Classical Laefêvëši verbs

NOTE: This is an obsolete form of the conlang. It has been renamed to Classical Laefêvëši to distinguish it from the new version, which is Ascended or Celestial Laefêvëši.

Classical Laefêvëši verbs are highly inflected by several features. There are 4 verbal genders, 3 numbers, 14 moods, several tenses, two aspects and three voices. Verbs are divided into three classes.

Characteristics

Types

Lexical verbs (full meaning)

• verbs of movement

Auxiliary verbs:

• phaseal verbs
• modal verbs
• the verb mantjálaj (to be)

Classes

Three classes:

1. verbs on -vij
2. verbs on -laj
3. verbs on -vaj

Gender and number

Genders:

• masculine
• feminine
• neuter
• common

Numbers:

• singular
• dual
• plural

Aspect

1. Perfective aspect
2. Imperfective aspect

Mood

Realis moods:

• Indicative
• Generic

Irrealis moods:

• Conditional
• Subjunctive
• Optative I
• Optative II
• Optative III
• Presumptive
• Potential
• If-potential
• Admirative
• Imperative
• Inferencial/renarrative
• Interrogative

Tenses

Simple tenses:

• simple present
• simple past
• remote past
• nonpast
• pluperfect
• simple future
• future anterior
• future-in-the-past

Compound tenses:

• compound present
• dramatic present
• compound future

Conjugation

Verbs conjugate according to their class, mood, tense, number, person, gender and polarity. The conjugations are expressed with suffixes. There are two main ways to form the suffixes. Each letter/sound in a suffixes marks its own characteristics.

Suffix formation

Suffixes are made up of the so-called suffix filaments. Each filament marks another characteristic.

Suffix filaments

Below tables show the suffix filaments.

Mood filaments

Mood	Filament	Geminate
Indicative	-l	-ll
Generic	-m	-mm
Conditional	-n	-nn
Subjunctive	- š	-ss
Optative I	-k	-kk
Optative II	-h	-ðð
Optative III	-r	-rr
Presumptive	-g	-gg
Potential	-f	-ff
If-potential	-v, -s	-vv
Admirative	-t	-tt
Interrogative	-þ	-þþ

Tense filaments

Tense	Filament
Simple present	-a
Simple past	-e
Remote past	-ē
Nonpast	-o
Pluperfect	- ø
Simple future	-i
Future anterior	-y
Future-in-the-past	-u

Number and class filaments

Number	Filament
	-VIJ	-LAJ	-VAJ
Singular	-k	-s	-v
Dual	-t	-k	-j
Plural	-n	-m	-p

Person filaments

Person	Filament
Firs person	-a
Second person	-e, -ē
Third person	-o, ø

Gender and polarity filaments

Gender	Polarity
	Affirmative	Negative
Common	-/	-je
Masculine	-i	-ji
Feminine	-u	-ju
Neuter	-y	-jy

Suffix composition

There are two main ways to create suffixes, type I and type II.

Type I is used when the verbal stem ends on a vowel which is not the same as the following vowel in the suffix.

Type II is used when the verbal stem ends on a consonant or on a vowels that is the same as the following vowel in the suffix.

Type I

Composition
mood	tense	number + type	person	gender + polarity

Type II

Composition
tense	mood	number + type	person	gender + polarity

Combinations between tense and number/class filaments

These combinations occur only in the type II suffix composition, they are consonant combinations and there are some mutations and it's important to know where they occur.

