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| '''Lišĕč''' is a language, spoken in a zone on the border between Poland and Ucraine. It’s an highly agglutinative language, and it‘s similar to ''Finnish'', ''Estonian'' and ''Hungarian'' languages, maybe related to the ''Uralic'' family, but it has many differences, that show the influence of ''Slavic'' and ''German'' languages.
| | Lingua tonale: |
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| It can be written both with '''''Latin Alphabet''''' and with '''''Cyrillic alphabet'''''.
| | * a: tono neutro alto [<sub>4-4</sub>] |
| | * ā: tono neutro basso [<sub>2-2</sub>] |
| | * à: tono discendente [<sub>5-2</sub>] |
| | * á: tono ascendente [<sub>3-5</sub>] |
| | * â: tono ascendente-discendente [<sub>2-5-4</sub>] |
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| ==Phonology==
| | Nome della lingua: '''kôt''' |
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| ===Vowel harmony===
| | Suffissi personali:<br> |
| The '''vowel harmony''' is typical phenomenon of non-Indo-european languages in Europe.
| | Io: '''-tên-'''<br> |
| | Tu: '''-kśȳn-'''<br> |
| | Egli: '''-fót-'''<br> |
| | Noi (incl): '''-mar-'''<br> |
| | Noi (escl): '''-rrejn-'''<br> |
| | Voi: '''-kîś-'''<br> |
| | Io: '''-fnàt-'''<br> |
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| The vowels of interchangeable endings change according to the last vowel in the last syllable of the word.
| | Suffissi verbali:<br> |
| | '''ve-''': imperfettivo<br> |
| | '''fjô-''': perfettivo<br> |
| | '''sá-''': ripetitivo<br> |
| | '''ćû-''': continuo<br> |
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| The interchangeable vowels in the endings are:
| | '''ku-''': passato<br> |
| | '''ci-''': passato arcaico<br> |
| | '''lê-''': passato momentaneo<br> |
| | '''łok-''': futuro<br> |
| | '''ljúq-''': futuro remoto<br> |
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| * '''''-e-''''': for a last '''front vowel''' in the world
| | '''s-''': imperativo<br> |
| * '''''-a-''''': for a last '''central vowel''' in the world
| | '''lōv-''': imperativo di cortesia<br> |
| * '''''-o-''''': for a last '''back vowel''' in the world
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| Examples: The plural endings are: ''-nes, -nas, -nos'' / ''-нес, -нас, -нос''
| | '''tók-''': volitivo<br> |
| | '''peć-''': causativo<br> |
| | '''ná-''': incoativo<br> |
| | '''ûc-''': continuativo<br> |
| | '''kjêv-''': terminativo<br> |
| | '''lun-''': ottativo<br> |
| | '''nâ-''': renarrativo<br> |
| | '''bē-''': dubitativo<br> |
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| Lin (''man'') → Linnes / Лин (''man'') → Линнес<br>
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| Tanõk (''sea'') → Tanõknos / Танõк (''sea'') → Танõкнос<br>
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| Sava (''river'') → Savanas / Сава (''river'') → Саванас<br>
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| ===Vowels===
| | '''mô-''': interrogativo<br> |
| | '''pô-''': passivo<br> |
| | '''so-''': riflessivo<br> |
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|
| {| cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:left; background:transparent;"
| | '''gł-''': negativo<br> |
| |- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
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| | style="width:70px; text-align:right;" |
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| | style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
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| | style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
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| | style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
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| | style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
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| | style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
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| |-
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| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
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| | style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;"><div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
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| {| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:right; background:transparent;"
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| |-
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| | style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |
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| <!-- CLOSE VOWELS --> | | Suffissi nominali:<br> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| | '''a-''': determinativo<br> |
| {{IPA|i • y}}</div>
| | '''kôl-''': quello<br> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:45%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| | '''suź-''': questo<br> |
| {{IPA|ɨ}}</div>
| |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
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| {{IPA|u}}</div>
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| <!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS --> | | La casa è grande: '''arrýnćûpûl''': ''DET + casa + CONT + grande''<br> |
| | Ho letto un bel libro: '''fjôkumîtmûłtlêtên''': ''PERF + PASS + libro + bellezza + lettura + io''<br> |
| | Avete letto quel libro?: '''môvekukôlmîttlêkîś''': ''QUES + IMPERF + PASS + quello + libro + lettura + voi''<br> |
| | Questo libro è bello: '''suźmîtćûmûł''': ''questo + libro + CONT + bellezza''<br> |
| | Questo libro non è bello: '''suźmîtćûgłmûł''': ''questo + libro + CONT + bellezza''<br> |
| | Non credo/Dubito che questo libro sia bello: '''suźmîtbēćûmûł''': ''questo + libro + DUBIT + CONT + bellezza''<br> |
| | Dicono che questo libro non sia bello: '''suźmîtnâćûgłmûł''': ''questo + libro + RENARR + CONT + NEG + bellezza''<br> |
| | Vogliamo comprare quel libro: '''vetókkôlmîtbréźrrejn''': ''IMPERF + VOLIT + quello + libro + compr + noi(escl)''<br> |
| | Piove: '''vefrenśàg''': ''IMPERF + pioggia + caduta''<br> |
| | Comincia a piove: '''vefrennáśàg''': ''IMPERF + INCOAT + pioggia + caduta''<br> |
| | Sembra che continui a piovere: '''veûcfrennâśàg''': ''IMPERF + CONTINUATIVO + pioggia + RENARR + caduta''<br> |
| | Vorrei che smettesse di piovere: '''fjôtókkjêvfrenśàgtên''': ''PERF + VOLITIVO + TERMINATIVO + pioggia + + caduta + IO''<br> |
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| <!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
| | * '''bréź''': acquisto |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:17%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| | * '''fren''': pioggia |
| {{IPA|e}}</div>
| | * '''kôt''': lingua kôt |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:84%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| | * '''mît''': libro |
| {{IPA|o}}</div>
| | * '''mûł''': essere bello |
| | | * '''pûl''': essere grande |
| <!-- MID VOWELS -->
| | * '''rrýn''': casa |
