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| {{WIP}}
| | Lingua tonale: |
| '''Slevian''' is a costructed language, created to be related to the Slavic languages' family.
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| Differently from most Slavic languages, but similar to Bulgarian and Macedonian languages, it lost all the original cases, and developed a definite and an indefinite article (but set before its substantive). Differently from Bulgarian and Macedonian it has a semplified verbal system.
| | * a: tono neutro alto [<sub>4-4</sub>] |
| | * ā: tono neutro basso [<sub>2-2</sub>] |
| | * à: tono discendente [<sub>5-2</sub>] |
| | * á: tono ascendente [<sub>3-5</sub>] |
| | * â: tono ascendente-discendente [<sub>2-5-4</sub>] |
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| It is written with the '''''Latin Alphabet''''', but can be adapted to the '''Cyrillic''' one.
| | Nome della lingua: '''kôt''' |
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| ==Phonology==
| | Suffissi personali:<br> |
| | Io: '''-tên-'''<br> |
| | Tu: '''-kśȳn-'''<br> |
| | Egli: '''-fót-'''<br> |
| | Noi (incl): '''-mar-'''<br> |
| | Noi (escl): '''-rrejn-'''<br> |
| | Voi: '''-kîś-'''<br> |
| | Io: '''-fnàt-'''<br> |
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| ===Vowels===
| | Suffissi verbali:<br> |
| | '''ve-''': imperfettivo<br> |
| | '''fjô-''': perfettivo<br> |
| | '''sá-''': ripetitivo<br> |
| | '''ćû-''': continuo<br> |
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| Slevian has a reduced vocalic system, with only six vowels:
| | '''ku-''': passato<br> |
| | '''ci-''': passato arcaico<br> |
| | '''lê-''': passato momentaneo<br> |
| | '''łok-''': futuro<br> |
| | '''ljúq-''': futuro remoto<br> |
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| {| cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:left; background:transparent;"
| | '''s-''': imperativo<br> |
| |- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
| | '''lōv-''': imperativo di cortesia<br> |
| | style="width:70px; text-align:right;" |
| |
| | style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
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| | style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
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| | style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
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| | style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
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| | style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
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| |-
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| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
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| | style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;"><div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
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| {| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:right; background:transparent;"
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| |-
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| | style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |
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| <!-- CLOSE VOWELS --> | | '''tók-''': volitivo<br> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| | '''peć-''': causativo<br> |
| {{IPA|i}}</div>
| | '''ná-''': incoativo<br> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:45%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| | '''ûc-''': continuativo<br> |
| {{IPA|ɨ}}</div>
| | '''kjêv-''': terminativo<br> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| | '''lun-''': ottativo<br> |
| {{IPA|u}}</div>
| | '''nâ-''': renarrativo<br> |
| | '''bē-''': dubitativo<br> |
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| <!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
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| <!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS --> | | '''mô-''': interrogativo<br> |
| | '''pô-''': passivo<br> |
| | '''so-''': riflessivo<br> |
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| <!-- MID VOWELS --> | | '''gł-''': negativo<br> |
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| | Suffissi nominali:<br> |
| | '''a-''': determinativo<br> |
| | '''kôl-''': quello<br> |
| | '''suź-''': questo<br> |
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| <!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS --> | | La casa è grande: '''arrýnćûpûl''': ''DET + casa + CONT + grande''<br> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:31%; width:2.66em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"> | | Ho letto un bel libro: '''fjôkumîtmûłtlêtên''': ''PERF + PASS + libro + bellezza + lettura + io''<br> |
| {{IPA|ɛ}}</div>
| | Avete letto quel libro?: '''môvekukôlmîttlêkîś''': ''QUES + IMPERF + PASS + quello + libro + lettura + voi''<br> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:84%; width:2.33em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"> | | Questo libro è bello: '''suźmîtćûmûł''': ''questo + libro + CONT + bellezza''<br> |
| {{IPA|ɔ}}</div>
| | Questo libro non è bello: '''suźmîtćûgłmûł''': ''questo + libro + CONT + bellezza''<br> |
| | Non credo/Dubito che questo libro sia bello: '''suźmîtbēćûmûł''': ''questo + libro + DUBIT + CONT + bellezza''<br> |
| | Dicono che questo libro non sia bello: '''suźmîtnâćûgłmûł''': ''questo + libro + RENARR + CONT + NEG + bellezza''<br> |
| | Vogliamo comprare quel libro: '''vetókkôlmîtbréźrrejn''': ''IMPERF + VOLIT + quello + libro + compr + noi(escl)''<br> |
| | Piove: '''vefrenśàg''': ''IMPERF + pioggia + caduta''<br> |
| | Comincia a piove: '''vefrennáśàg''': ''IMPERF + INCOAT + pioggia + caduta''<br> |
| | Sembra che continui a piovere: '''veûcfrennâśàg''': ''IMPERF + CONTINUATIVO + pioggia + RENARR + caduta''<br> |
| | Vorrei che smettesse di piovere: '''fjôtókkjêvfrenśàgtên''': ''PERF + VOLITIVO + TERMINATIVO + pioggia + + caduta + IO''<br> |
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| <!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
| | * '''bréź''': acquisto |
| | | * '''fren''': pioggia |
| | | * '''kôt''': lingua kôt |
| <!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
| | * '''mît''': libro |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:44%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| | * '''mûł''': essere bello |
| {{IPA|a}}</div>
| | * '''pûl''': essere grande |
| |}
| | * '''rrýn''': casa |
| </div></div>
| | * '''śàg''': caduta |
| |-
| | * '''tlê''': lettura |
| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" |
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| |-
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| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close-mid'''
