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| {{WIP}}
| | Lingua tonale: |
| '''Slevian''' is a costructed language, created to be related to the Slavic languages' family.
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| Differently from most Slavic languages, but similar to Bulgarian and Macedonian languages, it losts all the original cases, and developed a definite and indefinite article (but set before its substantive). Differently from Bulgarian and Macedonian it has a semplified verbal system.
| | * a: tono neutro alto [<sub>4-4</sub>] |
| | * ā: tono neutro basso [<sub>2-2</sub>] |
| | * à: tono discendente [<sub>5-2</sub>] |
| | * á: tono ascendente [<sub>3-5</sub>] |
| | * â: tono ascendente-discendente [<sub>2-5-4</sub>] |
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| It is written with the '''''Latin Alphabet''''', but can be adapted to the '''Cyrillic''' one.
| | Nome della lingua: '''kôt''' |
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| ==Phonology==
| | Suffissi personali:<br> |
| | Io: '''-tên-'''<br> |
| | Tu: '''-kśȳn-'''<br> |
| | Egli: '''-fót-'''<br> |
| | Noi (incl): '''-mar-'''<br> |
| | Noi (escl): '''-rrejn-'''<br> |
| | Voi: '''-kîś-'''<br> |
| | Io: '''-fnàt-'''<br> |
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| ===Vowel harmony===
| | Suffissi verbali:<br> |
| The '''vowel harmony''' is typical phenomenon of non-Indo-european languages in Europe.
| | '''ve-''': imperfettivo<br> |
| | '''fjô-''': perfettivo<br> |
| | '''sá-''': ripetitivo<br> |
| | '''ćû-''': continuo<br> |
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| The vowels of interchangeable endings change according to the last vowel in the last syllable of the word.
| | '''ku-''': passato<br> |
| | '''ci-''': passato arcaico<br> |
| | '''lê-''': passato momentaneo<br> |
| | '''łok-''': futuro<br> |
| | '''ljúq-''': futuro remoto<br> |
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| The interchangeable vowels in the endings are:
| | '''s-''': imperativo<br> |
| | '''lōv-''': imperativo di cortesia<br> |
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| * '''''-e-''''': for a last '''front vowel''' in the world
| | '''tók-''': volitivo<br> |
| * '''''-a-''''': for a last '''central vowel''' in the world
| | '''peć-''': causativo<br> |
| * '''''-o-''''': for a last '''back vowel''' in the world
| | '''ná-''': incoativo<br> |
| | '''ûc-''': continuativo<br> |
| | '''kjêv-''': terminativo<br> |
| | '''lun-''': ottativo<br> |
| | '''nâ-''': renarrativo<br> |
| | '''bē-''': dubitativo<br> |
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| Examples: The plural endings are: ''-nes, -nas, -nos'' / ''-нес, -нас, -нос''
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| Lin (''man'') → Linnes / Лин (''man'') → Линнес<br>
| | '''mô-''': interrogativo<br> |
| Tanõk (''sea'') → Tanõknos / Танõк (''sea'') → Танõкнос<br>
| | '''pô-''': passivo<br> |
| Sava (''river'') → Savanas / Сава (''river'') → Саванас<br>
| | '''so-''': riflessivo<br> |
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| ===Vowels===
| | '''gł-''': negativo<br> |
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| {| cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:left; background:transparent;"
| | Suffissi nominali:<br> |
| |- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
| | '''a-''': determinativo<br> |
| | style="width:70px; text-align:right;" |
| | '''kôl-''': quello<br> |
| | style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| | '''suź-''': questo<br> |
| | style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
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| | style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
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| | style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
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| | style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
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| |-
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| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
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| | style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;"><div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
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| {| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:right; background:transparent;"
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| |-
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| | style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |
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| <!-- CLOSE VOWELS --> | | La casa è grande: '''arrýnćûpûl''': ''DET + casa + CONT + grande''<br> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| | Ho letto un bel libro: '''fjôkumîtmûłtlêtên''': ''PERF + PASS + libro + bellezza + lettura + io''<br> |
| {{IPA|i • y}}</div>
| | Avete letto quel libro?: '''môvekukôlmîttlêkîś''': ''QUES + IMPERF + PASS + quello + libro + lettura + voi''<br> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:45%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| | Questo libro è bello: '''suźmîtćûmûł''': ''questo + libro + CONT + bellezza''<br> |
| {{IPA|ɨ}}</div>
| | Questo libro non è bello: '''suźmîtćûgłmûł''': ''questo + libro + CONT + bellezza''<br> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| | Non credo/Dubito che questo libro sia bello: '''suźmîtbēćûmûł''': ''questo + libro + DUBIT + CONT + bellezza''<br> |
| {{IPA|u}}</div>
| | Dicono che questo libro non sia bello: '''suźmîtnâćûgłmûł''': ''questo + libro + RENARR + CONT + NEG + bellezza''<br> |
| | Vogliamo comprare quel libro: '''vetókkôlmîtbréźrrejn''': ''IMPERF + VOLIT + quello + libro + compr + noi(escl)''<br> |
| | Piove: '''vefrenśàg''': ''IMPERF + pioggia + caduta''<br> |
| | Comincia a piove: '''vefrennáśàg''': ''IMPERF + INCOAT + pioggia + caduta''<br> |
| | Sembra che continui a piovere: '''veûcfrennâśàg''': ''IMPERF + CONTINUATIVO + pioggia + RENARR + caduta''<br> |
| | Vorrei che smettesse di piovere: '''fjôtókkjêvfrenśàgtên''': ''PERF + VOLITIVO + TERMINATIVO + pioggia + + caduta + IO''<br> |
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| <!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
| | * '''bréź''': acquisto |
| | | * '''fren''': pioggia |
| <!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
| | * '''kôt''': lingua kôt |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:17%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| | * '''mît''': libro |
| {{IPA|e}}</div>
| | * '''mûł''': essere bello |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:84%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
| | * '''pûl''': essere grande |
| {{IPA|o}}</div>
| | * '''rrýn''': casa |
| | | * '''śàg''': caduta |
| <!-- MID VOWELS -->
| | * '''tlê''': lettura |
| <!-- <div style="position:absolute; left:23%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"></div> -->
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| <div style="position:absolute; left:57%; width:1em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