| <!-- <div style="position:absolute; left:23%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"></div> -->
| | * '''śàg''': caduta |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:57%; width:1em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| | * '''tlê''': lettura |
| {{IPA|ə}} </div>
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| <!-- <div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"></div> -->
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| <!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
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| <div style="position:absolute; left:31%; width:2.66em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
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| {{IPA|ɛ • œ}}</div>
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| <div style="position:absolute; left:84%; width:2.33em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
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| {{IPA|ɔ}}</div>
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| <!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
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| <div style="position:absolute; left:37%; width:1.33em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
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| {{IPA|æ}}</div>
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| <!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
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| <div style="position:absolute; left:44%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
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| {{IPA|a}}</div>
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| |}
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| </div></div>
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| |-
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| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" |
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| |-
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| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close-mid'''
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| |-
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| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
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| |-
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| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open-mid'''
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| |-
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| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near-open'''
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| |-
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| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
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| |}
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| ===Consonants===
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| {| {{prettytable}}
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| |- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 3em"
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| | style="font-size: 90%;" |
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Bilabial
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Labio-<br/>dental
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Dental
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Alveolar
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Post-<br/>alveolar
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Palatal
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Velar
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Plosive
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| | <center>{{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}}</center>
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| | colspan="3" |<center>{{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}}</center>
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| | <center></center>
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| | <center>{{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}}</center>
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Nasal
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| | <center> {{IPA|m}}</center>
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| | <center> {{IPA|ɱ}}</center>
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| | colspan="3" |<center> {{IPA|n}}</center>
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| | <center> {{IPA|ɲ}}</center>
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| | <center> </center>
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Vibrant
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| | <center> </center>
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| | colspan="3" | <center> {{IPA|r}}</center>
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Fricative
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| | <center></center>
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| | <center>{{IPA|f}} {{IPA|v}}</center>
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| | <center>{{IPA|θ}} {{IPA|ð}}</center>
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| | <center>{{IPA|s}} {{IPA|z}}</center>
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| | <center>{{IPA|ʃ}} </center>
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| | <center></center>
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| | <center> </center>
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Affricate
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| | <center>{{IPA|ʦ}} {{IPA|ʣ}}</center>
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| | <center>{{IPA|ʧ}} {{IPA|ʤ}}</center>
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| | <center> </center>
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Approximant
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| | <center> </center>
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| | <center> </center>
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| | colspan="3" | <center> </center>
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| | <center> {{IPA|j}}</center>
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| | <center> {{IPA|ɰ}}</center>
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Lateral approximant
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| | colspan="3" | <center> {{IPA|l}}</center>
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| | <center> {{IPA|ʎ}}</center>
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| | <center> </center>
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| |}
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| ===Writing systems===
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| Lišěč can be written with both a modified version of Latin alfabet (called '''Latinka'''/'''Латинка''') and a modified version of Cirillic alfabet (сalled '''Kirilica'''/'''Кирилица''').