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| |-
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| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
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| |-
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| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open-mid'''
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| |-
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| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near-open'''
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| |-
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| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
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| |}
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| | |
| ===Consonants===
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| {| {{prettytable}}
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| |- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 3em"
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| | style="font-size: 90%;" |
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Bilabial
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Labio-<br/>dental
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Dental
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Alveolar
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Post-<br/>alveolar
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Palatal
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Velar
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Plosive
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| | <center>{{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}}</center>
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| | colspan="3" |<center>{{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}}</center>
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| | <center></center>
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| | <center>{{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}}</center>
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Nasal
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| | <center> {{IPA|m}}</center>
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| | <center> {{IPA|ɱ}}</center>
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| | colspan="3" |<center> {{IPA|n}}</center>
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| | <center> {{IPA|ɲ}}</center>
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| | <center> </center>
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Vibrant
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| | <center> </center>
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| | colspan="3" | <center> {{IPA|r}}</center>
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| | |
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Fricative
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| | <center></center>
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| | <center>{{IPA|f}} {{IPA|v}}</center>
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| | <center>{{IPA|s}} {{IPA|z}}</center>
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| | <center>{{IPA|ʃ}} {{IPA|ʒ}}</center>
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| | <center></center>
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| | <center> </center>
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Affricate
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| | <center>{{IPA|ʦ}} </center>
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| | <center>{{IPA|ʧ}} </center>
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| | <center> </center>
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Approximant
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| | <center> </center>
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| | <center> </center>
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| | colspan="3" | <center> </center>
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| | <center> {{IPA|j}}</center>
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| | <center> {{IPA|ɰ}}</center>
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Lateral approximant
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| | colspan="3" | <center> {{IPA|l}}</center>
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| | <center> </center>
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| | <center> </center>
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| |}
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| ===Alphabet===
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| {|
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| |-
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| !<center>IPA consonant</center>
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| !<center>Latin</center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|p}}/ </center> || <center> '''p''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|b}}/ </center> || <center> '''b''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|t}}/ </center> || <center> '''t''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|d}}/ </center> || <center> '''d''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|k}}/ </center> || <center> '''k''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|g}}/ </center> || <center> '''g''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|m}}/ </center> || <center> '''m''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|n}}/ </center> || <center> '''n''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ʦ}}/ </center> || <center> '''c''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ʧ}}/ </center> || <center> '''č''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ʒ}}/ </center> || <center> '''ž''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|f}}/ </center> || <center> '''f''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|v}}/ </center> || <center> '''v''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|s}}/ </center> || <center> '''s''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|z}}/ </center> || <center> '''z''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ʃ}}/ </center> || <center> '''š''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|r}}/ </center> || <center> '''r''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|j}}/ </center> || <center> '''j''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ɰ}}/ </center> || <center> '''u''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|l}}/ </center> || <center> '''l''' </center>
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| |-
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| |}
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| '''Š, ž, č, s, z, l, j''' are called ''soft consonants'' and they tend to modify the use of the morphological endings.
