Nother/Drake phonology: Difference between revisions
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| /e/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|D|G|l}} || ''ḍeġele'' || /ðeɣèle/ || "sacrificial animal" | | /e/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|D|G|l}} || ''ḍeġele'' || /ðeɣèle/ || "sacrificial animal" | ||
|- | |||
| /ḛ/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|c|G|T|s}} || ''cḛġeṭeso'' || /cçḛɣeθèso/ || "she mixes" | |||
|- | |- | ||
| /i/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|n}} || ''ni'' || /ní/ || "and" | | /i/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|n}} || ''ni'' || /ní/ || "and" |
Revision as of 14:34, 25 December 2012
Vowels
Drake has a fairly standard set of vowel positions, /a e i o u/. The vowels /a i u/ may be short or long.
Vowels | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Near-front | Central | Back | |||||||
High | i iː | u uː | ||||||||
High-mid | e | o | ||||||||
Low | a aː |
Any vowel may also have creaky voice applied: /a̰ a̰ː ḛ ḭ ḭː o̰ ṵ ṵː/.
Examples | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
/a/ | ṭalā | /θàlaː/ | "into" | |
/aː/ | ḳāneze | /xaːnèze/ | "three" | |
/a̰ː/ | ʼā̰gā | /ʔâ̰ːɡaː/ | "bread" | |
/e/ | ḍeġele | /ðeɣèle/ | "sacrificial animal" | |
/ḛ/ | cs | cḛġeṭeso | /cçḛɣeθèso/ | "she mixes" |
/i/ | ni | /ní/ | "and" | |
/iː/ | ġīno | /ɣîːno/ | "wine" | |
/o/ | r | hokkere | /(h)okkère/ | "wisdom" |
/u/ | s | ġuhse | /ɣù(h)se/ | "he pours" |
/uː/ | s | sūne | /sûːne/ | "they" |
Consonants
Consonants | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alv. | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||||||||
Plosive | t | d | k | g | ||||||||||||
Fricative | θ | ð | s | z | ʃ | ʂ | ʐ | x | ɣ | (h) | ||||||
Affricate | tʂ | dʐ | ||||||||||||||
Approximants | j | |||||||||||||||
Tap | ɾ | |||||||||||||||
Lateral Approximant | l |
It's unclear how /ʃ/ manages to survive on its own (or if it actually does exist as a phoneme), and whether the retroflex series is actually supposed to be retroflex; they might, perhaps, be palatal, but all I'm certain of is that my notes explicitly state them to be at a different POA than /ʃ/. Many (all?) consonants may be geminated.
Though /h/ was still represented in writing, it was not pronounced in the speech of most; it does not continue into the later ages of the language.
Accent
Drake has a pitch accent on the penultimate syllable (2R). When the penult is long, it is a circumflex or falling accent; when it is short, it is grave; in monosyllables with an accent the accent is acute.