Mood	Number	Class
		-VIJ	-LAJ	-VAJ
Indicative	Singular	lk	sl	lv
	Dual	lt	ll	lj
	Plural	ln	lm	lp
Generic	Singular	mk	ms	pp
	Dual	mt	ml	mj
	Plural	mn	mm	mp
Conditional	Singular	nk	ns	nv
	Dual	nt	nl	nj
	Plural	nn	nm	np
Subjunctive	Singular	šk	ss	šf
	Dual	št	šl	šj
	Plural	šn	šm	šp
Optative I	Singular	kk	ks	kv
	Dual	kt	kl	kj
	Plural	kn	km	kp
Optative II	Singular	hk	hs	xv
	Dual	ht	hl	hj
	Plural	hn	hw	hp
Optative III	Singular	rk	rs	rv
	Dual	rt	rl	rj
	Plural	rn	rm	rp
Presumptive	Singular	gg	gz	gv
	Dual	gd	gl	nj
	Plural	ng	gm	gb
Potential	Singular	fk	fs	ff
	Dual	ft	fl	fj
	Plural	fn	fw	fp
If-potential	Singular	sk	sf	vv
	Dual	st	þþ	vj
	Plural	sn	sm	sp
Admirative	Singular	tk	ts	tv
	Dual	tt	tl	tj
	Plural	tn	tm	tp
Interrogative	Singular	þk	ðð	ðv
	Dual	þt	þl	þj
	Plural	þn	þm	þp

Conjugations

Main article: Classical Laefêvëši verb conjugations

According to the analogy above, virtually all moods can have all the possible tenses. However, some moods have their own basic or common tenses. See the main page for the complete overview of the main verb conjugations.

Mantjálaj (to be)

Main article: Mantjálaj (verb)

Modal verbs

The combination of a modal and a full meaning verb can be made in two ways, although one is now more or less obsolete:

1. fully conjugated modal verb plus modal participle of the full meaning verb,
2. the full meaning verb is conjugated and the modal verb is attached to the verb as a clitic.

Modal participle

Number	-VIJ		-LAJ		-VAJ
Singular	-tja	-atja	-tje	-atje	-tjo	-atjo
Dual	-tjai	-atjai	-tjei	-atjei	-tjoi	-atjoi
Plural	-tjau	-atjau	-tjeu	-ateju	-tjou	-atjou

Modal verbs

Full form	Clitic	English
álvaj	-lá	to wish
élvaj	-lé	to wish
évivaj	-vé	have to, must
ivírvij	-ví	can
óvelaj	-ló	to be willing
ovélaj	-vó	can
újelaj	-jú	to want
-	-ttǿ	to like

Phaseal verbs

Phaseal verbs express a phase in the event.

The combination of a modal and a full meaning verb can be made in two ways, although one is now more or less obsolete:

1. fully conjugated modal verb plus supine of the full meaning verb,
2. the full meaning verb is conjugated and the phaseal verb is attached to the verb as a clitic.

Supine:

• -vij -> -vvi
• -laj -> -lla
• -vaj -> -vva

Phaseal verbs

Full form	Clitic	English
mâješvaj	-šá	to finish
mâjevaj	-má	to finish
néčetlaj	-né	to stop
onódvaj	-nó	to start
óntodvaj	-tó	to start again
tonínovaj	-ní	to continue
véšetlaj	-té	to stop
wôjevaj	-wó	to finish

Reflexive verbs

There are two types of reflexive verbs, the véj verbs and the víj verbs. Their forms change depending on the person and number. There are three types: vocal, non-vocal (or consonantal) and clitic form.

Number	Person	-VÉJ			-VÍJ
		vocal	non-v.	clitic	vocal	non-v.	clitic
Singular	1st	ai	tai	-i	iai	tiai	-ā
	2nd	au	tau	-u	iau	tiau	-ā
	3rd	oi	toi	-i	ioi	tioi	-ō
Dual	1st	ia	tia	-a	aia	taia	-y
	2nd	ie	tie	-e	aie	taie	-y
	3rd	io	tio	-o	aio	taio	-y
Singular	1st	ei	tei	-i	iei	tiei	-ē
	2nd	ua	tua	-a	iua	tiua	-ū
	3rd	ue	tue	-e	iue	tiue	-ū

Escalation of verbs

Degree	Up		Down
Base (1st d.)	-/	-/	-/
Second d.	-tre	-tri	-sŗe
Third d.	-me	-mi	-ni
Fourth d.	-ze	-zi	-si
Fifth d.	-to	-tu	-so
Superlative (6th d.)	-tke	-tki	-ske
Absolutive (7th d.)	-tle	-tli	-sle