|
|
| (148 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| '''Lišĕč''' is a language, spoken in a zone on the border between Poland and Ucraine. It’s an highly agglutinative language, and it‘s similar to ''Finnish'', ''Estonian'' and ''Hungarian'' languages, maybe related to the ''Uralic'' family, but it has many differences, that show the influence of ''Slavic'' and ''German'' languages.
| | Lingua tonale: |
|
| |
|
| It can be written both with '''''Latin Alphabet''''' and with '''''Cyrillic alphabet'''''.
| | * a: tono neutro alto [<sub>4-4</sub>] |
| | * ā: tono neutro basso [<sub>2-2</sub>] |
| | * à: tono discendente [<sub>5-2</sub>] |
| | * á: tono ascendente [<sub>3-5</sub>] |
| | * â: tono ascendente-discendente [<sub>2-5-4</sub>] |
|
| |
|
| ==Phonology==
| | Nome della lingua: '''kôt''' |
|
| |
|
| ===Vowel harmony===
| | Suffissi personali:<br> |
| The '''vowel harmony''' is typical phenomenon of non-Indo-european languages in Europe.
| | Io: '''-tên-'''<br> |
| | Tu: '''-kśȳn-'''<br> |
| | Egli: '''-fót-'''<br> |
| | Noi (incl): '''-mar-'''<br> |
| | Noi (escl): '''-rrejn-'''<br> |
| | Voi: '''-kîś-'''<br> |
| | Io: '''-fnàt-'''<br> |
|
| |
|
| The vowels of interchangeable endings change according to the last vowel in the last syllable of the word.
| | Suffissi verbali:<br> |
| | '''ve-''': imperfettivo<br> |
| | '''fjô-''': perfettivo<br> |
| | '''sá-''': ripetitivo<br> |
| | '''ćû-''': continuo<br> |
|
| |
|
| The interchangeable vowels in the endings are:
| | '''ku-''': passato<br> |
| | '''ci-''': passato arcaico<br> |
| | '''lê-''': passato momentaneo<br> |
| | '''łok-''': futuro<br> |
| | '''ljúq-''': futuro remoto<br> |
|
| |
|
| * '''''-e-''''': for a last '''front vowel''' in the world
| | '''s-''': imperativo<br> |
| * '''''-a-''''': for a last '''central vowel''' in the world
| | '''lōv-''': imperativo di cortesia<br> |
| * '''''-o-''''': for a last '''back vowel''' in the world
| |
|
| |
|
| Examples: The plural endings are: ''-nes, -nas, -nos'' / ''-нес, -нас, -нос''
| | '''tók-''': volitivo<br> |
| | '''peć-''': causativo<br> |
| | '''ná-''': incoativo<br> |
| | '''ûc-''': continuativo<br> |
| | '''kjêv-''': terminativo<br> |
| | '''lun-''': ottativo<br> |
| | '''nâ-''': renarrativo<br> |
| | '''bē-''': dubitativo<br> |
|
| |
|
| Lin (''man'') → Linnes / Лин (''man'') → Линнес<br>
| |
| Tanõk (''sea'') → Tanõknos / Танõк (''sea'') → Танõкнос<br>
| |
| Sava (''river'') → Savanas / Сава (''river'') → Саванас<br>
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Vowels===
| | '''mô-''': interrogativo<br> |
| | '''pô-''': passivo<br> |
| | '''so-''': riflessivo<br> |
|
| |
|
| {| cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:left; background:transparent;"
| | '''gł-''': negativo<br> |
| |- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
| |
| | style="width:70px; text-align:right;" |
| |
| | style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| |
| | style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| |
| | style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| |
| | style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| |
| | style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| |
| | style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;"><div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
| |
| {| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:right; background:transparent;"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |
| |
|
| |
|
| <!-- CLOSE VOWELS --> | | Suffissi nominali:<br> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| | '''a-''': determinativo<br> |
| {{IPA|i • y}}</div>
| | '''kôl-''': quello<br> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:45%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| | '''suź-''': questo<br> |
| {{IPA|ɨ}}</div>
| |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| |
| {{IPA|u}}</div>
| |
|
| |
|
| <!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS --> | | La casa è grande: '''arrýnćûpûl''': ''DET + casa + CONT + grande''<br> |
| | Ho letto un bel libro: '''fjôkumîtmûłtlêtên''': ''PERF + PASS + libro + bellezza + lettura + io''<br> |
| | Avete letto quel libro?: '''môvekukôlmîttlêkîś''': ''QUES + IMPERF + PASS + quello + libro + lettura + voi''<br> |
| | Questo libro è bello: '''suźmîtćûmûł''': ''questo + libro + CONT + bellezza''<br> |
| | Questo libro non è bello: '''suźmîtćûgłmûł''': ''questo + libro + CONT + bellezza''<br> |
