Kala Nouns: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
Line 54: Line 54:
There is also a distinction between inclusive (I/we and you) and exclusive (we but not you) forms of the first person plural.
There is also a distinction between inclusive (I/we and you) and exclusive (we but not you) forms of the first person plural.


{| class="wikitable" border=1
* '''na''' - 1sg
|-
* '''ta''' - 2sg
! !! ''Nominative'' !! ''Accusative'' !! ''Possessive'' !! ''Reflexive'' !! ''Reciprocal''
* '''ha''' - 3sg
|- align=center
* '''tla''' - 4sg
! ''1S''
-
|| na || ena || nayo || na'i || ''' '''  
* The two irregular pronouns:
|- align=center
** '''na'am''' - 1pl exclusive
! ''2S''
** '''kam''' - 3pl
|| ta || eta ||tayo || ta'i || ''' '''
 
|- align=center
=== inflectional affixes ===
! ''3S''
|| ha || eha || hayo || ha'i || ''' '''
|- align=center
! ''4S''  
|| tla || etla || tlayo || tla'i || ''' '''  
|- align=center
! ''1P''
|| nam || enam || namyo || nami || nanku
|- align=center
! ''1P'' (EXCL)
|| na'am || ena'am || na'amyo || na'ami || na'anku
|- align=center
! ''2P''  
|| tam || etam || tamyo || tami || tanku
|- align=center
! ''3P''  
|| kam || ekam || kamyo || kami || kanku
|- align=center
! ''4P''
|| tlam || etlam || tlamyo || tlami || tlanku
|-
|}


* A chart of the agent-patient transitivity constructions;
* '''-m''' - plural
{| class="wikitable" border=1
* '''-nku''' - reciprocal
|+ '''A-P''' ''construction''
* '''e-''' - accusative
! !! ''1<sup>st</sup> sing'' !! ''2<sup>nd</sup> sing'' !! ''3<sup>rd</sup> sing'' !! ''1<sup>st</sup> plu'' !! ''2<sup>nd</sup> plu'' !! ''3<sup>rd</sup> plu''
* '''-i''' - reflexive
|- align=center
* '''-yo''' - possessive
! ''1<sup>st</sup> sing''
-
|| '''-''' || na'eta || na'eha || '''-''' || na'etam || na'ekam
*Example:
|- align=center
:{|
! ''2<sup>nd</sup> sing''
|'''eta'''||'''nahe'''||'''tsaka'''||'''hayo'''||'''a'''
|| ta'ena || '''-''' || ta'eha || ta'enam || '''-''' || ta'ekam
|- align=center
! ''3<sup>rd</sup> sing''
|| ha'ena || ha'eta || '''-''' || ha'enam || ha'etam || ha'ekam
|- align=center
! ''1<sup>st</sup> plu''
|| '''-''' || nameta || nameha || '''-''' || nametam || namekam
|- align=center
! ''2<sup>nd</sup> plu''
|| tamena || '''-''' || tameha || tamenam || '''-''' || tamekam
|- align=center
! ''3<sup>rd</sup> plu''  
|| kamena || kameta || kameha || kamenam || kametam || '''-'''
|-
|-
|{{sc|acc}}-2sg||inside||house||3sg-{{sc|poss}}||be
|}
|}



Revision as of 02:52, 21 April 2013

Nouns

plurality

  • A countable noun (or "count noun") can be modified by a number, and can accept the plural. Typical countable nouns represent objects that are clearly individual entities, such as houses, cats, and thoughts. For example:
root usage example
-m ma general plural tsakam
houses
-mha ma + -ha indefinite abundance tsakamha
many/a lot houses
-mi ma + -hi indefinite insufficiency tsakami
few houses
tli- tatli collective plural tlikuma
sleuth of bears
-lo ma alternative to -m yamalo
mountains
  • When modified by a number, general plurals need not be marked. Example:
tsaka ta'o - Two houses.

Affect / Degree

  • The diminutive is formed with -hi, and the augmentative with -ha.

These are respectively realized as -ki and -ka when attached to a word that has a final syllable onset is /h/.

Example : ina - food, meal | inahi - snack, morsel | inaha - feast, banquet
Example : tsaka - house, home, dwelling | tsakahi - shack, hut, cabin | tsakaha - palace, mansion
  • These are also used to differentiate hue, or shade.
Example : yanahi - light yellow, kuyaha - dark green
  • In Kala the concepts of comparative and superlative degree of an adjective are merged into a single form, the elative.
How this form is understood or translated depends upon context and definiteness. In the absence of comparison, the elative conveys the notion of “greatest”, “supreme.”
Example : tahaka - bigger/biggest
tsaka hayo ke nayo tahaka - His house is bigger than mine.
Example : yanaha - more yellow/most yellow
ke mauam tayo yanaha - Your flowers are the most yellow.

gender

  • Nouns do not normally indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, the suffixes -ta and -na are used:
  • uma - horse
umata - a male horse, a stallion
umana - a female horse, a mare

Pronouns

  • Kala generally distinguishes four persons, the fourth person indicating abstract and inanimate nouns – both in the singular and plural numbers.

There is also a distinction between inclusive (I/we and you) and exclusive (we but not you) forms of the first person plural.

  • na - 1sg
  • ta - 2sg
  • ha - 3sg
  • tla - 4sg

-

  • The two irregular pronouns:
    • na'am - 1pl exclusive
    • kam - 3pl

inflectional affixes

  • -m - plural
  • -nku - reciprocal
  • e- - accusative
  • -i - reflexive
  • -yo - possessive

-

  • Example:
eta nahe tsaka hayo a
acc-2sg inside house 3sg-poss be

Correlative Pronouns

Index

grammar outline | sentences | questions | lexicon | thematic lexicon | writing