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| {|
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| |-
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| !<center>IPA consonant</center>
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| !<center>Latin</center>
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| !<center>Cyrillic</center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|p}}/ </center> || <center> '''p''' </center> || <center> '''п''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|b}}/ </center> || <center> '''b''' </center> || <center> '''б''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|t}}/ </center> || <center> '''t''' </center> || <center> '''т''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|d}}/ </center> || <center> '''d''' </center> || <center> '''д''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|k}}/ </center> || <center> '''k''' </center> || <center> '''к''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|g}}/ </center> || <center> '''g''' </center> || <center> '''г''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|m}}/ </center> || <center> '''m''' </center> || <center> '''м''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|n}}/ </center> || <center> '''n''' </center> || <center> '''н''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ɲ}}/ </center> || <center> '''ň''' </center> || <center> '''њ''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ʦ}}/ </center> || <center> '''c''' </center> || <center> '''ц''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ʣ}}/ </center> || <center> '''z''' </center> || <center> '''ѕ''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ʧ}}/ </center> || <center> '''č''' </center> || <center> '''ч''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ʤ}}/ </center> || <center> '''ğ''' </center> || <center> '''ђ''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|f}}/ </center> || <center> '''f''' </center> || <center> '''ф''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|v}}/ </center> || <center> '''v''' </center> || <center> '''в''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|θ}}/ </center> || <center> '''ţ''' </center> || <center> '''ө''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ð}}/ </center> || <center> '''đ''' </center> || <center> '''ћ''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|s}}/ </center> || <center> '''s''' </center> || <center> '''с''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|z}}/ </center> || <center> '''ś''' </center> || <center> '''з''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ʃ}}/ </center> || <center> '''š''' </center> || <center> '''ш''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|r}}/ </center> || <center> '''r''' </center> || <center> '''р''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|j}}/ </center> || <center> '''j''' </center> || <center> '''й''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ɰ}}/ </center> || <center> '''u''' </center> || <center> '''у''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|l}}/ </center> || <center> '''l''' </center> || <center> '''л''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ʎ}}/ </center> || <center> '''ł''' </center> || <center> '''љ''' </center>
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| |-
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| |}
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| {|
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| |-
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| !<center>IPA vowel</center>
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| !<center>Latin</center>
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| !<center>Cyrillic</center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|i}}/ </center> || <center> '''i''' </center> || <center> '''и''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|y}}/ </center> || <center> '''ü''' </center> || <center> '''ÿ''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ɨ}}/ </center> || <center> '''y''' </center> || <center> '''ы''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|u}}/ </center> || <center> '''u''' </center> || <center> '''у''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|e}}/ </center> || <center> '''e''' </center> || <center> '''е''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ɛ}}/ </center> || <center> '''ĕ''' </center> || <center> '''ĕ''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ə}}/ </center> || <center> '''ë''' </center> || <center> '''ё''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|œ}}/ </center> || <center> '''ö''' </center> || <center> '''ö''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|æ}}/ </center> || <center> '''ä''' </center> || <center> '''ä''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|a}}/ </center> || <center> '''a''' </center> || <center> '''а''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ɔ}}/ </center> || <center> '''õ''' </center> || <center> '''õ''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|o}}/ </center> || <center> '''o''' </center> || <center> '''о''' </center>
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| |-
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| |}
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| ==Morphology==
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| Lišĕč has an agglutinative morphology, i.e, words are declined and take endings, but these ending have only one meaning, instead of the multiple meaning of a Indo-european desinence.
