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| <P><SPAN LANG="en-AU">Antarctican is spoken in the far future, after
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| catastrophic global warming has rendered most of the world
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| uninhabitable, forcing survivors to flee to the land exposed by the
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| melting ice sheets in Antarctica. It's vocabulary is drawn from a
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| wide variety of existing languages, across many language families.</SPAN>
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| </P>
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| <H2 CLASS="western"><SPAN LANG="en-AU">Basic Phonology</SPAN></H2>
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| <P>
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| </P>
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| <H3 CLASS="western"><SPAN LANG="en-AU">Vowels</SPAN></H3>
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| <P>
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| </P>
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| <P><SPAN LANG="en-AU">The vowel system is complex, with vowels
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| distinguished not only by quality but also by phonation (breathy,
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| modal and tense). Vowels with breathy phonation (marked with a
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| diaresis e.g. ṳ), are also pronounced with a lower than normal
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| pitch. Vowels with a tense phonation (marked with a tilde e.g. æ̰),
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| are pronounced with a higher than normal pitch.</SPAN></P>
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| <H4 CLASS="western"><SPAN LANG="en-AU">Monophthongs</SPAN></H4>
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| <P><SPAN LANG="en-AU">There are 11 of these. 5 have modal voice, 5
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| have breathy voice, and one has tense voice.</SPAN></P>
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| <TABLE WIDTH=161 CELLPADDING=4 CELLSPACING=0>
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| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
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| <TD WIDTH=32 STYLE="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P>
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| </P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=35 STYLE="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P>Front</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=27 STYLE="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P>Mid</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=33 STYLE="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04in">
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| <P>Back</P>
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| </TD>
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| </TR>
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| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
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| <TD WIDTH=32 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P>High</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=35 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P>i</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=27 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P>ɨ̤</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=33 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in">
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| <P>ṳ u</P>
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| </TD>
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| </TR>
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| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
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| <TD WIDTH=32 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P>
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| </P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=35 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P>
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| </P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=27 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P>
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| </P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=33 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in">
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| <P>o̤</P>
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| </TD>
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| </TR>
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| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
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| <TD WIDTH=32 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P>Mid</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=35 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P>
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| </P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=27 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P>ə̤</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=33 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in">
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| <P>
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| </P>
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| </TD>
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| </TR>
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| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
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| <TD WIDTH=32 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P>
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| </P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=35 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P>ɛ</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=27 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P>
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| </P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=33 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in">
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| <P>ʌ̤ ɔ</P>
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| </TD>
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| </TR>
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| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
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| <TD WIDTH=32 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P>Low</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=35 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P>a̰ a</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=27 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P>
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| </P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=33 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in">
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| <P>
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| </P>
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| </TD>
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| </TR>
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| </TABLE>
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| <H4 CLASS="western"><SPAN LANG="en-AU">Diphthongs</SPAN></H4>
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| <P><SPAN LANG="en-AU">Diphthongs are divided into three categories,
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| "general", "opening" and "closing".
