Italian: Difference between revisions
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'''Italian''' is a [[Romance languages|Romance]] language, spoken primarily in Italy, San Marino, Switzerland, Vatican City, and Malta. There is also a large amount of speakers of Italian in France, Croatia, Ethiopia and Slovenia. | '''Italian''' is a [[Romance languages|Romance]] language, spoken primarily in Italy, San Marino, Switzerland, Vatican City, and Malta. There is also a large amount of speakers of Italian in France, Croatia, Ethiopia and Slovenia. | ||
=History= | ==History== | ||
=Phonology= | ==Phonology== | ||
==Consonants== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | {| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | ||
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* Most of the orthographic Italian symbols are the same as their [[IPA]] equivalents. These include: '''b''', '''p''', '''m''', '''n''', '''f''', '''v''', '''t''', '''d''', and '''l'''. | * Most of the orthographic Italian symbols are the same as their [[IPA]] equivalents. These include: '''b''', '''p''', '''m''', '''n''', '''f''', '''v''', '''t''', '''d''', and '''l'''. | ||
* '''c''' is normally /k/, except when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it. '''ch''' is pronounced /k/ and is used when '''i''' or '''e''' do immediately succeed it. | * '''c''' is normally /k/, except when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it. '''ch''' is pronounced /k/ and is used when '''i''' or '''e''' do immediately succeed it. | ||
* '''c''' is /ʧ/ when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it. | * '''c''' is /ʧ/ when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it. Unless the '''i''' is stressed, it's usually silent. | ||
* '''g''' is normally /g/, except when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it. '''gh''' is pronounced /g/ and is used when '''i''' or '''e''' do immediately succeed it. | * '''g''' is normally /g/, except when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it. '''gh''' is pronounced /g/ and is used when '''i''' or '''e''' do immediately succeed it. | ||
* '''g''' is /ʤ/ when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it. | * '''g''' is /ʤ/ when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it. Unless the '''i''' is stressed, it's silent. | ||
* '''sc''' is normally /sk/, except when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it. '''sch''' is pronounced /sk/ and is used when '''i''' or '''e''' do immediately succeed it. | * '''sc''' is normally /sk/, except when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it. '''sch''' is pronounced /sk/ and is used when '''i''' or '''e''' do immediately succeed it. | ||
* '''sc''' is /ʃ/ when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it. | * '''sc''' is /ʃ/ when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it. If the '''i''' isn't stressed it's usually silent. | ||
* '''gn''' is pronounced /ɲ/. | * '''gn''' is pronounced /ɲ/. | ||
* '''ng | * '''ng''' and '''nc''' are pronounced /ŋg/ and /ŋk/ respectively, unless directly followed by '''i''' or '''e'''. In those cases, '''ng''' and '''nc''' are pronounced /nʤ/ and /nʧ/ respectively. When spelt '''ngh''' or '''nch''' they are pronounced /ŋg/ and /ŋk/ respectively. | ||
* '''r''' is pronounced /r/ or /ɾ/ depending on individual or dialect. | * '''r''' is pronounced /r/ or /ɾ/ depending on individual or dialect. | ||
* '''gli''' is pronounced / | * '''gli''' is pronounced /ʎi/. | ||
* The glides /w/ and /j/ are actually mutations of the vowels '''u''' and '''i''' and are represented by those orthographically. It can occurs with other vowel diphthongs as well. | * The glides /w/ and /j/ are actually mutations of the vowels '''u''' and '''i''' and are represented by those orthographically. It can occurs with other vowel diphthongs as well. | ||
* '''z''' is pronounced /ʦ/ or /ʣ/ depending on the dialect and the word. | * '''z''' is pronounced /ʦ/ or /ʣ/ depending on the dialect and the word. | ||
* '''s''' is pronounced /s/ or /z/ depending on the dialect and the word. | * '''s''' is pronounced /s/ or /z/ depending on the dialect and the word. It's usually pronounced [z] when intervocalic and [s] otherwise. | ||
==Vowels== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | {| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" | ||
!colspan=11 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Vowels | !colspan=11 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Vowels | ||
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* When diphthongised, '''u''' and '''i''' become similar to /w/ and /j/. | * When diphthongised, '''u''' and '''i''' become similar to /w/ and /j/. | ||
=Grammar= | ==Grammar== | ||
==Nouns== | ===Nouns=== | ||
===Gender=== | ====Gender==== | ||
===Number=== | ====Number==== | ||
===Articles=== | ====Articles==== | ||
==Pronouns== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
==Adjectives== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
==Prepositions== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
===Contractions=== | ====Contractions==== | ||
==Conjunctions== | ===Conjunctions=== | ||
==Verbs== | ===Verbs=== | ||
===Present=== | ====Present==== | ||
===Future=== | ====Future==== | ||
===Imperfect=== | ====Imperfect==== | ||
===Past Absolute=== | ====Past Absolute==== | ||
===Conditional=== | ====Conditional==== | ||
===Subjunctive=== | ====Subjunctive==== | ||
====Present==== | =====Present===== | ||
=====Imperfect===== | |||
==== | ====Compound==== | ||
=== | ====Passive==== | ||
=== | ====Verb '''essere''' and '''stare'''==== | ||
===Verb ''' | ====Verb '''avere'''==== | ||
== | ==Sources== | ||
[[Category:Romance natlangs]] | |||
{{Natlangs}} | |||
Latest revision as of 10:12, 6 November 2012
Italian is a Romance language, spoken primarily in Italy, San Marino, Switzerland, Vatican City, and Malta. There is also a large amount of speakers of Italian in France, Croatia, Ethiopia and Slovenia.
