Nother/Drake phonology: Difference between revisions
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| /aː/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|x|V|n|z}} || ''ḳāneze'' || /xaːnèze/ || "three" | | /aː/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|x|V|n|z}} || ''ḳāneze'' || /xaːnèze/ || "three" | ||
|- | |||
| /a̰ː/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|’|V|g|V}} || ''ʼā̰gā'' || /ʔâ̰ːɡaː/ || "bread" | |||
|- | |- | ||
| /e/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|D|G|l}} || ''ḍeġele'' || /ðeɣèle/ || "sacrificial animal" | | /e/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|D|G|l}} || ''ḍeġele'' || /ðeɣèle/ || "sacrificial animal" | ||
|- | |||
| /ḛ/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|c|G|T|s}} || ''cḛġeṭeso'' || /cçḛɣeθèso/ || "she mixes" | |||
|- | |- | ||
| /i/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|n}} || ''ni'' || /ní/ || "and" | | /i/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|n}} || ''ni'' || /ní/ || "and" | ||
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| /o/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|h|k|r}} || ''hokkere'' || /(h)okkère/ || "wisdom" | | /o/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|h|k|r}} || ''hokkere'' || /(h)okkère/ || "wisdom" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /u/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|G|h|s}} || ''ġuhse'' || / | | /u/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|G|h|s}} || ''ġuhse'' || /ɣù(h)se/ || "he pours" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /uː/ || {{x|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|s|v|n}} || ''sūne'' || /sûːne/ || "they" | | /uː/ || {{x|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|s|v|n}} || ''sūne'' || /sûːne/ || "they" | ||
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosive || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}} | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosive || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricative || || || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || || {{IPA|ʂ}} || {{IPA|ʐ}} || || || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || {{IPA|h}} | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricative || || || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || || {{IPA|ʂ}} || {{IPA|ʐ}} || || || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || ({{IPA|h}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Affricate || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|tʂ}} || {{IPA|dʐ}} | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Affricate || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|tʂ}} || {{IPA|dʐ}} | ||
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It's unclear how /ʃ/ manages to survive on its own (or if it actually ''does'' exist as a phoneme), and whether the retroflex series is actually supposed to be retroflex; they might, perhaps, be palatal, but all I'm certain of is that my notes explicitly state them to be at a different POA than /ʃ/. Many (all?) consonants may be geminated. | It's unclear how /ʃ/ manages to survive on its own (or if it actually ''does'' exist as a phoneme), and whether the retroflex series is actually supposed to be retroflex; they might, perhaps, be palatal, but all I'm certain of is that my notes explicitly state them to be at a different POA than /ʃ/. Many (all?) consonants may be geminated. | ||
Though /h/ was still represented in writing, it was not pronounced in the speech of most; it does not continue into the later ages of the language. | |||
{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 110%" | |||
!colspan=2|Examples | |||
|- | |||
| /m/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|m|y|n}} || ''mīne'' || /mîːne/ || "house" | |||
|- | |||
| /n/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|n|G|D|r}} || ''noġeḍor'' || /noɣèðor/ || "of a seed" | |||
|- | |||
| /ŋ/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|N|’|V}} || ''ŋe’ā̰'' || /ŋèʔa̰ː/ || "dragon" | |||
|} | |||
==Accent== | ==Accent== | ||
Drake has a pitch accent on the penultimate syllable (2R). When the penult is long, it is a circumflex or falling accent; when it is short, it is grave; in monosyllables with an accent the accent is acute. | Drake has a pitch accent on the penultimate syllable (2R). When the penult is long, it is a circumflex or falling accent; when it is short, it is grave; in monosyllables with an accent the accent is acute. | ||
Latest revision as of 14:50, 25 December 2012
Vowels
Drake has a fairly standard set of vowel positions, /a e i o u/. The vowels /a i u/ may be short or long.
| Vowels | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Near-front | Central | Back | |||||||
| High | i iː | u uː | ||||||||
| High-mid | e | o | ||||||||
| Low | a aː | |||||||||
Any vowel may also have creaky voice applied: /a̰ a̰ː ḛ ḭ ḭː o̰ ṵ ṵː/.
| Examples | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /a/ |    |
ṭalā | /θàlaː/ | "into" |
| /aː/ |    |
ḳāneze | /xaːnèze/ | "three" |
| /a̰ː/ |   |
ʼā̰gā | /ʔâ̰ːɡaː/ | "bread" |
| /e/ |   |
ḍeġele | /ðeɣèle/ | "sacrificial animal" |
| /ḛ/ | cs |
cḛġeṭeso | /cçḛɣeθèso/ | "she mixes" |
| /i/ | |
ni | /ní/ | "and" |
| /iː/ |  |
ġīno | /ɣîːno/ | "wine" |
| /o/ |   r |
hokkere | /(h)okkère/ | "wisdom" |
| /u/ | s |
ġuhse | /ɣù(h)se/ | "he pours" |
| /uː/ | s |
sūne | /sûːne/ | "they" |
Consonants
| Consonants | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alv. | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||||||||
| Plosive | t | d | k | g | ||||||||||||
| Fricative | θ | ð | s | z | ʃ | ʂ | ʐ | x | ɣ | (h) | ||||||
| Affricate | tʂ | dʐ | ||||||||||||||
| Approximants | j | |||||||||||||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||||||||||||
| Lateral Approximant | l | |||||||||||||||
It's unclear how /ʃ/ manages to survive on its own (or if it actually does exist as a phoneme), and whether the retroflex series is actually supposed to be retroflex; they might, perhaps, be palatal, but all I'm certain of is that my notes explicitly state them to be at a different POA than /ʃ/. Many (all?) consonants may be geminated.
Though /h/ was still represented in writing, it was not pronounced in the speech of most; it does not continue into the later ages of the language.
| Examples | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /m/ | m |
mīne | /mîːne/ | "house" |
| /n/ | r |
noġeḍor | /noɣèðor/ | "of a seed" |
| /ŋ/ |  |
ŋe’ā̰ | /ŋèʔa̰ː/ | "dragon" |
Accent
Drake has a pitch accent on the penultimate syllable (2R). When the penult is long, it is a circumflex or falling accent; when it is short, it is grave; in monosyllables with an accent the accent is acute.