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| Opening diphthongs are only ever found in open syllables (syllables
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| that do not end with a consonant), closing diphthongs are only ever
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| found in closed syllables (syllables that end in a consonant), and
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| general diphthongs can be found in both.</SPAN>
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| </P>
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| <H5 CLASS="western"><SPAN LANG="en-AU">Opening Diphthongs</SPAN></H5>
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| <P><SPAN LANG="en-AU">There are five of these: /aɛ/, /aɔ/, /aə̰/,
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| /ʌə̤/, /ʌo̤/. The first two of these (the modally voiced ones)
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| are more common than the last three, especially /ʌə̤/ and /ʌo̤/
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| (the breathy voiced ones).</SPAN></P>
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| <P>
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| </P>
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| <H5 CLASS="western"><SPAN LANG="en-AU">Closing Diphthongs</SPAN></H5>
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| <P><SPAN LANG="en-AU">There are only two of these and they both have
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| modal voice: /ɛi/ and /ɔu/</SPAN>
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| </P>
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| <H5 CLASS="western"><SPAN LANG="en-AU">General Diphthongs</SPAN></H5>
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| <P><SPAN LANG="en-AU">Most of the diphthongs in Antarctican fall into
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| this category. There are four with modal voice: /ai/, /au/, /ɔi/ and
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| /ɛu/. Another eleven have tense voice: /oṵ/, /eḭ/, /ɛə̰/,
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| /ɔə̰/, /aḭ/, /aṵ/, /ɔḭ/, /ɛṵ/, /ɛḭ/, and /ɔṵ/. And
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| six more have breathy voice: /ʌɨ̤/, /aṳ/, /oɨ̤/, /əṳ/,
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| /əi̤/, /oṳ/.</SPAN></P>
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| <P>
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| </P>
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| <H3 CLASS="western"><SPAN LANG="en-AU">Consonants</SPAN></H3>
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| <P><SPAN LANG="en-AU">At most, there are 28 consonants that could be
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| considered phonemic:</SPAN></P>
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| <TABLE WIDTH=429 CELLPADDING=4 CELLSPACING=0>
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| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
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| <TD WIDTH=85 STYLE="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">
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| </P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=42 STYLE="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">Labial</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=57 STYLE="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">Alveolar</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=44 STYLE="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">Palatal</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=36 STYLE="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">Velar</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=115 STYLE="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">Glottal /
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| Placeless</P>
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| </TD>
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| </TR>
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| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
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| <TD WIDTH=85 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">Nasal</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=42 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">m̥ m</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=57 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">n̥ n</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=44 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">ɲ̥ ɲ</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=36 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">ŋ̥ ŋ</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=115 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in">
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| <P STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">ɴ</P>
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| </TD>
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| </TR>
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| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
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| <TD WIDTH=85 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">Stop</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=42 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">pʰ p</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=57 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">tʰ t</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=44 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">cʰ c</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=36 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">kʰ k</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=115 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">ʔ</P>
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| </TD>
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| </TR>
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| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
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| <TD WIDTH=85 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">Implosive</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=42 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">ɓ</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=57 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">ɗ</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=44 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">
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| </P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=36 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">
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| </P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=115 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in">
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| <P STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">
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| </P>
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| </TD>
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| </TR>
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| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
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| <TD WIDTH=85 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">Fricative</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=42 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">f</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=57 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">sʰ s</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=44 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">ʃ</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=36 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">x</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=115 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">h</P>
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| </TD>
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| </TR>
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| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
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| <TD WIDTH=85 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">Approximant</P>
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| </TD>
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| <TD WIDTH=42 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
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| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">w</P>
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| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=57 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">
| |
| </P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=44 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">j</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=36 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">
| |
| </P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=115 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in">
| |
| <P STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">
| |
| </P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| </TR>
| |
| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=85 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">Flap</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=42 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">
| |
| </P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=57 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">ɾ</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=44 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">
| |
| </P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=36 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">
| |
| </P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=115 STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in">
| |
| <P STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in">
| |
| </P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| </TR>
| |
| </TABLE>
| |
| <P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in">The implosives can only occur
| |
| between vowels, and only if the following vowel has tense voice.
