Kala Nouns: Difference between revisions
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=Nouns= | |||
* Nouns include [[Wikipedia:Pronoun|pronouns]], [[Wikipedia:Adjective|adjectives]] (nouns of quality), and [[Wikipedia:Determiner_(linguistics)|determiners]]. | |||
= plurality = | |||
* A countable noun (or "count noun") can be modified by a number, and can accept the plural. Typical countable nouns represent objects that are clearly individual entities, such as houses, cats, and thoughts. For example: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:400px;" | |||
! || root || usage || example | |||
|- | |||
| '''-m''' || '''ma''' || general plural || '''tsakam'''<br>houses | |||
|- | |||
| '''-mha''' || '''ma''' + '''-ha''' || indefinite abundance || '''tsakamha'''<br>many/a lot houses | |||
|- | |||
| '''-mi''' || '''ma''' + '''-hi''' || indefinite insufficiency || '''tsakami'''<br>few houses | |||
|- | |||
| '''tli-''' || '''tatli''' || collective plural || '''tlikuma'''<br>sleuth of bears | |||
|- | |||
| '''-lo''' || '''ma''' || alternative to '''-m''' || '''yamalo'''<br>mountains | |||
|} | |||
* When modified by a number, general plurals need not be marked. Example: | |||
: '''tsaka ta'o''' - Two houses. | |||
== Affect / Degree == | |||
* The diminutive is formed with '''-hi''', and the augmentative with '''-ha'''. | |||
These are respectively realized as '''-ki''' and '''-ka''' when attached to a word that has a final syllable onset is /h/. | |||
:Example : '''ina''' - food, meal | '''inahi''' - snack, morsel | '''inaha''' - feast, banquet | |||
:Example : '''tsaka''' - house, home, dwelling | '''tsakahi''' - shack, hut, cabin | '''tsakaha''' - palace, mansion | |||
* These are also used to differentiate hue, or shade. | |||
:Example : '''yanahi''' - light yellow, '''kuyaha''' - dark green | |||
* In [[Kala]] the concepts of comparative and superlative degree of an adjective are merged into a single form, the elative. | |||
:How this form is understood or translated depends upon context and definiteness. In the absence of comparison, the elative conveys the notion of “greatest”, “supreme.” | |||
:Example : '''tahaka''' - bigger/biggest | |||
::'''tsaka hayo ke nayo tahaka''' - His house is bigger than mine. | |||
:Example : '''yanaha''' - more yellow/most yellow | |||
::'''ke mauam tayo yanaha''' - Your flowers are the most yellow. | |||
== gender == | |||
* Nouns do not normally indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, the suffixes '''-ta''' and '''-na''' are used: | |||
* '''uma''' - horse | |||
: '''umata''' - a male horse, a stallion | |||
: '''umana''' - a female horse, a mare | |||
==Pronouns== | |||
* [[Kala]] generally distinguishes four persons, the fourth person indicating abstract and inanimate nouns – both in the singular and plural numbers. | |||
There is also a distinction between inclusive (I/we and you) and exclusive (we but not you) forms of the first person plural. | |||
* [[Kala_lexicon#na|'''na''']] - 1sg | |||
* [[Kala_lexicon#ta|'''ta''']] - 2sg | |||
* [[Kala_lexicon#ha|'''ha''']] - 3sg | |||
* [[Kala_lexicon#tla|'''tla''']] - 4sg | |||
- | |||
* The two irregular pronouns: | |||
** [[Kala_lexicon#na|'''na'am''']] - 1pl exclusive | |||
** [[Kala_lexicon#ka|'''kam''']] - 3pl | |||
=== inflectional affixes === | |||
* '''-m''' - plural | |||
* '''-nku''' - reciprocal | |||
* '''e-''' - accusative | |||
* '''-i''' - reflexive | |||
* '''-yo''' - possessive | |||
- | |||
*Example: | |||
:{| | |||
|'''eta'''||'''nahe'''||'''tsaka'''||'''hayo'''||'''a''' | |||
|- | |||
|{{sc|acc}}-2sg||inside||house||3sg-{{sc|poss}}||be | |||
|} | |||
== Correlative Pronouns == | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:900px;" | |||
! || query || this<br>''proximal'' || that<br>''medial'' || that (over there)<br>''distal'' || some || none || any || every || whichever | |||
|- | |||
| ''adjective'' || '''ke...ka'''<br>which || '''itla'''<br>this || '''uatla'''<br>that || '''yetla'''<br>that (over there) || '''iha'''<br>some || '''ok'''<br>none || '''ula'''<br>any || '''kua'''<br>every, all || '''ote'''<br>whichever | |||
|- | |||
| ''person'' || '''ko...ka'''<br>who || '''iko'''<br>this person || '''uako'''<br>that person || '''yeko'''<br>that person (over there) || '''hyako'''<br>someone || '''tlok'''<br>no one || '''kola'''<br>anyone || '''tlokua'''<br>everyone || '''teko'''<br>whoever | |||
|- | |||
| ''thing'' || '''ke...ka'''<br>what || '''itla'''<br>this || '''uatla'''<br>that || '''yetla'''<br>that (over there) || '''hyano'''<br>something || '''nok'''<br>nothing || '''nola'''<br>anything || '''nokua'''<br>everything || '''teno'''<br>whatever | |||