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| {{IPA|ə}} </div>
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| <!-- <div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"></div> -->
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| <!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
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| <div style="position:absolute; left:31%; width:2.66em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
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| {{IPA|ɛ • œ}}</div>
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| <div style="position:absolute; left:84%; width:2.33em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
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| {{IPA|ɔ}}</div>
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| <!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
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| <div style="position:absolute; left:37%; width:1.33em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
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| {{IPA|æ}}</div>
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| <!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
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| <div style="position:absolute; left:44%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
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| {{IPA|a}}</div>
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| |}
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| </div></div>
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| |-
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| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" |
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| |-
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| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close-mid'''
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| |-
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| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
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| |-
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| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open-mid'''
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| |-
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| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near-open'''
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| |-
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| | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
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| |}
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| ===Consonants===
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| {| {{prettytable}}
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| |- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 3em"
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| | style="font-size: 90%;" |
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Bilabial
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Labio-<br/>dental
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Dental
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Alveolar
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Post-<br/>alveolar
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Palatal
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| ! style="width: 4em;" | Velar
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Plosive
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| | <center>{{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}}</center>
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| | colspan="3" |<center>{{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}}</center>
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| | <center></center>
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| | <center>{{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}}</center>
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Nasal
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| | <center> {{IPA|m}}</center>
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| | <center> {{IPA|ɱ}}</center>
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| | colspan="3" |<center> {{IPA|n}}</center>
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| | <center> {{IPA|ɲ}}</center>
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| | <center> </center>
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Vibrant
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| | <center> </center>
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| | colspan="3" | <center> {{IPA|r}}</center>
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Fricative
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| | <center></center>
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| | <center>{{IPA|f}} {{IPA|v}}</center>
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| | <center>{{IPA|θ}} {{IPA|ð}}</center>
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| | <center>{{IPA|s}} {{IPA|z}}</center>
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| | <center>{{IPA|ʃ}} </center>
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| | <center></center>
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| | <center> </center>
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Affricate
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| | <center>{{IPA|ʦ}} {{IPA|ʣ}}</center>
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| | <center>{{IPA|ʧ}} {{IPA|ʤ}}</center>
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| | <center> </center>
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Approximant
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| | <center> </center>
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| | <center> </center>
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| | colspan="3" | <center> </center>
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| | <center> {{IPA|j}}</center>
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| | <center> {{IPA|ɰ}}</center>
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| |- style="font-size: 120%;"
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| ! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Lateral approximant
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| | colspan="3" | <center> {{IPA|l}}</center>
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| | <center> {{IPA|ʎ}}</center>
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| | <center> </center>
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| |}
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| ===Writing systems===
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| Lišěč can be written with both a modified version of Latin alfabet (called '''Latinka'''/'''Латинка''') and a modified version of Cirillic alfabet (сalled '''Kirilica'''/'''Кирилица''').