| | Non credo/Dubito che questo libro sia bello: '''suźmîtbēćûmûł''': ''questo + libro + DUBIT + CONT + bellezza''<br> |
| | Dicono che questo libro non sia bello: '''suźmîtnâćûgłmûł''': ''questo + libro + RENARR + CONT + NEG + bellezza''<br> |
| | Vogliamo comprare quel libro: '''vetókkôlmîtbréźrrejn''': ''IMPERF + VOLIT + quello + libro + compr + noi(escl)''<br> |
| | Piove: '''vefrenśàg''': ''IMPERF + pioggia + caduta''<br> |
| | Comincia a piove: '''vefrennáśàg''': ''IMPERF + INCOAT + pioggia + caduta''<br> |
| | Sembra che continui a piovere: '''veûcfrennâśàg''': ''IMPERF + CONTINUATIVO + pioggia + RENARR + caduta''<br> |
| | Vorrei che smettesse di piovere: '''fjôtókkjêvfrenśàgtên''': ''PERF + VOLITIVO + TERMINATIVO + pioggia + + caduta + IO''<br> |
|
| |
|
| <!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
| | * '''bréź''': acquisto |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:17%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| | * '''fren''': pioggia |
| {{IPA|e}}</div>
| | * '''kôt''': lingua kôt |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:84%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| | * '''mît''': libro |
| {{IPA|o}}</div>
| | * '''mûł''': essere bello |
| | | * '''pûl''': essere grande |
| <!-- MID VOWELS -->
| | * '''rrýn''': casa |
| <!-- <div style="position:absolute; left:23%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"></div> -->
| | * '''śàg''': caduta |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:57%; width:1em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| | * '''tlê''': lettura |
| {{IPA|ə}} </div>
| |
| <!-- <div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"></div> -->
| |
| | |
| <!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
| |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:31%; width:2.66em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| |
| {{IPA|ɛ • œ}}</div>
| |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:84%; width:2.33em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| |
| {{IPA|ɔ}}</div>
| |
| | |
| <!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
| |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:37%; width:1.33em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| |
| {{IPA|æ}}</div>
| |
| | |
| | |
| <!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
| |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:44%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| |
| {{IPA|a}}</div>
| |
| |}
| |
| </div></div>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close-mid'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open-mid'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near-open'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Consonants===
| |
| | |
| {| {{prettytable}}
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 3em"
| |
| | style="font-size: 90%;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 4em;" | Bilabial
| |
| ! style="width: 4em;" | Labio-<br/>dental
| |
| ! style="width: 4em;" | Dental
| |
| ! style="width: 4em;" | Alveolar
| |
| ! style="width: 4em;" | Post-<br/>alveolar
| |
| ! style="width: 4em;" | Palatal
| |
| ! style="width: 4em;" | Velar
| |
| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
| |
| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Plosive
| |
| | <center>{{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}}</center>
| |
| |
| |
| | colspan="3" |<center>{{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}}</center>
| |
| | <center></center>
| |
| | <center>{{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}}</center>
| |
| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
| |
| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Nasal
| |
| | <center> {{IPA|m}}</center>
| |
| | <center> {{IPA|ɱ}}</center>
| |
| | colspan="3" |<center> {{IPA|n}}</center>
| |
| | <center> {{IPA|ɲ}}</center>
| |
| | <center> </center>
| |
| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
| |
| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Vibrant
| |
| | <center> </center>
| |
| |
| |
| | colspan="3" | <center> {{IPA|r}}</center>
| |
| | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
| |
| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Fricative
| |
| | <center></center>
| |
| | <center>{{IPA|f}} {{IPA|v}}</center>
| |
| | <center>{{IPA|θ}} {{IPA|ð}}</center>