|- | |||
| ''time'' || '''ama...ka'''<br>when || '''ima'''<br>now || '''uama'''<br>then || '''yeme'''<br>then || '''hyamo'''<br>sometime || '''amak'''<br>never, at no time || '''tlama'''<br>anytime || '''kuama'''<br>always || '''tema'''<br>whenever | |||
|- | |||
| ''place'' || '''mo...ka'''<br>where || '''hina'''<br>here || '''uana'''<br>there (near you) || '''yemo'''<br>there (away from us) || '''hyamo'''<br>somewhere || '''mok'''<br>nowhere || '''mola'''<br>anywhere || '''mokua'''<br>everywhere || '''temo'''<br>wherever | |||
|- | |||
| ''way'' || '''to...ka'''<br>how || '''yoto'''<br>thus || || || '''hyato'''<br>somehow || || || || '''heto'''<br>however | |||
|- | |||
| ''amount'' || '''uku...ka'''<br>how much || || || || || '''ok'''<br>none || || || '''teku'''<br>however much | |||
|- | |||
| ''reason'' || '''nye...ka'''<br>why || || || || || || || || '''tenye'''<br>why ever | |||
|} | |||
== Index == | == Index == |
Revision as of 03:46, 13 September 2013
Nouns
- Nouns include pronouns, adjectives (nouns of quality), and determiners.
plurality
- A countable noun (or "count noun") can be modified by a number, and can accept the plural. Typical countable nouns represent objects that are clearly individual entities, such as houses, cats, and thoughts. For example:
root | usage | example | |
---|---|---|---|
-m | ma | general plural | tsakam houses |
-mha | ma + -ha | indefinite abundance | tsakamha many/a lot houses |
-mi | ma + -hi | indefinite insufficiency | tsakami few houses |
tli- | tatli | collective plural | tlikuma sleuth of bears |
-lo | ma | alternative to -m | yamalo mountains |
- When modified by a number, general plurals need not be marked. Example:
- tsaka ta'o - Two houses.
Affect / Degree
- The diminutive is formed with -hi, and the augmentative with -ha.
These are respectively realized as -ki and -ka when attached to a word that has a final syllable onset is /h/.
- Example : ina - food, meal | inahi - snack, morsel | inaha - feast, banquet
- Example : tsaka - house, home, dwelling | tsakahi - shack, hut, cabin | tsakaha - palace, mansion
- These are also used to differentiate hue, or shade.
- Example : yanahi - light yellow, kuyaha - dark green
- In Kala the concepts of comparative and superlative degree of an adjective are merged into a single form, the elative.
- How this form is understood or translated depends upon context and definiteness. In the absence of comparison, the elative conveys the notion of “greatest”, “supreme.”
- Example : tahaka - bigger/biggest
- tsaka hayo ke nayo tahaka - His house is bigger than mine.
- Example : yanaha - more yellow/most yellow
- ke mauam tayo yanaha - Your flowers are the most yellow.
gender
- Nouns do not normally indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, the suffixes -ta and -na are used:
- uma - horse
- umata - a male horse, a stallion
- umana - a female horse, a mare
Pronouns
- Kala generally distinguishes four persons, the fourth person indicating abstract and inanimate nouns – both in the singular and plural numbers.
There is also a distinction between inclusive (I/we and you) and exclusive (we but not you) forms of the first person plural.
-
inflectional affixes
- -m - plural
- -nku - reciprocal
- e- - accusative
- -i - reflexive
- -yo - possessive
-
- Example:
eta nahe tsaka hayo a acc-2sg inside house 3sg-poss be
Correlative Pronouns
query | this proximal |
that medial |
that (over there) distal |
some | none | any | every | whichever | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
adjective | ke...ka which |
itla this |
uatla that |
yetla that (over there) |
iha some |
ok none |
ula any |
kua every, all |
ote whichever |
person | ko...ka who |
iko this person |
uako that person |
yeko that person (over there) |
hyako someone |
tlok no one |
kola anyone |
tlokua everyone |
teko whoever |
thing | ke...ka what |
itla this |
uatla that |
yetla that (over there) |
hyano something |
nok nothing |
nola anything |
nokua everything |
teno whatever |
time | ama...ka when |
ima now |
uama then |
yeme then |
hyamo sometime |
amak never, at no time |
tlama anytime |
kuama always |
tema whenever |
place | mo...ka where |
hina here |
uana there (near you) |
yemo there (away from us) |
hyamo somewhere |
mok nowhere |
mola anywhere |
mokua everywhere |
temo wherever |
way | to...ka how |
yoto thus |
hyato somehow |
heto however | |||||
amount | uku...ka how much |
ok none |
teku however much | ||||||
reason | nye...ka why |
tenye why ever |