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| {|
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| |-
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| !<center>IPA consonant</center>
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| !<center>Latin</center>
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| !<center>Cyrillic</center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|p}}/ </center> || <center> '''p''' </center> || <center> '''п''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|b}}/ </center> || <center> '''b''' </center> || <center> '''б''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|t}}/ </center> || <center> '''t''' </center> || <center> '''т''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|d}}/ </center> || <center> '''d''' </center> || <center> '''д''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|k}}/ </center> || <center> '''k''' </center> || <center> '''к''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|g}}/ </center> || <center> '''g''' </center> || <center> '''г''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|m}}/ </center> || <center> '''m''' </center> || <center> '''м''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|n}}/ </center> || <center> '''n''' </center> || <center> '''н''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ɲ}}/ </center> || <center> '''ň''' </center> || <center> '''њ''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ʦ}}/ </center> || <center> '''c''' </center> || <center> '''ц''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ʣ}}/ </center> || <center> '''z''' </center> || <center> '''ѕ''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ʧ}}/ </center> || <center> '''č''' </center> || <center> '''ч''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ʤ}}/ </center> || <center> '''ğ''' </center> || <center> '''ђ''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|f}}/ </center> || <center> '''f''' </center> || <center> '''ф''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|v}}/ </center> || <center> '''v''' </center> || <center> '''в''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|θ}}/ </center> || <center> '''ţ''' </center> || <center> '''ө''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ð}}/ </center> || <center> '''đ''' </center> || <center> '''ћ''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|s}}/ </center> || <center> '''s''' </center> || <center> '''с''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|z}}/ </center> || <center> '''ś''' </center> || <center> '''з''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ʃ}}/ </center> || <center> '''š''' </center> || <center> '''ш''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|r}}/ </center> || <center> '''r''' </center> || <center> '''р''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|j}}/ </center> || <center> '''j''' </center> || <center> '''й''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ɰ}}/ </center> || <center> '''u''' </center> || <center> '''у''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|l}}/ </center> || <center> '''l''' </center> || <center> '''л''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ʎ}}/ </center> || <center> '''ł''' </center> || <center> '''љ''' </center>
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| |-
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| |}
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| {|
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| |-
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| !<center>IPA vowel</center>
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| !<center>Latin</center>
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| !<center>Cyrillic</center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|i}}/ </center> || <center> '''i''' </center> || <center> '''и''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|y}}/ </center> || <center> '''ü''' </center> || <center> '''ÿ''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ɨ}}/ </center> || <center> '''y''' </center> || <center> '''ы''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|u}}/ </center> || <center> '''u''' </center> || <center> '''у''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|e}}/ </center> || <center> '''e''' </center> || <center> '''е''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ɛ}}/ </center> || <center> '''ĕ''' </center> || <center> '''ĕ''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ə}}/ </center> || <center> '''ë''' </center> || <center> '''ё''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|œ}}/ </center> || <center> '''ö''' </center> || <center> '''ö''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|æ}}/ </center> || <center> '''ä''' </center> || <center> '''ä''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|a}}/ </center> || <center> '''a''' </center> || <center> '''а''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|ɔ}}/ </center> || <center> '''õ''' </center> || <center> '''õ''' </center>
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| |-
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| |<center> /{{IPA|o}}/ </center> || <center> '''o''' </center> || <center> '''о''' </center>
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| |-
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| |}
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| ==Morphology==
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| Lišĕč has an agglutinative morphology, i.e, words are declined and take endings, but these ending have only one meaning, instead of the multiple meaning of a Indo-european desinence.