| |
| </P>
| |
| <P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in">11 of these consonants are classed as
| |
| "aspirated". These include not only the aspirated stops
| |
| /p<SPAN LANG="en-AU">ʰ/, /tʰ/, /cʰ/ and /kʰ/ and the aspirated
| |
| fricative /sʰ/, but also the voiceless nasals /m̥/, /n̥/, /ɲ̥/,
| |
| /ŋ̥/, as well as the fricatives /f/ and /h/. These consonants can
| |
| only occur before a vowel with modal voice.</SPAN></P>
| |
| <P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in">
| |
| </P>
| |
| <P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><SPAN LANG="en-AU">/ɴ/ only occurs in
| |
| syllable codas. It assimilates to the place of articulation of the
| |
| following consonant. Before /ʔ/, /h/ or at the end of phrases, it
| |
| simply nasalises the preceding vowel.</SPAN></P>
| |
| <P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in">
| |
| </P>
| |
| <H3 CLASS="western"><SPAN LANG="en-AU">Phonotactics</SPAN></H3>
| |
| <P><SPAN LANG="en-AU">There is only an extremely small number of
| |
| syllable shapes permitted, limited to syllables of the form C (j /w)
| |
| V (ɴ). Furthermore, /j/ can only occur after labial consonants. When
| |
| it occurs after /w/, the consonant cluster /wj/ is pronounced as a
| |
| labiodental approximant [ʋ], or sometimes a flap [ⱱ]. The
| |
| consonant cluster /jw/ is pronounced [ɥ].</SPAN></P>
| |
| <H3 CLASS="western"><SPAN LANG="en-AU">Chroneme</SPAN></H3>
| |
| <P><SPAN LANG="en-AU">The chroneme is vary important in Antarctican
| |
| phonology (see here for an explanation:
| |
| http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroneme).
| |
| It can either attach to a vowel, or to the first consonant in a
| |
| syllable onset. In both cases the sound is lengthened. Whether or not
| |
| a word has a chroneme can distinguish words. So while /paxa/ is a
| |
| person's name, /paxːa/ means a fool or an abnormal person (kind of
| |
| like Mr. Bean) and /paːxa/ means a tout or a pimp.</SPAN>
| |
| </P>
| |
| <P><SPAN LANG="en-AU">Note that the chroneme cannot occur on the
| |
| first sound of a word, nor the last sound (unless it is a vowel / diphthong with breathy voice or tense voice). So neither /pʰːaxa/ nor
| |
| /pʰaxaː/ would be possible words. It can also only ever occur a
| |
| maximum of one time per word. So none of /paːxːa/, /paxːaː/ or
| |
| /paːxaː/ could be possible words. If the chroneme occurs on
| |
| a diphthong, the first element of the diphthong is lengthened e.g.
| |
| /ta̰saːḭ/ - steak, not /ta̰saḭː/.<BR>
| |
| Also note that "over-long" clusters of /ɴ/ followed by a geminate nasal are not found.</SPAN></P>
| |
| <P LANG="en-AU">When /ɾ/ is geminated, it is pronounced as a trill
| |
| [r].</P>
| |
| <H2 CLASS="western">Morphology</H2>
| |
| <P>Antarctican is an isolating language, and as such there is little
| |
| in the way of inflectional morphology. However, there are some
| |
| complex sandhi processes that affect words strung together in a
| |
| phrase.
| |
| </P>
| |
| <H3 CLASS="western">Phonation Spreading</H3>
| |
| <P>When words are put together to make a phrase, it is possible for
| |
| phonation to spread backwards, from the initial syllable of one word,
| |
| back to the previous word in that phrase. This never happens with
| |
| modal voice, only with tense and breathy phonation, and only with a
| |
| subset of words with these phonations on the first syllable e.g.</P>
| |
| <P>/ʃɛḭ/ - to chat</P>
| |
| <P>/mɛ/ - 1st person singular accusative particle</P>
| |
| <P>[mɛə̰ ʃɛḭ] - to chat with me/mʌ̤/ - to ambush and rob</P>
| |
| <P>[mə̤ mʌ̤] - to rob me</P>
| |
| <P>However there are many words that do not spread their
| |
| phonation onto previous words e.g.</P>
| |
| <P>/ʃɛḭ/ - to shine</P>
| |
| <P>[mɛ ʃɛḭ] - to shine at me</P>
| |
| <P>/mʌ̤/ - to apply</P>
| |
| <P>[mɛ mʌ̤] - to apply to me</P>
| |
| <P>Here we can see that the words for "rob" and "apply"
| |
| are homophones when spoken by themselves, only being distinguished by
| |
| whether or not they spread their breathy phonation onto the previous
| |
| word. From now on, words that spread their phonation will be marked
| |
| by a minus sign before the word e.g. /-ʃɛḭ/ - to chat vs. /ʃɛḭ/
| |
| - to shine, /-mʌ̤/ - to ambush and rob vs. /mʌ̤/ - to
| |
| apply.Often, when a word has phonation spread onto it, it can
| |
| change in other ways too e.g./tʰɛ/ - 2nd person singular
| |
| accusative particle</P>
| |
| <P>[tɛə̰ ʃɛḭ] - to chat with you</P>
| |
| <P>[tə̤ mʌ̤] - to rob you</P>
| |
| <P>Here the change is simply a loss of aspiration in the first
| |
| consonant (remember that aspirated consonants can only occur before
| |
| vowels with modal voice). However the change can be more radical,
| |
| often involving a suffix added onto the word (usually if the word
| |
| already has breathy or tense phonation) e.g.</P>
| |
| <P>/-no̤/ - 1st person plural inclusive accusative particle</P>
| |
| <P>[nɔsːoṵ ʃɛḭ] - to chat with us (including you)</P>
| |