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| Exemple:
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| * Latin: '''Urbium''' (genitive plural ''of the cities''): root ''urb'' + desinence ''-ium'', the desinence have meaning of both plural and genitive case. | |
| * Lišĕč: '''Gradanasal''' (genitive plural ''of the cities''): root ''grada'' + plural desinence ''-nas-'' + genitive desinence ''-al'' | |
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| ===Substantives===
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| Substantives have ''no genre'', but they decline according to ''number'' ('''''singular''''', '''''plural''''' and '''''collective''''') and ''cases'' ('''''29 cases'''''):
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| ====Number====
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
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| !bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Number||Latin||Cyrillic
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| |-
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| |Singular||-||-
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| |-
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| |Plural||'''-nas/nes/nos'''||'''-нас/нес/нос'''
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| |-
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| |Collective||'''-ałij/ełij/ołij'''||'''-аљий/ељий/ољий'''
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| |-
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| |}
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| The '''''collective number''''' means a ''defined group'' of objects or beings, while '''''plural number''''' indicates an ''undefined number'' of objects or things (both functions are covered by plural in Indo-european languages):
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| The '''collective''' should be used:
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| * With ''cardinal numbers'' | |
| * Without numbers to indicate “''a group of''” or with ''uncountable nouns'' to indicate “''a little of''”, “''a bit of''”
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| ====Case====
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| The '''case''' indicates the role the word plays in the sentence, without prepositions. Lišěč has '''''29 cases''''', many more of any Indo-european language, but a large number of cases is normal for Uralic languages.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
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| !bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Case||Latin||Cyrillic||Case function
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| |-
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| |''Nominative''||<center>'''-'''</center>||<center>'''-'''</center>||<center>Case of '''subject'''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Genitive''||<center>'''-al/el/ol'''</center>||<center>'''-ал/ел/ол'''</center>||<center>Case of '''possession'''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Dative''||<center>'''-am/em/om'''</center>||<center>'''-ам/ем/ом'''</center>||<center>Case of '''indirect object'''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Accusative''||<center>'''-an/en/on'''</center>||<center>'''-ан/ен/он'''</center>||<center>Case of '''direct object'''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Partitive''||<center>'''-a/e/o'''</center>||<center>'''-а/е/о'''</center>||<center>Case of '''ripartition'''<br>It can be translated with the adjectives ''some'' ''any''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Essive''||<center>'''-as/es/os'''</center>||<center>'''-ас/ес/ос'''</center>||<center>Case of '''existence'''<br>It can be translated with the word ''as''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Causal''||<center>'''-fal/fel/fol'''</center>||<center>'''-фал/фел/фол'''</center>||<center>Case of '''causes'''<br>It can be translated with prepositions ''because of'' ''for''</center>
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| |''Originative''||<center>'''-dala/dele/dolo'''</center>||<center>'''-дала/деле/доло'''</center>||<center>Case of '''origin'''<br>It can be translated with prepositions ''from'' ''of''</center>
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| |''Instrumental''||<center>'''-kam/kem/kom'''</center>||<center>'''-кам/кем/ком'''</center>||<center>Case of '''instrument'''<br>It can be translated with prepositions ''with'' ''by''</center>
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| |''Comitative''||<center>'''-sam/sem/som'''</center>||<center>'''-сам/сем/сом'''</center>||<center>Case of '''company'''<br>It can be translated with preposition (''together'') ''with''</center>