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| Exemple:
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| * Latin: '''Urbium''' (genitive plural ''of the cities''): root ''urb'' + desinence ''-ium'', the desinence have meaning of both plural and genitive case. | |
| * Lišĕč: '''Gradanasal''' (genitive plural ''of the cities''): root ''grada'' + plural desinence ''-nas-'' + genitive desinence ''-al'' | |
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| ===Substantives===
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| Substantives have ''no genre'', but they decline according to ''number'' ('''''singular''''', '''''plural''''' and '''''collective''''') and ''cases'' ('''''29 cases'''''):
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| ====Number====
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
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| !bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Number||Latin||Cyrillic
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| |-
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| |Singular||-||-
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| |-
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| |Plural||'''-nas/nes/nos'''||'''-нас/нес/нос'''
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| |-
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| |Collective||'''-ałij/ełij/ołij'''||'''-аљий/ељий/ољий'''
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| |-
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| |}
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| The '''''collective number''''' means a ''defined group'' of objects or beings, while '''''plural number''''' indicates an ''undefined number'' of objects or things (both functions are covered by plural in Indo-european languages):
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| The '''collective''' should be used:
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| * With ''cardinal numbers''
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| * Without numbers to indicate “''a group of''” or with ''uncountable nouns'' to indicate “''a little of''”, “''a bit of''” | |
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| ====Case====
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| The '''case''' indicates the role the word plays in the sentence, without prepositions. Lišěč has '''''29 cases''''', many more of any Indo-european language, but a large number of cases is normal for Uralic languages.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
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| !bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Case||Latin||Cyrillic||Case function
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| |-
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| |''Nominative''||<center>'''-'''</center>||<center>'''-'''</center>||<center>Case of '''subject'''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Genitive''||<center>'''-al/el/ol'''</center>||<center>'''-ал/ел/ол'''</center>||<center>Case of '''possession'''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Dative''||<center>'''-am/em/om'''</center>||<center>'''-ам/ем/ом'''</center>||<center>Case of '''indirect object'''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Accusative''||<center>'''-an/en/on'''</center>||<center>'''-ан/ен/он'''</center>||<center>Case of '''direct object'''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Partitive''||<center>'''-a/e/o'''</center>||<center>'''-а/е/о'''</center>||<center>Case of '''ripartition'''<br>It can be translated with the adjectives ''some'' ''any''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Essive''||<center>'''-as/es/os'''</center>||<center>'''-ас/ес/ос'''</center>||<center>Case of '''existence'''<br>It can be translated with the word ''as''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Causal''||<center>'''-fal/fel/fol'''</center>||<center>'''-фал/фел/фол'''</center>||<center>Case of '''causes'''<br>It can be translated with prepositions ''because of'' ''for''</center>
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| |''Originative''||<center>'''-dala/dele/dolo'''</center>||<center>'''-дала/деле/доло'''</center>||<center>Case of '''origin'''<br>It can be translated with prepositions ''from'' ''of''</center>
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| |''Instrumental''||<center>'''-kam/kem/kom'''</center>||<center>'''-кам/кем/ком'''</center>||<center>Case of '''instrument'''<br>It can be translated with prepositions ''with'' ''by''</center>
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| |''Comitative''||<center>'''-sam/sem/som'''</center>||<center>'''-сам/сем/сом'''</center>||<center>Case of '''company'''<br>It can be translated with preposition (''together'') ''with''</center>
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| |''Agentive''||<center>'''-õlna/õlne/õlno'''</center>||<center>'''-õлна/õлне/õлно'''</center>||<center>Case of '''agent'''<br>It can be translated with the adjectives ''some'' ''any''</center>
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| |''Finalitative-<br>benefactive''||<center>'''-ossa/osse/osso'''</center>||<center>'''-осса/оссе/оссо'''</center>||<center>Case of '''finality''' and '''benefice'''<br>It can be translated with preposition ''for''</center>
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| |''Abessive''||<center>'''-baś/beś/boś'''</center>||<center>'''-баз/без/боз'''</center>||<center>Case of '''absence'''<br>It can be translated with preposition ''without''</center>