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| {|
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| |-
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| !<center>IPA vowel</center>
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| !<center>Latin</center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|i}}/ </center> || <center> '''i''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ɨ}}/ </center> || <center> '''y''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|u}}/ </center> || <center> '''u''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ɛ}}/ </center> || <center> '''e''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|a}}/ </center> || <center> '''a''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ɔ}}/ </center> || <center> '''o''' </center>
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| |-
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| |}
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| ==Morphology==
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| Slevian has a semplified morphology, in contrast with other Slavic languages.
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| ===Substantives===
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| Substantives have three ''genres'' (''masculine'', ''feminine'' and ''neuter'') and two ''numbers'' (''singular'' and '''plural'')
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| ====Number====
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| Substantives form their plural by modifying their endings oder by adding a new one:
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| * If they end with ''normal consonants'', they add '''''-y''''' | |
| * If they end with '''-š, -ž, -č, -s, -z, -l, -j''' (called ''soft consonants''): they add '''''-i'''''
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| * If they end with '''-a''', '''-e''', '''-u''': they drop these vowels and add '''''-y''''' | |
| * If '''-a''', '''-e''', '''-u''', are preceded by a ''soft consonant'', they add '''''-i''''' instead of '''-y'''. | |
| * If they end with '''-o''': they drop it and add '''''-a'''''
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| * If they end with '''-ja''', '''-je''': they drop them and add '''''-ji'''''
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| ====Gender====
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| Slevian substantives can be '''''masculine''''', '''''feminine''''' or '''''neuter'''''.
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| * If the substantive ends with a '''consonant''', it is '''masculine'''
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| * If it ends with '''-a''', it is '''feminine''' | |
| * If it ends with '''-o''', it is '''neuter'''
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| * If it ends with '''-e''', it can be '''feminine''' or '''neuter''':
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| :* ''Normal consonant'' + ''-e'', it is '''neuter'''
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| :* ''Soft consonant'' + ''-e'', it is '''feminine'''
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| The plural substantives '''have no genre'''.
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| ===Articles===
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| Slevian developed a system of articles, differently from the other Slavic languages, and similar to Bulgarian and Macedonian, but it places its articles ''before'' the substantives, as in English and contrary to the two Slavic languages:
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| ====Indefinite Articles====
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
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| !|||Articles
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| |-
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| |Masculine||Jedin
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| |-
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| |Feminine||Jedna
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| |-
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| |Neuter||Jedno
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| |-
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| |Plural||Jedny
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| |}
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| The plural form is used as the English adjectives '''some''', '''any'''.
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| | |
| ====Definite Articles====
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
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| !|||Articles
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| |-
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| |Masculine||Ton
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| |-
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| |Feminine||Ta
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| |-
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| |Neuter||To
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| |-
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| |Plural||Ti
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| |}
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| Slevian has not an independent form for '''this''' and '''that''': they are built by adding an adverbial particle to the articles:
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| * '''''To-''''' + Articles = ''this'' | |
| * '''''Tam-''''' + Articles = ''that''
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| ''Examples'':
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| * Mjesto = ''city'', neuter | |
| : Jedno mjesto = ''a city''
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| : To mjesto = ''the city''
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| : Toto mjesto = ''this city''
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| : Tamto mjesto = ''that city
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| | |
| ===Adjectives===
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| Adjectives do agree with their substantives in '''genre''' and '''number'''. They are placed ''before'' their substantives as in English. The base form is masculine which generally ends with '''''-y''''' or '''''-i''''', but some adjectives (most of all ''passive participles'') can end with another consonant. To agree, they modify their endings:
| |
| | |
| * If the root ends with ''normal consonants'', the masculine form is '''''-y'''''
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| * If the root ends with ''soft consonants'', the masculine form is '''''-i''''' | |
| * To form the feminine, just drop the masculine ending and add '''''-a'''''
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| * To form the neuter, just drop the masculine ending and add '''''-o'''''
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| * To form the plural, just drop the masculine ending and add '''''-e'''''
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| | |
| ''Examples'':
| |
| | |
| * Ton krasny mir = ''the beautiful world'', masculine
| |
| * Ta krasna noče = ''the beautiful night'', feminine | |
| * To krasno mjesto = ''the beautiful city'', neuter
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| * Ti krasne mjesta = ''the beautiful cities'', plural (no genre recognized)
| |
| ====Comparative====
| |
| | |
| To form the comparative degree, drop the masculine ending and add:
| |
| | |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
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| !|||Ending
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| |-
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| |Masculine||'''-eji'''
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| |-
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| |Feminine||'''-eja'''
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| |-
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| |Neuter||'''-ejo'''
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| |-
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| |Plural||'''-eje'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The comparison is made by the particle '''čim'''.