| <P>[nɔsːṳ mʌ̤] - to rob us (including you)This process
| |
| used to be regular, however it is no longer so as a result of
| |
| phonological change. Therefore the variant forms that arise when
| |
| tense and breathy voice spread onto a word must be memorised along
| |
| with the basic form when learning the word. Therefore, from now on
| |
| when vocabulary is given, the normal form will be listed first,
| |
| followed by the form when tense voice spreads onto it, and finally
| |
| the form when breathy voice spreads onto it e.g.</P>
| |
| <P>/-no̤/, /nɔsːoṵ/, /nɔsːṳ/ - 1st person plural inclusive
| |
| accusative particle</P>
| |
| <P>/tʰɛ/, /-tɛə̰/, /tə̤/ - 2nd person singular accusative
| |
| particle</P>
| |
| <P>/mɛ/, /-mɛə̰/, /-mə̤/ - 2nd person singular accusative
| |
| particle/-ʃɛḭ/, /-ʃɛḭsːɔə̰/, /ʃɛitːo̤/ - to chat</P>
| |
| <P>/ʃɛḭ/, /ʃɛḭsːɔə̰/, /<SPAN STYLE="font-variant: normal"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT FACE="Tahoma"><FONT SIZE=2 STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><SPAN LANG="en-AU"><SPAN STYLE="font-style: normal"><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">cʰ</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>ɛitːo̤/
| |
| - to shine</P>
| |
| <P>/-mʌ̤/, /-ma̰ŋːoṵ/, /-mʌ̤ŋːṳ/ - to ambush and rob</P>
| |
| <P>/mʌ̤/, /ma̰ŋːoṵ/, /mʌ̤ŋːṳ/ - to apply</P>
| |
| <P>
| |
| </P>
| |
| <H3 CLASS="western">Initial Consonant Mutation</H3>
| |
| <P>There is one other mutation process that happens when individual
| |
| words are combined into a phrase. If some initial consonants clusters
| |
| end up between vowels, then they change to other consonants. Exactly
| |
| what they change into depends on the phonation of the following
| |
| vowel, as well as whether or not it spreads to the previous word. The
| |
| changes are listed in the table below:</P>
| |
| <P>
| |
| </P>
| |
| <TABLE WIDTH=100% CELLPADDING=4 CELLSPACING=0>
| |
| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=16% STYLE="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>Original Syllable Onset</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=13% STYLE="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>Modal Voice</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=19% STYLE="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>Tense Voice (spreading)</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=17% STYLE="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>Tense Voice (non-spreading)</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=13% STYLE="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>Breathy Voice (spreading)</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=21% STYLE="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04in">
| |
| <P>Breathy Voice (non-spreading)</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| </TR>
| |
| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=16% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2">
| |
| <FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT FACE="Tahoma"><FONT SIZE=2 STYLE="font-size: 9pt">ʔ</FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=13% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>k</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=19% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=17% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=13% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2">
| |
| <FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT FACE="Tahoma"><FONT SIZE=2 STYLE="font-size: 9pt">ŋ</FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=21% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| </TR>
| |
| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=16% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>k</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=13% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2">
| |
| <FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT FACE="Tahoma"><FONT SIZE=2 STYLE="font-size: 9pt">ŋ</FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=19% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>x</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=17% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2">
| |
| <FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT FACE="Tahoma"><FONT SIZE=2 STYLE="font-size: 9pt">ŋ</FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=13% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=21% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| </TR>
| |
| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=16% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2">
| |
| <FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT FACE="Tahoma"><FONT SIZE=2 STYLE="font-size: 9pt">x</FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=13% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=19% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2">
| |