| |
| | <center>{{IPA|s}} {{IPA|z}}</center>
| |
| | <center>{{IPA|ʃ}} </center>
| |
| | <center></center>
| |
| | <center> </center>
| |
| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
| |
| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Affricate
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | <center>{{IPA|ʦ}} {{IPA|ʣ}}</center>
| |
| | <center>{{IPA|ʧ}} {{IPA|ʤ}}</center>
| |
| | <center> </center>
| |
| |
| |
| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
| |
| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Approximant
| |
| | <center> </center>
| |
| | <center> </center>
| |
| | colspan="3" | <center> </center>
| |
| | <center> {{IPA|j}}</center>
| |
| | <center> {{IPA|ɰ}}</center>
| |
| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
| |
| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Lateral approximant
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | colspan="3" | <center> {{IPA|l}}</center>
| |
| | <center> {{IPA|ʎ}}</center>
| |
| | <center> </center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Writing systems===
| |
| | |
| Lišěč can be written with both a modified version of Latin alfabet (called '''Latinka'''/'''Латинка''') and a modified version of Cirillic alfabet (сalled '''Kirilica'''/'''Кирилица''').
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>IPA consonant</center>
| |
| !<center>Latin</center>
| |
| !<center>Cyrillic</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|p}}/ </center> || <center> '''p''' </center> || <center> '''п''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|b}}/ </center> || <center> '''b''' </center> || <center> '''б''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|t}}/ </center> || <center> '''t''' </center> || <center> '''т''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|d}}/ </center> || <center> '''d''' </center> || <center> '''д''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|k}}/ </center> || <center> '''k''' </center> || <center> '''к''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|g}}/ </center> || <center> '''g''' </center> || <center> '''г''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|m}}/ </center> || <center> '''m''' </center> || <center> '''м''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|n}}/ </center> || <center> '''n''' </center> || <center> '''н''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|ɲ}}/ </center> || <center> '''ň''' </center> || <center> '''њ''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|ʦ}}/ </center> || <center> '''c''' </center> || <center> '''ц''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|ʣ}}/ </center> || <center> '''z''' </center> || <center> '''ѕ''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|ʧ}}/ </center> || <center> '''č''' </center> || <center> '''ч''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|ʤ}}/ </center> || <center> '''ğ''' </center> || <center> '''ђ''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|f}}/ </center> || <center> '''f''' </center> || <center> '''ф''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|v}}/ </center> || <center> '''v''' </center> || <center> '''в''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|θ}}/ </center> || <center> '''ţ''' </center> || <center> '''ө''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|ð}}/ </center> || <center> '''đ''' </center> || <center> '''ћ''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|s}}/ </center> || <center> '''s''' </center> || <center> '''с''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|z}}/ </center> || <center> '''ś''' </center> || <center> '''з''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|ʃ}}/ </center> || <center> '''š''' </center> || <center> '''ш''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|r}}/ </center> || <center> '''r''' </center> || <center> '''р''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|j}}/ </center> || <center> '''j''' </center> || <center> '''й''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|ɰ}}/ </center> || <center> '''u''' </center> || <center> '''у''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|l}}/ </center> || <center> '''l''' </center> || <center> '''л''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center> /{{IPA|ʎ}}/ </center> || <center> '''ł''' </center> || <center> '''љ''' </center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