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| |''Temporal''||<center>'''-ňal/ňel/ňol'''</center>||<center>'''-њал/њел/њол'''</center>||<center>Case of '''time'''<br>It can be translated with prepositions ''at'' ''during''</center>
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| |''Terminative''||<center>'''-õňa/õňe/õňo'''</center>||<center>'''-õња/õње/õњо'''</center>||<center>Case of '''end'''<br>It can be translated with preposition ''until''</center>
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| |''Inessive''||<center>'''-ka/ke/ko'''</center>||<center>'''-ка/ке/ко'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Elative''||<center>'''-kaňa/keňe/koňo'''</center>||<center>'''-кања/кење/коњо'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Superessive''||<center>'''-kaţun/keţun/koţun'''</center>||<center>'''-каөун/кеөун/коөун'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Delative''||<center>'''-sõda/sõde/sõdo'''</center>||<center>'''-сõда/сõде/сõдо'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Sublative''||<center>'''-šanë/šenë/šonë'''</center>||<center>'''-шанë/шенë/шонë'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Adessive''||<center>'''-đyna/đyne/đyno'''</center>||<center>'''-ћына/ћыне/ћыно'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Ablative''||<center>'''-daţë/deţë/doţë'''</center>||<center>'''-даөë/деөë/доөë'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Allative''||<center>'''-adanë/edenë/odonë'''</center>||<center>'''-аданë/еденë/одонë'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Interjective''||<center>'''-rağä/reğä/roğä'''</center>||<center>'''-рађä/ређä/рођä'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Transitive''||<center>'''-rakä/rekä/rokä'''</center>||<center>'''-ракä/рекä/рокä'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Translative''||<center>'''-arykë/erykë/orykë'''</center>||<center>'''-арыкë/ерыкë/орыкë'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |}
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| The last 12 cases in table above are '''''Locative cases'''''. The locative system of Lišĕč language is highly developed, with indication for '''interior''' (''inside''), '''surface''' (''on, above'') and '''adjacency''' (''near''), and with the four locative complements: ''statement in'', ''movement to'', ''movement from'' and ''movement across''.
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| So, for example, the ''sublative case'' means a movement ''towards above'', or a ''movement over a surface''.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
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| !bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Case System
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| |||<center>''interior''</center>||<center>''surface''</center>||<center>''adjacency''</center>
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| |-
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| |''statement in''||<center>'''inessive'''</center>||<center>'''superessive'''</center>||<center>'''adessive'''</center>
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| |-
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| |''movement to''||<center>'''illative'''</center>||<center>'''sublative'''</center>||<center>'''allative'''</center>
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| |-
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| |''movement from''||<center>'''elative'''</center>||<center>'''delative'''</center>||<center>'''ablative'''</center>
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| |-
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| |''movement across''||<center>'''interjective'''</center>||<center>'''transitive'''</center>||<center>'''translative'''</center>
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| |-
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| |}
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| ===Adjectives===
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| Adjectives act like substantives, they take the same endings of '''case''' and '''number'''. Adjectives in attributive function are placed always '''''before''''' their substantives. Only ''past participles'' (which are adjectives) can be placed ''after'' the substantive.
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| There is '''''no article''''' at all.
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| ===Adverbs===
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| Adverbs derived from adjectives are built by adding to adjectives’ base form the adverbial ending: '''-õkša/õkše/õkšo''','''-õкша/õкше/õкшо'''
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| ====Locative adverbs====
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| Lišĕč locative adverbs have a particular feature, which makes them different from the other languages‘ adverbs: '''''they decline'''''. They take the same ''locative endings'' of substantives, to indicate what kind of movement or statement they express, according to the locative system, explained in the table above. For example:
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| '''Sinaan/Синаан''' has the unspecified meaning of ''there'', but its role can be specified by adding the locative endings:
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| With the '''''elative''''' ending, '''Sinaankaňa/Синаанкања''', it specifies its meaning in ''from there inside''
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| With the '''''adessive''''' ending, '''Sinaanđyna/Синаанћына''', it specifies its meaning in ''there (statement) near''.
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| And so the other locative adverbs decline.
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