| |
| | |
| ''Example'':
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| | |
| * Mojo mjesto je krasnejo čim tvojo: ''My city is more beautiful than yours'' | |
| | |
| ====Superlative====
| |
| | |
| To form the superlative, place before the declined adjective the particle '''''samej'''''
| |
| | |
| ''Example'': | |
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| * Tota je ta samej interesna kniga mežo toti ktere počital jeso: ''This is the most interesting book among the ones I read''
| |
| | |
| ===Pronouns===
| |
| | |
| ====Personal pronouns====
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| Slevian retains an '''accusative/object form''' for the personal pronouns, similar to the difference between the English ''I / me'':
| |
| | |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
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| !|Person||Nominative<br>Subject||Accusative<br>Object
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| |-
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| |1st sing.||<center>ja</center>||<center>mine</center>
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| |-
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| |2nd sing.||<center>ty</center>||<center>tibe</center>
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| |-
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| |3rd. masc.||<center>on</center>||<center>jego</center>
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| |-
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| |3rd fem.||<center>ona</center>||<center>jeji</center>
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| |-
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| |3rd neu.||<center>to</center>||<center>to</center>
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| |-
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| |1st plu.||<center>my</center>||<center>nas</center>
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| |-
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| |2nd plu.||<center>vy</center>||<center>vas</center>
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| |-
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| |3rd fem.||<center>oni</center>||<center>ich</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As the verbs already show their person with conjugation, the nominative/subject personal pronouns are not very used.
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| | |
| ====Possessive pronoun/adjectives====
| |
| | |
| Slevian use the same forms for possessive adjectives and pronouns (contrary to English ''my / mine''). They agree with their substantives according to genre and number as adjectives.
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| | |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
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| !|Person||Masculine||Feminine||Neuter||Plural
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| |-
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| |1st sing.||<center>moj</center>||<center>moja</center>||<center>mojo</center>||<center>moje</center>
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| |-
| |
| |2nd sing.||<center>tvoj</center>||<center>tvoja</center>||<center>tvojo</center>||<center>tvoje</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |3rd. masc.||colspan="4"|<center>jevo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |3rd fem.||colspan="4"|<center>jejo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |3rd neu.||colspan="4"|<center>togo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |1st plu.||<center>naš</center>||<center>naša</center>||<center>našo</center>||<center>naše</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |2nd plu.||<center>vaš</center>||<center>vaša</center>||<center>vašo</center>||<center>vaše</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |3rd fem.||colspan="4"|<center>jejich</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| If the '''''subject''''' coincide with the '''''owner''''', for the 3rd persons you have to use '''svoj''':
| |
| | |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
| |
| !|Person||Masculine||Feminine||Neuter||Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| |refl.||<center>svoj</center>||<center>svoja</center>||<center>svojo</center>||<center>svoje</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ''Examples'':
| |
| | |
| * On jede se svoja mašina: ''He goes with his own car''
| |
| * On jede s jevo mašina: ''He goes with his (of another man) car''
| |
| | |
| You can use '''svoj''' also with the other person:
| |
| | |
| * Ja jedu se svoja mašina: ''I go with my own car''
| |
| * Ja jedu s moja mašina: ''I go with my own car''
| |
| | |
| Both sentences are correct.
| |
| | |
| ====Interrogative pronouns====
| |
| | |
| * '''Čto''': ''what?''
| |
| | |
| For the pronoun ''who'' there are a subject/nominative form and a separated object/accusative form:
| |
| | |
| * '''Kto''': ''who?'' (subject/nominative)
| |
| * '''Kogo''': ''who(m)'' (object/accusative, it is used with prepositions)
| |
| | |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
| |
| !|Gender||Which?