| <FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT FACE="Tahoma"><FONT SIZE=2 STYLE="font-size: 9pt">ɗ</FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=17% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=13% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=21% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| </TR>
| |
| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=16% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>t</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=13% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=19% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>s</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=17% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>s</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=13% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=21% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| </TR>
| |
| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=16% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>s</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=13% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=19% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>ɾ</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=17% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>ɾ</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=13% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=21% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| </TR>
| |
| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=16% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>n</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=13% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=19% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=17% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2">
| |
| <FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT FACE="Tahoma"><FONT SIZE=2 STYLE="font-size: 9pt">ɗ</FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=13% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=21% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| </TR>
| |
| <TR VALIGN=TOP>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=16% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>p</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=13% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=19% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2">
| |
| <FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT FACE="Tahoma"><FONT SIZE=2 STYLE="font-size: 9pt">ɓ</FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=17% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P LANG="en-AU" STYLE="border: none; padding: 0in; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2">
| |
| <FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT FACE="Tahoma"><FONT SIZE=2 STYLE="font-size: 9pt">ɓ</FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=13% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| <TD WIDTH=21% STYLE="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in">
| |
| <P>Unchanged</P>
| |
| </TD>
| |
| </TR>
| |
| </TABLE>
| |
| <P>These consonants mutate in exactly the same way whether or not
| |
| they are clustered with /j/ or /w/ e.g. between vowels and before a
| |
| vowel with tense voice, /pw/ will become /<SPAN STYLE="font-variant: normal"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT FACE="Tahoma"><FONT SIZE=2 STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><SPAN LANG="en-AU"><SPAN STYLE="font-style: normal"><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">ɓw</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>/,
| |
| and likewise /pj/ will become /<SPAN STYLE="font-variant: normal"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT FACE="Tahoma"><FONT SIZE=2 STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><SPAN LANG="en-AU"><SPAN STYLE="font-style: normal"><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">ɓj</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>/.
| |
| Note that before vowels with breathy voice, the consonants never
| |
| mutate.Below are some examples:<BR>/ʔuɾːa/, /-ʔoṵɾːa̰/,
| |
| /ʔṳɾːʌ̤/ - water</P>
| |
| <P>/-ʔṳ/, /kuɗːɔə̰/, /-ʔṳtːo̤/ - good</P>
| |
| <P>[ʔṳɾːʌ̤ <SPAN STYLE="font-variant: normal"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT FACE="Tahoma"><FONT SIZE=2 STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><SPAN LANG="en-AU"><SPAN STYLE="font-style: normal"><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">ŋ</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>ṳ]
| |
| - good water</P>
| |
| <P>/nweḭɴ/, /nweḭɴkːoṵ/, /twiɴkṳ/ - a drink</P>
| |
| <P>[ʔoṵɾːa̰ <SPAN STYLE="font-variant: normal"><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT FACE="Tahoma"><FONT SIZE=2 STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><SPAN LANG="en-AU"><SPAN STYLE="font-style: normal"><SPAN STYLE="font-weight: normal">ɗw</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>eḭɴ]
| |
| - drinking water</P>
| |
