|
|
| (11 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Kala 2}}
| | * |
| | |
| =Nouns=
| |
| | |
| * Nouns include [[Wikipedia:Pronoun|pronouns]], [[Wikipedia:Adjective|adjectives]] (nouns of quality), and [[Wikipedia:Determiner_(linguistics)|determiners]]. | |
| | |
| = plurality =
| |
| * A countable noun (or "count noun") can be modified by a number, and can accept the plural. Typical countable nouns represent objects that are clearly individual entities, such as houses, cats, and thoughts. For example:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:400px;"
| |
| ! || root || usage || example
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''-m''' || '''ma''' || general plural || '''tsakam'''<br>houses
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''-mha''' || '''ma''' + '''-ha''' || indefinite abundance || '''tsakamha'''<br>many/a lot houses
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''-mi''' || '''ma''' + '''-hi''' || indefinite insufficiency || '''tsakami'''<br>few houses
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''tli-''' || '''tatli''' || collective plural || '''tlikuma'''<br>sleuth of bears
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''-lo''' || '''ma''' || alternative to '''-m''' || '''yamalo'''<br>mountains
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| * When modified by a number, general plurals need not be marked. Example:
| |
| : '''tsaka ta'o''' - Two houses.
| |
| | |
| == Affect / Degree ==
| |
| | |
| * The diminutive is formed with '''-hi''', and the augmentative with '''-ha'''.
| |
| These are respectively realized as '''-ki''' and '''-ka''' when attached to a word that has a final syllable onset is /h/.
| |
| :Example : '''ina''' - food, meal | '''inahi''' - snack, morsel | '''inaha''' - feast, banquet
| |
| :Example : '''tsaka''' - house, home, dwelling | '''tsakahi''' - shack, hut, cabin | '''tsakaha''' - palace, mansion
| |
| | |
| * These are also used to differentiate hue, or shade.
| |
| :Example : '''yanahi''' - light yellow, '''kuyaha''' - dark green
| |
| | |
| * In [[Kala]] the concepts of comparative and superlative degree of an adjective are merged into a single form, the elative.
| |
| :How this form is understood or translated depends upon context and definiteness. In the absence of comparison, the elative conveys the notion of “greatest”, “supreme.”
| |
| :Example : '''tahaka''' - bigger/biggest
| |
| ::'''tsaka hayo ke nayo tahaka''' - His house is bigger than mine.
| |
| :Example : '''yanaha''' - more yellow/most yellow
| |
| ::'''ke mauam tayo yanaha''' - Your flowers are the most yellow.
| |
| | |
| == gender ==
| |
| * Nouns do not normally indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, the suffixes '''-ta''' and '''-na''' are used:
| |
| | |
| * '''uma''' - horse
| |
| : '''umata''' - a male horse, a stallion
| |
| : '''umana''' - a female horse, a mare
| |
| | |
| ==Pronouns==
| |
| | |
| * [[Kala]] generally distinguishes four persons, the fourth person indicating abstract and inanimate nouns – both in the singular and plural numbers.
| |
| There is also a distinction between inclusive (I/we and you) and exclusive (we but not you) forms of the first person plural.
| |
| | |
| * '''na''' - 1sg
| |
| * '''ta''' - 2sg
| |
| * '''ha''' - 3sg
| |
| * '''tla''' - 4sg
| |
| -
| |
| * The two irregular pronouns:
| |
| ** '''na'am''' - 1pl exclusive
| |
| ** '''kam''' - 3pl
| |
| | |
| === inflectional affixes ===
| |
| | |
| * '''-m''' - plural
| |
| * '''-nku''' - reciprocal
| |
| * '''e-''' - accusative
| |
| * '''-i''' - reflexive
| |
| * '''-yo''' - possessive
| |
| -
| |
| *Example:
| |
| :{|
| |
| |'''eta'''||'''nahe'''||'''tsaka'''||'''hayo'''||'''a'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{sc|acc}}-2sg||inside||house||3sg-{{sc|poss}}||be
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| == Correlative Pronouns ==
| |
| | |
| == Index ==
| |
| | |
| {{Kala index}}
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Kala]]
| |