| |
| |-
| |
| |Masculine||<center>kaky</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |Feminine||<center>kaka</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |Neuter||<center>kako</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |Plural||<center>kake</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The word for ''Where'' has two forms, according if there is a static situation or a motion:
| |
| | |
| * '''Gde''': ''where?'' (state)
| |
| * '''Kud''': ''where?'' (motion)
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| * Čto maš?: ''What do you have?''
| |
| * Kto ješ?: ''Who are you?''
| |
| * Kogo ješ povidel?: ''Who did you see?''
| |
| * S kogo ješ pogovoril?: ''Whom did you talk with?''
| |
| * Kaka kniga ona je počitala?: ''Which book did she read?''
| |
| * Gde ješ?: ''Where are you?''
| |
| * Kud jdeš?: ''Where are you going?''
| |
| | |
| ====Relative pronoun====
| |
| | |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
| |
| !|Gender||That/Which
| |
| |-
| |
| |Masculine||<center>ktery</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |Feminine||<center>ktera</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |Neuter||<center>ktero</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |Plural||<center>ktere</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ''Example'':
| |
| | |
| * Tamta je kniga ktera jeso počital: ''This is the book ('''that''') I read''
| |
| | |
| ===Prepositions===
| |
| Since Slevian does not use any case, it makes use of a lot of prepositions. Main prepositions are:
| |
| | |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
| |
| !|Preposition||English counterpart
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>u</center>||<center>''of'', genitive</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>e</center>||<center>''to'', dative</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>s</center>||<center>''with'' strumental</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>v</center>||<center>''in'', state/motion</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>na</center>||<center>''on'' state/motion</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>od</center>||<center>''from''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>k</center>||<center>''towards'', motions to someone</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>prid</center>||<center>''by'', with passive voice</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>pre</center>||<center>''in front of''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>dla</center>||<center>''for'', benefactive</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>nad</center>||<center>''over'', without contact</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>pod</center>||<center>''under''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>mežo</center>||<center>''between'', ''among''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>po</center>||<center>it has many functions</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Two prepositions can change when used:
| |
| *'''s''': an ''-e'' is added before a word beginning with ''s-'' or ''z-''
| |
| *'''v''': an ''-e'' is added before a word beginning with ''v-'' or ''f-''
| |
| | |
| ===Numbers===
| |
| ====Cardinal====
| |
| The first 10 numbers are irregular:
| |
| | |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
| |
| !|Number||Name of the number
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>1</center>||<center>Jedin</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>2</center>||<center>Dva</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>3</center>||<center>Tri</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>4</center>||<center>Četyri</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>5</center>||<center>Pjat</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>6</center>||<center>Šest</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>7</center>||<center>Sem</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>8</center>||<center>Osem</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>9</center>||<center>Devet</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>10</center>||<center>Deset</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Numbers from 11 to 19 are constructed regularly ''unit''+'''''na'''''+''deset'', except for 11:
| |
| | |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
| |
| !|Number||Name of the number
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>11</center>||<center>'''Oden'''nadeset</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>12</center>||<center>Dvanadeset</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>13</center>||<center>Trinadeset</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>14</center>||<center>Četyrinadeset</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>15</center>||<center>Pjatnadeset</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>...</center>||<center>...</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Numbers 20, 30, 40, etc are costructed regularly, more than 100 are irregular:
| |
| | |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
| |
| !|Number||Name of the number
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>20</center>||<center>Dvadeset</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>30</center>||<center>Trideset</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>40</center>||<center>Četyrideset</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>50</center>||<center>Pjatdeset</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>60</center>||<center>Šestdeset</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>70</center>||<center>Semdeset</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>80</center>||<center>Osemdeset</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>90</center>||<center>Devetdeset</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>100</center>||<center>Sto</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>1.000</center>||<center>Tisiče</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>1.000.000</center>||<center>Miljon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>1.000.000.0000</center>||<center>Miljard</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Until ''Sto'', cardinal numbers behave like invariable adjectives, i.e they do not change. ''Sto'', ''Tisiče'', ''Miljon'' and ''Miljard'' behave like nouns and they have a plural form.
