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Nother/Drake phonology: Difference between revisions

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Any vowel may also have creaky voice applied: /a̰ a̰ː ḛ ḭ ḭː o̰ ṵ ṵː/.
Any vowel may also have creaky voice applied: /a̰ a̰ː ḛ ḭ ḭː o̰ ṵ ṵː/.


{| class="toccolours"
{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 110%"
!colspan=2|Examples
!colspan=2|Examples
|-
| /a/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|T|l|V}} || ''ṭalā'' || /θàlaː/ || "into"
|-
|-
| /a/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|T|l|V}} || ''ṭalā'' || /θálaː/ || "into"
| /aː/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|x|V|n|z}} || ''ḳāneze'' || /xaːnèze/ || "three"
|-
|-
| /a̰ː/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|’|V|g|V}} || ''ʼā̰gā'' || /ʔâ̰ːɡaː/ || "bread"
|-
| /e/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|D|G|l}} || ''ḍeġele'' || /ðeɣèle/ || "sacrificial animal"
|-
| /ḛ/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|c|G|T|s}} || ''cḛġeṭeso'' || /cçḛɣeθèso/ || "she mixes"
|-
| /i/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|n}} || ''ni'' || /ní/ || "and"
|-
| /iː/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|G|y|n}} || ''ġīno'' || /ɣîːno/ || "wine"
|-
| /o/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|h|k|r}} || ''hokkere'' || /(h)okkère/ || "wisdom"
|-
| /u/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|G|h|s}} || ''ġuhse'' || /ɣù(h)se/ || "he pours"
|-
| /uː/ || {{x|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|s|v|n}} || ''sūne'' || /sûːne/ || "they"
|}
|}


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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosive || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosive || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricative || || || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || || {{IPA|ʂ}} || {{IPA|ʐ}} || || || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || {{IPA|h}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricative || || || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || || {{IPA|ʂ}} || {{IPA|ʐ}} || || || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || ({{IPA|h}})
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Affricate || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|tʂ}} || {{IPA|dʐ}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Affricate || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|tʂ}} || {{IPA|dʐ}}
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It's unclear how /ʃ/ manages to survive on its own (or if it actually ''does'' exist as a phoneme), and whether the retroflex series is actually supposed to be retroflex; they might, perhaps, be palatal, but all I'm certain of is that my notes explicitly state them to be at a different POA than /ʃ/.  Many (all?) consonants may be geminated.
It's unclear how /ʃ/ manages to survive on its own (or if it actually ''does'' exist as a phoneme), and whether the retroflex series is actually supposed to be retroflex; they might, perhaps, be palatal, but all I'm certain of is that my notes explicitly state them to be at a different POA than /ʃ/.  Many (all?) consonants may be geminated.
Though /h/ was still represented in writing, it was not pronounced in the speech of most; it does not continue into the later ages of the language.
{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 110%"
!colspan=2|Examples
|-
| /m/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|m|y|n}} || ''mīne'' || /mîːne/ || "house"
|-
| /n/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|n|G|D|r}} || ''noġeḍor'' || /noɣèðor/ || "of a seed"
|-
| /ŋ/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|N|’|V}} || ''ŋe’ā̰'' || /ŋèʔa̰ː/ || "dragon"
|}


==Accent==
==Accent==
Drake has a pitch accent on the penultimate syllable (2R).  When the penult is long, it is a circumflex or falling accent; when it is short, it is grave; in monosyllables with an accent the accent is acute.
Drake has a pitch accent on the penultimate syllable (2R).  When the penult is long, it is a circumflex or falling accent; when it is short, it is grave; in monosyllables with an accent the accent is acute.

Latest revision as of 15:50, 25 December 2012

Vowels

Drake has a fairly standard set of vowel positions, /a e i o u/. The vowels /a i u/ may be short or long.

Vowels
Front Near-front Central Back
High i iː u uː
High-mid e o
Low a aː

Any vowel may also have creaky voice applied: /a̰ a̰ː ḛ ḭ ḭː o̰ ṵ ṵː/.

Examples
/a/ TlV ṭalā /θàlaː/ "into"
/aː/ xVnz ḳāneze /xaːnèze/ "three"
/a̰ː/ ’VgV ʼā̰gā /ʔâ̰ːɡaː/ "bread"
/e/ DGl ḍeġele /ðeɣèle/ "sacrificial animal"
/ḛ/ cGTs cḛġeṭeso /cçḛɣeθèso/ "she mixes"
/i/ n ni /ní/ "and"
/iː/ Gyn ġīno /ɣîːno/ "wine"
/o/ hkr hokkere /(h)okkère/ "wisdom"
/u/ Ghs ġuhse /ɣù(h)se/ "he pours"
/uː/ svn sūne /sûːne/ "they"

Consonants

Consonants
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Post-alv. Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive t d k g
Fricative θ ð s z ʃ ʂ ʐ x ɣ (h)
Affricate tʂ dʐ
Approximants j
Tap ɾ
Lateral Approximant l

It's unclear how /ʃ/ manages to survive on its own (or if it actually does exist as a phoneme), and whether the retroflex series is actually supposed to be retroflex; they might, perhaps, be palatal, but all I'm certain of is that my notes explicitly state them to be at a different POA than /ʃ/. Many (all?) consonants may be geminated.

Though /h/ was still represented in writing, it was not pronounced in the speech of most; it does not continue into the later ages of the language.

Examples
/m/ myn mīne /mîːne/ "house"
/n/ nGDr noġeḍor /noɣèðor/ "of a seed"
/ŋ/ N’V ŋe’ā̰ /ŋèʔa̰ː/ "dragon"

Accent

Drake has a pitch accent on the penultimate syllable (2R). When the penult is long, it is a circumflex or falling accent; when it is short, it is grave; in monosyllables with an accent the accent is acute.

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