|
|
| (20 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Kala 2}}
| | * |
| | |
| ==Nouns==
| |
| | |
| * Nouns include [[Wikipedia:Pronoun|pronouns]], [[Wikipedia:Adjective|adjectives]] (nouns of quality), and [[Wikipedia:Determiner_(linguistics)|determiners]]. | |
| | |
| === Affect / Degree ===
| |
| | |
| * The diminutive is formed with '''-hi''', and the augmentative with '''-ha'''.
| |
| These are respectively realized as '''-ki''' and '''-ka''' when attached to a word that has a final syllable containing '''h''' or '''y'''.
| |
| :Example : '''ina''' - food, meal | '''inahi''' - snack, morsel | '''inaha''' - feast, banquet
| |
| :Example : '''tsaka''' - house, home, dwelling | '''tsakahi''' - shack, hut, cabin | '''tsakaha''' - palace, mansion
| |
| | |
| * These are also used to differentiate hue, or shade.
| |
| :Example : '''yanahi''' - light yellow, '''kuyaha''' - dark green
| |
| | |
| * In [[Kala]] the concepts of comparative and superlative degree of an adjective are merged into a single form, the elative. How this form is understood or translated depends upon context and definiteness. In the absence of comparison, the elative conveys the notion of “greatest”, “supreme.”
| |
| :Example : '''tahaka''' - bigger/biggest | '''tsaka hayo ke nayo tahaka''' - His house is bigger than mine.
| |
| :Example : '''yanaha''' - more yellow/most yellow | '''ke huam tayo yanaha''' - Your flowers are the most yellow.
| |
| | |
| ===Gender===
| |
| | |
| *In general, nouns do not indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, one can use the adjectival endings '''-ta''' and '''-na'''.
| |
| :Example : '''nikata''' "a male dog", '''nikana''' "a female dog".
| |
| | |
| === Articles ===
| |
| | |
| *There is only one article in '''Kala''', '''ke'''. It is used primarily as a "noun marker".
| |
| | |
| *It is ambi-definite, meaning it can be either definite or indefinite. The distinction is made through context.
| |
| :Example : '''kama''' "village", '''ke kama''' "the/a village", '''ke kama'a''' "the villages"
| |
| :Example : '''inahi''' "snack", '''ke inahi''' "the/a snack", '''ke inahim''' "the snacks"
| |
| | |
| ===Number===
| |
| | |
| * Nouns are either singular, plural or collective.
| |
| | |
| * Concrete nouns are pluralized by suffixing '''-m'''.
| |
| :Examples : '''kono''' - stone > '''konom''' - stones | '''naka''' - woman > '''nakam''' - women
| |
| | |
| * When the last syllable of a word contains an '''m''', the plural is marked by reduplicating the final vowel.
| |
| :Examples : '''kama''' - village > '''kama'a''' - villages | '''teyemi''' - phrase > '''teyemi'i''' - phrases
| |
| | |
| * Collective (plural) nouns are marked by prefixing '''tli-'''.
| |
| :Examples : '''tsaka''' - house > '''tlitsaka''' - neighborhood | '''yama''' - mountain > '''tliyama''' - mountain range
| |
| | |
| * Nouns need not be marked plural if a number is used to show quantity.
| |
| :Example : '''sahi''' - color > '''sahim''' - colors > '''sahi ya'o''' - five color(s)
| |
| | |
| * Adjectives do not show plural agreement. However, when an adjective is used nominally, it can be pluralized.
| |
| :Example : '''nyeli''' - pink > '''nyelim''' - (the) pink (ones)
| |
| | |
| ===Pronouns===
| |
| | |
| * [[Kala]] generally distinguishes four persons, the fourth person indicating abstract and inanimate nouns – both in the singular and plural numbers.
| |
| There is also a distinction between inclusive (I/we and you) and exclusive (we but not you) forms of the first person plural.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! ''Nominative'' !! ''Accusative'' !! ''Possessive'' !! ''Reflexive'' !! ''Reciprocal''
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''1S''
| |
| || na || ena || nayo || na'i || ''' '''
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''2S''
| |
| || ta || eta ||tayo || ta'i || ''' '''
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''3S''
| |
| || ha || eha || hayo || ha'i || ''' '''
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''4S''
| |
| || tla || etla || tlayo || tla'i || ''' '''
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''1P''
| |
| || nam || enam || namyo || nami || nanku
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''1P'' (EXCL)
| |
| || na'am || ena'am || na'amyo || na'ami || na'anku
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''2P''
| |
| || tam || etam || tamyo || tami || tanku
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''3P''
| |
| || kam || ekam || kamyo || kami || kanku
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''4P''
| |
| || tlam || etlam || tlamyo || tlami || tlanku
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| * A chart of the agent-patient transitivity constructions;
| |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| |+ '''A-P''' ''construction''
| |
| ! !! ''1<sup>st</sup> sing'' !! ''2<sup>nd</sup> sing'' !! ''3<sup>rd</sup> sing'' !! ''1<sup>st</sup> plu'' !! ''2<sup>nd</sup> plu'' !! ''3<sup>rd</sup> plu''
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''1<sup>st</sup> sing''
| |
| || '''-''' || na'eta || na'eha || '''-''' || na'etam || na'ekam
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''2<sup>nd</sup> sing''
| |
| || ta'ena || '''-''' || ta'eha || ta'enam || '''-''' || ta'ekam
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''3<sup>rd</sup> sing''
| |
| || ha'ena || ha'eta || '''-''' || ha'enam || ha'etam || ha'ekam
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''1<sup>st</sup> plu''
| |
| || '''-''' || nameta || nameha || '''-''' || nametam || namekam
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''2<sup>nd</sup> plu''
| |
| || tamena || '''-''' || tameha || tamenam || '''-''' || tamekam
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''3<sup>rd</sup> plu''
| |
| || kamena || kameta || kameha || kamenam || kametam || '''-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==== Correlative Pronouns ====
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" border=1
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! ''query'' !! ''this'' !! ''that'' !! ''some'' !! ''none'' !! ''any'' !! ''every'' !! ''whichever''
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''adjective''
| |
| || ka || itla || uatla || iha || ak || ula || kua || ote
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''person''
| |
| || ko...ka || iko || uako || ihako || hok || kola || kohua || oteko
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''thing''
| |
| || no...ka || itla || uatla || ihano || nok || nola || nokua || oteno
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''time''
| |
| || ama/tsima...ka || ima || uama || ihama || amak || amala || kuama || otema
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''place''
| |
| || mo...ka || hina || uana || ihamo || mok || mola || mokua || otemo
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''way''
| |
| || to...ka || yoto || uato || ihato || tok || tola || tokua || oheto
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''amount''
| |
| || ku/o...ka || iku || uaku || ihaku || huk/ok || kula || hukua/okua || oteku
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''reason''
| |
| || nye...ka || inye || uanye || ihanye || nyek || ulanye || nyekua || otenye
| |
| |- align=center
| |
| ! ''kind''
| |
| || su...ka || isu || uasu || ihasu || suk || sula || sukua || otesu
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| == Index ==
| |
| | |
| {{Kala index}}
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Kala]]
| |
