Khangaþyagon Pronouns: Difference between revisions

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Khangaþyagon has few true pronouns, as the role of relative and interrogative pronouns is taken by [[Khangaþyagon nouns|nouns]] marked with modsegunakar. However, there have some important syntactical features.
Khangaþyagon has few true pronouns, as the role of relative and interrogative pronouns is taken by [[Khangaþyagon Nouns|nouns]] marked with modsegunakar. However, they have some important syntactical features.


As the direct object is not morphologically marked, the subject of a finite clause must always be explicitly represented, ''ie'' Khangaþyagon is not pro-drop.
As the direct object is not morphologically marked, the subject of a finite clause must always be explicitly represented, ''ie'' Khangaþyagon is not pro-drop.
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The third person proximate pronoun yi normally refers to the most discourse prominent 3rd person referent, which in most circumstances is the most recently stated subject. When it is necessary to refer to a different entity from the one to which yi would most obviously refer, the third person obviate pronoun de is used. When de is used as a subject, the verb is marked for the 3rd person, the same as for yi.
The third person proximate pronoun yi normally refers to the most discourse prominent 3rd person referent, which in most circumstances is the most recently stated subject. When it is necessary to refer to a different entity from the one to which yi would most obviously refer, the third person obviate pronoun de is used. When de is used as a subject, the verb is marked for the 3rd person, the same as for yi.
''yubing rik poh, beb skushing de yi''
{|
|yub-||i-||ng||rik||poh||beb||skush-||i-||ng||de||yi
|-
|marry||3p||PT||man||woman||and||kiss||3p||PT||OBV||PROX
|}
The man married the woman, and she kissed him.


Obviation is only used to disambiguate references when they are both of the same grammatical number.
Obviation is only used to disambiguate references when they are both of the same grammatical number.
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===Reflexive pronoun===
===Reflexive pronoun===


The pronoun ''ansidi'' (oneself) is used to refer back to the subject of the same clause, when it recurrs in a role other than the direct object.
The pronoun ''ansidi'' (oneself) is used to refer back to the subject of the same clause, when it recurrs in a role other than the direct object. It can refer to subjects of any person.
 
''aping khangaþgevont brakht ansidiung''
{|
|ap-||i-||ng||khangaþ-||ge-||v-||ont||brakht||ansidi-||ung
|-
|make||3p||PT||magic||true||know||PrP||wand||REFL||BEN
|}
The wizard made a wand for himself.
 
''sabegrelt ye snaugar sur shosh snaugar ansidiuz''
{|
|sabegr-||e||lt||ye||snaug-||ar||su-||r||shosh||snaug-||ar||ansidi-||uz
|-
|tolerate||2p||IMP||2p||fault||PL||all||PL||but||fault||PL||REFL||POSS
|}
Tolerate all faults but your own.
 
ansidi is rarely used in the unmarked form, and never as a direct object. However, it may be used as an emphatic pronoun to stress the identity of the speaker.
 
''rafkakh ansidi khorrhassass''
{|
|rafk-||a-||kh||ansidi||khorr-||hassass
|-
|kill||1p||FT||REFL||fire||serpent
|}
I myself will slay the dragon
 
===Pronouns as phrase heads===
Pronouns may be qualified by relative clauses and nouns marked with local segunakar, but not by adjectives or nouns marked with abstract segunakar.
 
{{NavBar|Back_dest=Khangaþyagon Word Order|Back_name=Basic Word Order|Up_dest=Khangaþyagon Syntax|Up_name=Syntax|Next_dest=Khangaþyagon Subordinate Clauses|Next_name=Subordinate Clauses and Reported Speech}}

Latest revision as of 07:15, 2 September 2013

Khangaþyagon has few true pronouns, as the role of relative and interrogative pronouns is taken by nouns marked with modsegunakar. However, they have some important syntactical features.

As the direct object is not morphologically marked, the subject of a finite clause must always be explicitly represented, ie Khangaþyagon is not pro-drop.

Personal pronouns and obviation

Khangaþyagon's personal pronouns are

ya
1st person
ye
2nd person
yi
3rd person proximate
de
3rd person obviate

The third person proximate pronoun yi normally refers to the most discourse prominent 3rd person referent, which in most circumstances is the most recently stated subject. When it is necessary to refer to a different entity from the one to which yi would most obviously refer, the third person obviate pronoun de is used. When de is used as a subject, the verb is marked for the 3rd person, the same as for yi.

yubing rik poh, beb skushing de yi

yub- i- ng rik poh beb skush- i- ng de yi
marry 3p PT man woman and kiss 3p PT OBV PROX

The man married the woman, and she kissed him.

Obviation is only used to disambiguate references when they are both of the same grammatical number.

Reflexive pronoun

The pronoun ansidi (oneself) is used to refer back to the subject of the same clause, when it recurrs in a role other than the direct object. It can refer to subjects of any person.

aping khangaþgevont brakht ansidiung

ap- i- ng khangaþ- ge- v- ont brakht ansidi- ung
make 3p PT magic true know PrP wand REFL BEN

The wizard made a wand for himself.

sabegrelt ye snaugar sur shosh snaugar ansidiuz

sabegr- e lt ye snaug- ar su- r shosh snaug- ar ansidi- uz
tolerate 2p IMP 2p fault PL all PL but fault PL REFL POSS

Tolerate all faults but your own.

ansidi is rarely used in the unmarked form, and never as a direct object. However, it may be used as an emphatic pronoun to stress the identity of the speaker.

rafkakh ansidi khorrhassass

rafk- a- kh ansidi khorr- hassass
kill 1p FT REFL fire serpent

I myself will slay the dragon

Pronouns as phrase heads

Pronouns may be qualified by relative clauses and nouns marked with local segunakar, but not by adjectives or nouns marked with abstract segunakar.

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Basic Word Order Syntax Subordinate Clauses and Reported Speech
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