Kala Nouns: Difference between revisions

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{{Kala 2}}
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{{WIP}}
 
=Nouns=
 
* Nouns include [[Wikipedia:Pronoun|pronouns]], [[Wikipedia:Adjective|adjectives]] (nouns of quality), and [[Wikipedia:Determiner_(linguistics)|determiners]].
 
= plurality =
* A countable noun (or "count noun") can be modified by a number, and can accept the plural. Typical countable nouns represent objects that are clearly individual entities, such as houses, cats, and thoughts. For example:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:400px;"
! || root || usage || example
|-
| '''-m''' || '''ma''' || general plural || '''tsakam'''<br>houses
|-
| '''-mha''' || '''ma''' + '''-ha''' || indefinite abundance || '''tsakamha'''<br>many/a lot houses
|-
| '''-mi''' || '''ma''' + '''-hi''' || indefinite insufficiency || '''tsakami'''<br>few houses
|-
| '''tli-''' || '''tatli'''  || collective plural || '''tlikuma'''<br>sleuth of bears
|-
| '''-lo''' || '''ma''' || alternative to '''-m''' || '''yamalo'''<br>mountains
|}
 
* When modified by a number, general plurals need not be marked. Example:
: '''tsaka ta'o''' - Two houses.
 
== Affect / Degree ==
 
* The diminutive is formed with '''-hi''', and the augmentative with '''-ha'''.
These are respectively realized as '''-ki''' and '''-ka''' when attached to a word that has a final syllable onset is /h/.
:Example : '''ina''' - food, meal | '''inahi''' - snack, morsel | '''inaha''' - feast, banquet
:Example : '''tsaka''' - house, home, dwelling | '''tsakahi''' - shack, hut, cabin | '''tsakaha''' - palace, mansion
 
* These are also used to differentiate hue, or shade.
:Example : '''yanahi''' - light yellow, '''kuyaha''' - dark green
 
* In [[Kala]] the concepts of comparative and superlative degree of an adjective are merged into a single form, the elative.
:How this form is understood or translated depends upon context and definiteness. In the absence of comparison, the elative conveys the notion of “greatest”, “supreme.”
:Example : '''tahaka''' - bigger/biggest
::'''tsaka hayo ke nayo tahaka''' - His house is bigger than mine.
:Example : '''yanaha''' - more yellow/most yellow
::'''ke mauam tayo yanaha''' - Your flowers are the most yellow.
 
== gender ==
* Nouns do not normally indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, the suffixes '''-ta''' and '''-na''' are used:
 
* '''uma''' - horse
: '''umata''' - a male horse, a stallion
: '''umana''' - a female horse, a mare
 
==Pronouns==
 
* [[Kala]] generally distinguishes four persons, the fourth person indicating abstract and inanimate nouns – both in the singular and plural numbers.
There is also a distinction between inclusive (I/we and you) and exclusive (we but not you) forms of the first person plural.
 
* [[Kala_lexicon#na|'''na''']] - 1sg
* [[Kala_lexicon#ta|'''ta''']] - 2sg
* [[Kala_lexicon#ha|'''ha''']] - 3sg
* [[Kala_lexicon#tla|'''tla''']] - 4sg
-
* The two irregular pronouns:
** [[Kala_lexicon#na|'''na'am''']] - 1pl exclusive
** [[Kala_lexicon#ka|'''kam''']] - 3pl
 
=== inflectional affixes ===
 
* '''-m''' - plural
* '''-nku''' - reciprocal
* '''e-''' - accusative
* '''-i''' - reflexive
* '''-yo''' - possessive
-
*Example:
:{|
|'''eta'''||'''nahe'''||'''tsaka'''||'''hayo'''||'''a'''
|-
|{{sc|acc}}-2sg||inside||house||3sg-{{sc|poss}}||be
|}
 
== Correlative Pronouns ==
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:900px;"
! || query || this<br>''proximal'' || that<br>''medial'' || that (over there)<br>''distal'' || some || none || any || every || whichever
|-
| ''adjective'' || '''ke...ka'''<br>which || '''itla'''<br>this || '''uatla'''<br>that || '''yetla'''<br>that (over there) || '''iha'''<br>some || '''ok'''<br>none || '''ula'''<br>any || '''kua'''<br>every, all || '''ote'''<br>whichever
|-
| ''person'' || '''ko...ka'''<br>who || '''iko'''<br>this person || '''uako'''<br>that person || '''yeko'''<br>that person (over there) || '''hyako'''<br>someone || '''tlok'''<br>no one || '''kola'''<br>anyone || '''tlokua'''<br>everyone || '''teko'''<br>whoever
|-
| ''thing'' || '''ke...ka'''<br>what || '''itla'''<br>this || '''uatla'''<br>that || '''yetla'''<br>that (over there) || '''hyano'''<br>something || '''nok'''<br>nothing || '''nola'''<br>anything || '''nokua'''<br>everything || '''teno'''<br>whatever
|-
| ''time'' || '''ama...ka'''<br>when || '''ima'''<br>now || '''uama'''<br>then || '''yeme'''<br>then || '''hyama'''<br>sometime || '''amak'''<br>never, at no time || '''tlama'''<br>anytime || '''kuama'''<br>always || '''tema'''<br>whenever
|-
| ''place'' || '''mo...ka'''<br>where || '''hina'''<br>here || '''uana'''<br>there (near you) || '''yemo'''<br>there (away from us) || '''hyamo'''<br>somewhere || '''mok'''<br>nowhere || '''mola'''<br>anywhere || '''mokua'''<br>everywhere || '''temo'''<br>wherever
|-
| ''way'' || '''to...ka'''<br>how || '''yoto'''<br>thus ||  ||  || '''hyato'''<br>somehow ||  ||  ||  || '''heto'''<br>however
|-
| ''amount'' || '''uku...ka'''<br>how much ||  ||  ||  ||  || '''ok'''<br>none ||  ||  || '''teku'''<br>however much
|-
| ''reason'' || '''nye...ka'''<br>why ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || '''tenye'''<br>why ever
|}
 
== Index ==
 
{{Kala index}}
 
[[Category:Kala]]

Latest revision as of 13:46, 16 September 2013