Germanic languages: Difference between revisions
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=Sound Changes in Germanic Languages= | |||
==Sound Changes from PIE to Common Germanic== | ==Sound Changes from PIE to Common Germanic== | ||
''These may not be 100% accurate.'' | ''These may not be 100% accurate.'' | ||
| Line 23: | Line 26: | ||
*ou → au | *ou → au | ||
=[[High German Consonant Shift]]= | ==[[High German Consonant Shift]]== | ||
This shift separates [[High German]] from other Germanic languages. | |||
The 4 stages of the shift could be defined as follows: | The 4 stages of the shift could be defined as follows: | ||
# Non-geminated voicless [[Stop|stops]] became [[Fricative|fricatives]], | # Non-geminated voicless [[Stop|stops]] became [[Fricative|fricatives]], | ||
| Line 31: | Line 35: | ||
The last stage was shared by [[Low German]] and [[Dutch]]. | The last stage was shared by [[Low German]] and [[Dutch]]. | ||
The shift | The shift occurred in the period before [[Old High German]] existed, and in fact was the marker of Old High German. | ||
==English [[Great Vowel Shift]]== | |||
The Great Vowel Shift is where the vowels of [[Middle English]] were raised or diphthongised (for already high vowels). This is the difference between Middle English and [[Modern English]]. | |||
{| class="bluetable {{{1}}}" border="1" cellpadding="2" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! Front | |||
! Central | |||
! Back | |||
|- | |||
| '''Diphthong''' || aj || ||aw | |||
|- | |||
| '''High''' || ↑ <br> i || || ↑ <br> u | |||
|- | |||
| '''Mid''' || ↑ <br> e || || ↑ <br> o | |||
|- | |||
| '''Low''' || ↑<br>æ || ← a || | |||
|} | |||
==Norwegian and Swedish Back Vowel Chain Shift== | |||
The back vowel chain shift of Norwegian and Swedish has the long vowels raise, and in the case of the highest vowels, fronted towards /yː/. It would look as follows: | |||
{| class="bluetable {{{1}}}" border="1" cellpadding="2" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! Front Rd. | |||
! Central | |||
! Back | |||
|- | |||
| '''High''' || ʉ* ← || ← || ← u | |||
|- | |||
| '''Mid-High''' || || || ↑ <br> o | |||
|- | |||
| '''Mid-Low''' || || || ↑ <br> ɔ | |||
|- | |||
| '''Low''' || || a ↗ || | |||
|} | |||
*This symbol is used to contrast it with the Nor./Swed. /y/ sound. | |||
All vowels are Long. | |||
==Danish Front Vowel Shift== | |||
=Listing of Germanic Languages= | =Listing of Germanic Languages= | ||
| Line 50: | Line 96: | ||
*** [[Dutch]] | *** [[Dutch]] | ||
**Anglo-Frisian | **Anglo-Frisian | ||
***[[Frisian]] | ***Stages of Frisian: | ||
****[[Old Frisian]] | |||
****[[Frisian]] | |||
*** [[English]] | *** [[English]] | ||
****Stages of English: | ****Stages of English: | ||
| Line 64: | Line 112: | ||
****[[Norwegian]] | ****[[Norwegian]] | ||
***[[Old East Norse]] | ***[[Old East Norse]] | ||
****[[Old Swedish]] | |||
****[[Swedish]] | ****[[Swedish]] | ||
****[[Old Danish]] | |||
****[[Danish]] | ****[[Danish]] | ||
*[[East Germanic]] | *[[East Germanic]] | ||
Latest revision as of 15:00, 4 November 2012
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Sound Changes in Germanic Languages
Sound Changes from PIE to Common Germanic
These may not be 100% accurate.
- ḱ, ǵ, ǵʰ → k, g, gʰ
Grimm's law
- bʰ, dʰ, gʰ, gʷʰ → β, ð, ɣ, β/ɣ
- b, d, g, gʷ → p, t, k, kʷ/k
- p, t, k, kʷ → f, θ, x, xʷ
Verner's law
- f, θ, s, x, xʷ → β, ð, z, ɣ, ɣʷ (except initially or following IE stress)
Vowel changes
- aː → oː
- e → i
- eː → æː
- ei → iː
- eːi → eː (?)
- oi → ai
- oːi → oː (?)
- aːi → oː (?)
- eu → iu
- ou → au
High German Consonant Shift
This shift separates High German from other Germanic languages. The 4 stages of the shift could be defined as follows:
- Non-geminated voicless stops became fricatives,
- Geminated, nasal-adjacent and liquid-adjacent voiceless stops became affricates,
- Voiced stops became voiceless stops, and finally
- All interdental fricatives (/ð/ and /θ/) became the dental stop and/or Alveolar stop /d̻/ and /d/.
The last stage was shared by Low German and Dutch.
The shift occurred in the period before Old High German existed, and in fact was the marker of Old High German.
English Great Vowel Shift
The Great Vowel Shift is where the vowels of Middle English were raised or diphthongised (for already high vowels). This is the difference between Middle English and Modern English.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diphthong | aj | aw | |
| High | ↑ i |
↑ u | |
| Mid | ↑ e |
↑ o | |
| Low | ↑ æ |
← a |
Norwegian and Swedish Back Vowel Chain Shift
The back vowel chain shift of Norwegian and Swedish has the long vowels raise, and in the case of the highest vowels, fronted towards /yː/. It would look as follows:
| Front Rd. | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | ʉ* ← | ← | ← u |
| Mid-High | ↑ o | ||
| Mid-Low | ↑ ɔ | ||
| Low | a ↗ |
- This symbol is used to contrast it with the Nor./Swed. /y/ sound.
All vowels are Long.
Danish Front Vowel Shift
Listing of Germanic Languages
- West Germanic
- German
- Stages of High German:
- Old High German
- Middle High German
- Early New High German
- New High German or Modern (Standard) German
- Stages of Low German
- Old Saxon
- Middle Low Saxon
- Low Saxon aka Low German
- Stages of High German:
- Stages of Dutch:
- Anglo-Frisian
- Stages of Frisian:
- English
- Stages of English:
- German
- North Germanic
- East Germanic
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