History
Phonology
Consonants
| Consonants | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Labiod. | Inter-dental | Alveolar | Post-alv. | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||||||||||
| Plosive | p | b | t̪ | d̪ | k | g | ||||||||||
| Fricative | f | v | s | z | ʃ | (ʒ) | ||||||||||
| Affricate | ʦ | ʣ | ʧ | ʤ | ||||||||||||
| Approximants & glides | (w) | (j) | ||||||||||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||||||||
| Flap | ɾ | |||||||||||||||
| Lateral Approximant | l/ɫ | ʎ | ||||||||||||||
- Most of the orthographic Italian symbols are the same as their IPA equivalents. These include: b, p, m, n, f, v, t, d, and l.
- c is normally /k/, except when i or e immediately succeed it. ch is pronounced /k/ and is used when i or e do immediately succeed it.
- c is /ʧ/ when i or e immediately succeed it. Unless the i is stressed, it's usually silent.
- g is normally /g/, except when i or e immediately succeed it. gh is pronounced /g/ and is used when i or e do immediately succeed it.
- g is /ʤ/ when i or e immediately succeed it. Unless the i is stressed, it's silent.
- sc is normally /sk/, except when i or e immediately succeed it. sch is pronounced /sk/ and is used when i or e do immediately succeed it.
- sc is /ʃ/ when i or e immediately succeed it. If the i isn't stressed it's usually silent.
- gn is pronounced /ɲ/.
- ng and nc are pronounced /ŋg/ and /ŋk/ respectively, unless directly followed by i or e. In those cases, ng and nc are pronounced /nʤ/ and /nʧ/ respectively. When spelt ngh or nch they are pronounced /ŋg/ and /ŋk/ respectively.
- r is pronounced /r/ or /ɾ/ depending on individual or dialect.
- gli is pronounced /ʎi/.
- The glides /w/ and /j/ are actually mutations of the vowels u and i and are represented by those orthographically. It can occurs with other vowel diphthongs as well.
- z is pronounced /ʦ/ or /ʣ/ depending on the dialect and the word.
- s is pronounced /s/ or /z/ depending on the dialect and the word. It's usually pronounced [z] when intervocalic and [s] otherwise.
Vowels
| Vowels | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Central | Back | ||||||||
| Unround | Unrounded | Rounded | ||||||||
| High | i | u | ||||||||
| Open-mid | e | o | ||||||||
| Close-mid | ɛ | ɔ | ||||||||
| Low | a | |||||||||
- Most of the vowels are spelt the way they are in the IPA, so i /i/, e /e/, a /a/, o /o/, and u /u/.
- Stressed è and ò (with or without accents) are pronounced /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ respectively.
- When diphthongised, u and i become similar to /w/ and /j/.
Grammar
Nouns
Gender
Number
Articles
Pronouns
Adjectives
Prepositions
Contractions
Conjunctions
Verbs
Present
Future
Imperfect
Past Absolute
Conditional
Subjunctive
Present
Imperfect
Compound
Passive
Verb essere and stare
Verb avere
Sources
| This article is one of quite a few pages about Natlangs. Indo-european natlangs:
Uralic Natlangs: Finnish * Khanty * Mansi * Mordvinic * Proto-Uralic
Isolate Natlangs: Basque * * |