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| |''Agentive''||<center>'''-õlna/õlne/õlno'''</center>||<center>'''-õлна/õлне/õлно'''</center>||<center>Case of '''agent'''<br>It can be translated with the adjectives ''some'' ''any''</center>
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| |''Finalitative-<br>benefactive''||<center>'''-ossa/osse/osso'''</center>||<center>'''-осса/оссе/оссо'''</center>||<center>Case of '''finality''' and '''benefice'''<br>It can be translated with preposition ''for''</center>
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| |''Abessive''||<center>'''-baś/beś/boś'''</center>||<center>'''-баз/без/боз'''</center>||<center>Case of '''absence'''<br>It can be translated with preposition ''without''</center>
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| |''Temporal''||<center>'''-ňal/ňel/ňol'''</center>||<center>'''-њал/њел/њол'''</center>||<center>Case of '''time'''<br>It can be translated with prepositions ''at'' ''during''</center>
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| |''Terminative''||<center>'''-õňa/õňe/õňo'''</center>||<center>'''-õња/õње/õњо'''</center>||<center>Case of '''end'''<br>It can be translated with preposition ''until''</center>
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| |''Inessive''||<center>'''-ka/ke/ko'''</center>||<center>'''-ка/ке/ко'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |''Elative''||<center>'''-kaňa/keňe/koňo'''</center>||<center>'''-кања/кење/коњо'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |''Superessive''||<center>'''-kaţun/keţun/koţun'''</center>||<center>'''-каөун/кеөун/коөун'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |''Delative''||<center>'''-sõda/sõde/sõdo'''</center>||<center>'''-сõда/сõде/сõдо'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |''Sublative''||<center>'''-šanë/šenë/šonë'''</center>||<center>'''-шанë/шенë/шонë'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Adessive''||<center>'''-đyna/đyne/đyno'''</center>||<center>'''-ћына/ћыне/ћыно'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Ablative''||<center>'''-daţë/deţë/doţë'''</center>||<center>'''-даөë/деөë/доөë'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |''Allative''||<center>'''-adanë/edenë/odonë'''</center>||<center>'''-аданë/еденë/одонë'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |''Interjective''||<center>'''-rağä/reğä/roğä'''</center>||<center>'''-рађä/ређä/рођä'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |''Transitive''||<center>'''-rakä/rekä/rokä'''</center>||<center>'''-ракä/рекä/рокä'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |''Translative''||<center>'''-arykë/erykë/orykë'''</center>||<center>'''-арыкë/ерыкë/орыкë'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |}
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| The last 12 cases in table above are '''''Locative cases'''''. The locative system of Lišĕč language is highly developed, with indication for '''interior''' (''inside''), '''surface''' (''on, above'') and '''adjacency''' (''near''), and with the four locative complements: ''statement in'', ''movement to'', ''movement from'' and ''movement across''.
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| So, for example, the ''sublative case'' means a movement ''towards above'', or a ''movement over a surface''.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
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| !bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Case System
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| |''Nominative''||<center>'''-'''</center>||<center>'''-'''</center>||<center>Case of '''subject'''</center>
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| |''Genitive''||<center>'''-al/el/ol'''</center>||<center>'''-ал/ел/ол'''</center>||<center>Case of '''possession'''</center>
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| |''Dative''||<center>'''-am/em/om'''</center>||<center>'''-ам/ем/ом'''</center>||<center>Case of '''indirect object'''</center>
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| |''Accusative''||<center>'''-an/en/on'''</center>||<center>'''-ан/ен/он'''</center>||<center>Case of '''direct object'''</center>
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| |''Partitive''||<center>'''-a/e/o'''</center>||<center>'''-а/е/о'''</center>||<center>Case of '''ripartition'''<br>It can be translated with the adjectives ''some'' ''any''</center>
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| |''Essive''||<center>'''-as/es/os'''</center>||<center>'''-ас/ес/ос'''</center>||<center>Case of '''existence'''<br>It can be translated with the word ''as''</center>
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| |''Causal''||<center>'''-fal/fel/fol'''</center>||<center>'''-фал/фел/фол'''</center>||<center>Case of '''causes'''<br>It can be translated with prepositions ''because of'' ''for''</center>
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| |}
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