Kala Nouns: Difference between revisions
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: '''umata''' - a male horse, a stallion | : '''umata''' - a male horse, a stallion | ||
: '''umana''' - a female horse, a mare | : '''umana''' - a female horse, a mare | ||
==Pronouns== | ==Pronouns== |
Revision as of 04:10, 23 March 2013
Nouns
- Nouns include pronouns, adjectives (nouns of quality), and determiners.
plurality
- A countable noun (or "count noun") can be modified by a number, and can accept the plural. Typical countable nouns represent objects that are clearly individual entities, such as houses, cats, and thoughts. For example:
root | usage | example | |
---|---|---|---|
-m | ma | general plural | tsakam houses |
-mha | ma + -ha | indefinite abundance | tsakamha many/a lot houses |
-mi | ma + -hi | indefinite insufficiency | tsakami few houses |
tli- | tatli | collective plural | tlikuma sleuth of bears |
-lo | ma | alternative to -m | yamalo mountains |
- When modified by a number, general plurals need not be marked. Example:
- tsaka ta'o - Two houses.
Affect / Degree
- The diminutive is formed with -hi, and the augmentative with -ha.
These are respectively realized as -ki and -ka when attached to a word that has a final syllable onset is /h/.
- Example : ina - food, meal | inahi - snack, morsel | inaha - feast, banquet
- Example : tsaka - house, home, dwelling | tsakahi - shack, hut, cabin | tsakaha - palace, mansion
- These are also used to differentiate hue, or shade.
- Example : yanahi - light yellow, kuyaha - dark green
- In Kala the concepts of comparative and superlative degree of an adjective are merged into a single form, the elative.
- How this form is understood or translated depends upon context and definiteness. In the absence of comparison, the elative conveys the notion of “greatest”, “supreme.”
- Example : tahaka - bigger/biggest
- tsaka hayo ke nayo tahaka - His house is bigger than mine.
- Example : yanaha - more yellow/most yellow
- ke mauam tayo yanaha - Your flowers are the most yellow.
gender
- Nouns do not normally indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, the suffixes -ta and -na are used:
- uma - horse
- umata - a male horse, a stallion
- umana - a female horse, a mare
Pronouns
- Kala generally distinguishes four persons, the fourth person indicating abstract and inanimate nouns – both in the singular and plural numbers.
There is also a distinction between inclusive (I/we and you) and exclusive (we but not you) forms of the first person plural.
Nominative | Accusative | Possessive | Reflexive | Reciprocal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1S | na | ena | nayo | na'i | |
2S | ta | eta | tayo | ta'i | |
3S | ha | eha | hayo | ha'i | |
4S | tla | etla | tlayo | tla'i | |
1P | nam | enam | namyo | nami | nanku |
1P (EXCL) | na'am | ena'am | na'amyo | na'ami | na'anku |
2P | tam | etam | tamyo | tami | tanku |
3P | kam | ekam | kamyo | kami | kanku |
4P | tlam | etlam | tlamyo | tlami | tlanku |
- A chart of the agent-patient transitivity constructions;
1st sing | 2nd sing | 3rd sing | 1st plu | 2nd plu | 3rd plu | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st sing | - | na'eta | na'eha | - | na'etam | na'ekam |
2nd sing | ta'ena | - | ta'eha | ta'enam | - | ta'ekam |
3rd sing | ha'ena | ha'eta | - | ha'enam | ha'etam | ha'ekam |
1st plu | - | nameta | nameha | - | nametam | namekam |
2nd plu | tamena | - | tameha | tamenam | - | tamekam |
3rd plu | kamena | kameta | kameha | kamenam | kametam | - |