Proto-Austronesian Hebrew/Phonology

Like all the languages fanning out from Taiwan 3000 years ago, an intense flattening of the phonemic landscape slowly decimated PAH. By the time of they were living on Palau, a wide array of simplifications had taken place. Almost all the changes parallel the development of Proto-Austronesian (PAn) > Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP).

History

Attempts to reconstruct the origin and development of PAH are clouded, both by uncertainty of the phonetic environment they left and the one to which they went.

Paleo-Hebrew

PH Levantine Vowels
	Front	Near-front	Central	Back
High	i iː			u uː
High-mid		e		o oː
Near-low			a aː

All Possible PH Levantine Consonants
		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Post-A.	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal		m		n
Stop	unvoiced	p		t			k			?
	voiced	b		d			g
	ejective			t'			k'
Fricative	unvoiced	*f	*θ	s	*ʃ		*x	χ	ħ	h
	voiced	*v	*ð	z			*ɣ	ʁ	ʕ
	ejective			s'
	lateral				ɬ
Approximants		w		l		j
Trill				r

Before being carried off, the Ancient Hebrews of Canaan had a robust and diverse phonology, with nine places and ten manners of articulation. Tiberian Hebrew orthography utilizes 22 consonants with three diacritical marks (the dageš, sin-dot, and šin-dot) to notate 31 sounds, though it is a very recent rediscovery that two letters were homographs.. It is highly unlikely that the begadkefat letters had two sounds until well after 800 B.C. Also, šin and sin should be counted among the begadkefat letters, with /ʃ/ a mere allophone of /ɬ/.

It also seems reasonable to assume that PH had not yet developed the schwa (or other reduced vowels) before leaving the ANE. /i/ would and did function as the epenthetic vowel of choice, both pre and post transport.

Sounds changes

The amalgamated Semitic people who found themselves slaves in Southeast Asia had a phonology that largely overlapped with the surrounding PAn language(s). The sounds which were uniquely Afro-Asiatic seemed to have dropped off very quickly. The fricative “versions” of the stops (which had always been allophone) fell away almost immediately, , as did the “emphatic” versions (i.e. /k’/ became /k/ and /t’/ became /t/). PH *ɬ > PAH *ŋ. The addition of the velar nasal may seem strange, especially in the syllable onset, but is entirely predictable given the new surroundings in Southeast Asia and Oceania. The alveolar fricative ejective (Tiberian צ/ṣaḏé) may well have become the alveolar affricative before leaving the Levant. The Phoenician Helenization of ‘ayin into /a/ also seems to have happened before the exodus.

Best-Guess PH Levantine Consonants
		Labial	Alveolar	Post-A.	Palatal	Velar	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal		m	n
Stop	unvoiced	p	t			k		?
	voiced	b	d			g
	ejective		t'			k'
Fricative	unvoiced		s				ħ	h
	voiced		z				ʕ
	lateral			ɬ
Affricate				ts
Approximants		w	l		j
Trill			r

Onset consonant changes

• PH *k',χ > PAH *q
• PH *ʁ > PAH *g
• PH *t’ > PAH *t
• PH *ɬ > PAH *ŋ
• PH *ħ > PAH *Ø
• PH *ʕ > PAH *a
• PH *z > PAH *s
• PH *s’ > PAH *ts

Coda consonant changes (the same but also)

• PH *? > PAH *Ø
• PH *ts > PAH *s

Consonants

PAH Consonants
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Stop	unvoiced	p	t		k	q
	voiced	b	d		g		?
Affricate			ts
Fricative			s				h
Approximant		w	l	j
Tap/Flap			ɾ

After untold hundreds of year surrounded by the Lapitan empire, the Hebrew language had grown to sound like it neighbors in almost every respect.

Vowels

PAH Vowels
	Front	Near-front	Central	Back
High	i iː			u uː
High-mid		e eː		o oː
Near-low			a aː

The major change from PH to PAH in regard to vowels came not in what vowels were you, but how they were used. With uvular and pharyngeal fricatives changing into vowels, the tri-consonantal roots began to unravel, or just metamorphose into something different. A vast array of diphthong opened up, an array which would only expand.

PAH Diphthongs
	Front	Central	Back
High	iw		uy
Mid	ey		oy
Low		ay aw

Phonotactics

PAH syllables are CV(V or C): every syllable begins with a consonant and may end with a short vowel, a long vowel, a diphthong, or certain consonants. A syllable cannot consist of more than two characters of katakana.

w.u.v. = with under-specified voicing

	"Gutterals"				"Sonorants"						← or →		"Begadkap̅at"
able to be...	h	'	q	r	w	y	l	m	n	ŋ	s	c	b	g	d	k	p	t
geminated	No	No	No	No	as uw	as iy	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	as t	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
in coda	Yes	No	No	Yes	as u	as i	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	as s	w.u.v.	w.u.v.	w.u.v.	w.u.v.	w.u.v.	w.u.v.

The consonants can be broken down into three easy categories: gutturals, sonorants, and the "begakepat" letters (s and c are somes times sonorants, sometimes begadkepat, with s more often sonorant and c more often begadkepat). Gutturals reject gemination, sonorants accept every process, and the begadkepat letters lose control of their voicing in the coda.

When c is geminated, only the t is in the coda of the previous syllable. Hence カッ̣ス゚ is pronounced /kat.tsu/. In the coda, it is an 's'.