪ.oʊ] is a language spoken by the nation of Arkhæo. The language has gone through many chnges and spelling reforms, and it will continue to evolve.
History
Before Arkæo became it's own nation, It was a part of larger country know Verkhazi. This nation was a gloabal superpower in the continent of Se'Ashiran and ruled the Verkhazi Empire. However, eventually through fierce resistance from it's enemies, The Khamuhiyot Nation, the empire faced eventual collapse, and the nation was split into two; one nation became Arkhæo, and the other became Chanar /'ʃɑnɑr/
Álkavāht (alphabet)
The Arkæn Alphabet is known as the Álkavāht, the name of which came from the first four letters of Arkhæn's predecessor, Valerjao[væl'ɛrwoʊ̯]. The letters were Ál, Ka, Vāw and Hit. The script consists of 30 letters, 9 of which are vowels.
Phonology
Listed below are the phonetics as they are pronounced in roman script.
Vowels
Vowel Chart
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |||
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |||
| Close-mid | e | o | |||
| Mid | ə | ||||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɐ ɔ | |||
| Near-open | æ | ||||
| Open | ɑ ɒ |
Phonemes
| IPA | Letter | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Monopthongs | ||
| ɑ and ɒ | a | bra,father, lot, cot |
| æ | á | tap, bat, bad |
| ɛ | e | bet |
| e | ĕ | bay, face |
| aɪ | i | cry |
| o | o | road |
| ʌ | u | strut |
| u | ų | zoo |
| j | y | yet |
| i | ý | bee |
| Dipthongs | ||
| eɪ | æ | bay |
Allophony
- Vowels "A" and "U" become /ə/ when unstressed.
- Vowels "Y" and "I" become /ɪ/ when unstressed
Digraphs
| IPA | letters |
|---|---|
| ɪəɹ | ier |
| ɛəɹ | eir |
| jɪ or iː² | ii |
²Ii can also sound like /iː/ only if it is not at the beggining of a word.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labio-
Dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Post-
Alveolar |
(Aveolo)-
Palatal |
Velar | Labial-
Velar |
Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m mʲ | n | ||||||||
| Plosive | p b | t d | k kʲ g | |||||||
| Affricate | d͡z | d͡ʒ | ||||||||
| Fricative | f v | θ | s z | ʃ ʒ | ɕ ʑ | χ | h | |||
| Approximant | ɹ | j | ||||||||
| Lateral | l |
| IPA | Letter | Example
(in english) |
|---|---|---|
| m | m | met |
| mʲ | ḿ | music |
| n | n | name |
| p | p | pot |
| b | b | ban |
| t | t | tan |
| ɹ | r | ran, red, rot, car |
| d | d | dad |
| k | k | sky |
| kʲ | q | cute |
| g | g | gone |
| d͡ʒ | j | judge |
| f | f | fat |
| v | v | van |
| θ | th | math |
| s | s | sun |
| z | z | zeal |
| ʃ | ch | shun |
| ʒ or ʑ | hź | pleasure |
| h | h | head |
| l | l | lad |
| ɕ | sh | she |
| χ | ȟ | ȟomyk (home) |
| d͡z | dz | beds |
- Latin Letter "C" is pronounced solely like /s/
- Latin Letter "H" is mute at the begginning of words and after consonants "k", and before and after "d".
Digraphs and Trigraphs
| IPA | Letters |
|---|---|
| aɪ¹ | æy |
| wɑ¹ | joi |
| ɔr | uar |
¹ both digraph "æy" and trigraph "joi" are kept in the language for historical purposes.
Morphology
Verbal Morphology
Personal Endings
Arkhæo distinguishes four persons, 3 tenses:
Persons
- 1st person; the speaker(s): I, we
- 2nd person; the adressee(s): you(singular) you(plural)
- 3rd person; other(s): he, she, they;
- Noun; things, ideas, etc.: it;
Tenses
- Past: reports what already happened
- Present: reports what is happening
- Future: reports what is going to happen in the future
Grammar
Word Order
Basic word order is subject–verb–object. In a noun phrase demonstratives come first, but adjectives¹, possessor and prepositional phrases all follow the noun:
- kýham grevat strong boy (kýham man, grevat great)
- kýat bænam good cat (kýat cat, bænam good)
- zar sjoird this sword (zar this, sjoird sword)
- zir kakatas that cactus (zir that, kakatas cactus)
¹some adjectives pertaining to physical properties (example: colour, and texture) of objects precede the noun.
Adverbs come after verbs:
- merkhii ábenam makes quickly (merkhii makes, ábenam quickly)
the three tenses
The affixes are added to the verb depending on whether the word ends in a consonant or vowel.
Consonant Tenses
- Past: -am
- Present: -a
- Future: -ų
Vowel Tenses
- Past: -kro
- Present: -ba
- Future: -kų
Different Modes
listed below are affixes depending on the mode of the verb and, like above, whether the verb ends in a consonant or a vowel. The words in bracket are the english equivalent.
Consonant Mood
- Imperfect potential (could): -ųzĕ
- Perfect Potential (can): -ago
- Obligation (must): -ata
- Permission (May): -iat
- Possibility (May): -iam
- Conditional Possibility (might): -ajų
- Conditional (would): -ado
- Conditional Obligation (should) –aja
Vowel Mood
- Imperfect potential (could) -jĕ
- Perfect Potential (can): -jan
- Obligation (must): -jii
- Permission (May): -jiat
- Possibility (May): -jiam
- Conditional Possibility (might): -jų
- Conditional (would): -do
- Conditional Obligation (should): -tso