| |
| | |
| Composed numbers are formed with the linker ''i'', and, between the penultimate and the last name of the number:
| |
| | |
| * 32: ''Trideset i dva''
| |
| * 345: ''Tri sta četyrideset i pjat''
| |
| * 2007: ''Dva tisiči i sem''
| |
| * 1.976.845.203: ''Jedin miljard devet sta semdeset šest miljony osem sta četyrideset pjat tisiči dva sta i tri''
| |
| | |
| ====Ordinal====
| |
| Ordinal numbers are mostly regularly formed, except for some forms. Usually they form from the cardinal form + the adjectival endings. ''1st'', ''2nd'', ''3rd'', ''4th'' and ''8th'' are irregular, and the numbers which behave like nouns are irregularly formed:
| |
| | |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
| |
| !|Number||Name of the number
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>1st</center>||<center>'''Pervy, perva, pervo, perve'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>2nd</center>||<center>'''Duvy'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>3rd</center>||<center>'''Trety'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>4th</center>||<center>'''Četyrny'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>5th</center>||<center>Pjaty</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>6th</center>||<center>Šesty</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>7th</center>||<center>Semy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>8th</center>||<center>'''Osmy'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>9th</center>||<center>Devety</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>10th</center>||<center>Desety</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>11th</center>||<center>Odennadesety</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>20th</center>||<center>Dvadesety</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>100th</center>||<center>'''Stoty'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>1.000th</center>||<center>'''Tisičny'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>1.000.000th</center>||<center>'''Miljonty'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |<center>1.000.000.000th</center>||<center>'''Miljardny'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In composed numbers only the last noun of the numbers take the ordinal form:
| |
| | |
| * 32nd: ''Trideset i '''duvy, -a, -o, -e'''''
| |
| * 345th: ''Tri sta četyrideset i '''pjaty'''''
| |
| * 2008th: ''Dva tisiči i '''osmy'''''
| |
| * 1.976.845.203rd: ''Jedin miljard devet sta semdeset šest miljony osem sta četyrideset pjat tisiči dva sta i '''trety'''''
| |
| | |
| ===Verbs===
| |
| | |
| Slevian verbs do conjugate according to ''tense, aspect, person, number'' and in the past tense with ''genre'' of the subject.
| |
| | |
| ====Aspect====
| |
| The '''''Aspect''''' reflects the completeness/incompleteness of the action the verb expresses.
| |
| | |
| * The '''''Imperfective''' aspect'' denotes an action which has not come to an end, or an action which happens/happened/will happen many times
| |
| | |
| * The '''''Perfective''' aspect'' denotes an action which has completely come to an end, an action which is complete, or an action which happened/will happen only once
| |
| | |
| A verb can be ''perfective'' or ''imperfective'', never both ones. Typically the verb has a counter-part and both they appear in pair, the '''Aspectual pair''', two verbs with different aspect, but the same meaning. The aspectual pair usually appears as "''imperfective verb-perfective verb''
| |
| | |
| * ''čitat-počitat'': to read
| |
| * ''pisat-napisat'': to write
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| * Ja jeso čital tamta kniga: ''I was reading that book'' (and in that moment I did not finish it)
| |
| * Ja jeso počital tamta kniga: ''I read that book'' (and I finished it)
| |
| | |
| * Ja budu pisat jedno pismo: ''I will be writing a letter'' (and I don't know if I'll finish it)
| |
| * Ja napišu jedno pismo: ''I'll write a letter'' (and I will surely finish it)
| |
| | |
| Perfective verbs are usually derived from its imperfective companions by mean of prefixes. Regular verbs add '''''po-''''' to form their perfective counter-parts, irregular verbs use irregular prefixes.
| |
| | |
| Since a present action cannot be completed, perfective verbs '''did not have a present tense''' in conjugation. Their present form is used as ''future''.
| |
| ====Tense====
| |
| Slevian verbs have only three tenses: ''past'', ''present'' and ''future''.
| |
| | |
| * '''Present tense''' is a simple form, which is conjugated according to number and person with its subject. Only imperfective verbs have a present tense form since present actions cannot be perfective.
| |
| | |
| : Ja pišu, ''I write''
| |
| | |
| * '''Future tense''' is a composed form for imperfective verbs and a simple form for perfective verbs. The perfective form has the same features of the imperfective present forms and it's conjugated according to number and person. The future imperfective form is a compound; it's formed with the future form of the verb '''byt''', to be, and the infinitive form of the imperfective verb.
| |
| | |
| : Ja napišu, ''I will write''
| |
| : Ja budu pisat, ''I will be writing''
| |
