Kala Nouns: Difference between revisions
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There is also a distinction between inclusive (I/we and you) and exclusive (we but not you) forms of the first person plural. | There is also a distinction between inclusive (I/we and you) and exclusive (we but not you) forms of the first person plural. | ||
* '''na''' - 1sg | |||
* '''ta''' - 2sg | |||
* '''ha''' - 3sg | |||
* '''tla''' - 4sg | |||
- | |||
* The two irregular pronouns: | |||
** '''na'am''' - 1pl exclusive | |||
** '''kam''' - 3pl | |||
=== inflectional affixes === | |||
* | * '''-m''' - plural | ||
* '''-nku''' - reciprocal | |||
* '''e-''' - accusative | |||
* '''-i''' - reflexive | |||
* '''-yo''' - possessive | |||
- | |||
*Example: | |||
:{| | |||
|'''eta'''||'''nahe'''||'''tsaka'''||'''hayo'''||'''a''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|{{sc|acc}}-2sg||inside||house||3sg-{{sc|poss}}||be | |||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 02:52, 21 April 2013
Nouns
- Nouns include pronouns, adjectives (nouns of quality), and determiners.
plurality
- A countable noun (or "count noun") can be modified by a number, and can accept the plural. Typical countable nouns represent objects that are clearly individual entities, such as houses, cats, and thoughts. For example:
root | usage | example | |
---|---|---|---|
-m | ma | general plural | tsakam houses |
-mha | ma + -ha | indefinite abundance | tsakamha many/a lot houses |
-mi | ma + -hi | indefinite insufficiency | tsakami few houses |
tli- | tatli | collective plural | tlikuma sleuth of bears |
-lo | ma | alternative to -m | yamalo mountains |
- When modified by a number, general plurals need not be marked. Example:
- tsaka ta'o - Two houses.
Affect / Degree
- The diminutive is formed with -hi, and the augmentative with -ha.
These are respectively realized as -ki and -ka when attached to a word that has a final syllable onset is /h/.
- Example : ina - food, meal | inahi - snack, morsel | inaha - feast, banquet
- Example : tsaka - house, home, dwelling | tsakahi - shack, hut, cabin | tsakaha - palace, mansion
- These are also used to differentiate hue, or shade.
- Example : yanahi - light yellow, kuyaha - dark green
- In Kala the concepts of comparative and superlative degree of an adjective are merged into a single form, the elative.
- How this form is understood or translated depends upon context and definiteness. In the absence of comparison, the elative conveys the notion of “greatest”, “supreme.”
- Example : tahaka - bigger/biggest
- tsaka hayo ke nayo tahaka - His house is bigger than mine.
- Example : yanaha - more yellow/most yellow
- ke mauam tayo yanaha - Your flowers are the most yellow.
gender
- Nouns do not normally indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, the suffixes -ta and -na are used:
- uma - horse
- umata - a male horse, a stallion
- umana - a female horse, a mare
Pronouns
- Kala generally distinguishes four persons, the fourth person indicating abstract and inanimate nouns – both in the singular and plural numbers.
There is also a distinction between inclusive (I/we and you) and exclusive (we but not you) forms of the first person plural.
- na - 1sg
- ta - 2sg
- ha - 3sg
- tla - 4sg
-
- The two irregular pronouns:
- na'am - 1pl exclusive
- kam - 3pl
inflectional affixes
- -m - plural
- -nku - reciprocal
- e- - accusative
- -i - reflexive
- -yo - possessive
-
- Example:
eta nahe tsaka hayo a acc-2sg inside house 3sg-poss be