User:Bukkia/sandbox

Lišĕč is a language, spoken in a zone on the border between Poland and Ucraine. It’s an highly agglutinative language, and it‘s similar to Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian languages, maybe related to the Uralic family, but it has many differences, that show the influence of Slavic and German languages.

It can be written both with Latin Alphabet and with Cyrillic alphabet.

Phonology

Vowel harmony

The vowel harmony is typical phenomenon of non-Indo-european languages in Europe.

The vowels of interchangeable endings change according to the last vowel in the last syllable of the word.

The interchangeable vowels in the endings are:

• -e-: for a last front vowel in the world
• -a-: for a last central vowel in the world
• -o-: for a last back vowel in the world

Examples: The plural endings are: -nes, -nas, -nos / -нес, -нас, -нос

Lin (man) → Linnes / Лин (man) → Линнес
Tanõk (sea) → Tanõknos / Танõк (sea) → Танõкнос
Sava (river) → Savanas / Сава (river) → Саванас

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i • y   ɨ u e o ə    ɛ • œ ɔ æ      a
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Plosive	p b		t d				k ɡ
Nasal	m	ɱ	n			ɲ
Vibrant			r
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ
Affricate				ʦ ʣ	ʧ ʤ
Approximant						j	ɰ
Lateral approximant			l			ʎ

Writing systems

Lišěč can be written with both a modified version of Latin alfabet (called Latinka/Латинка) and a modified version of Cirillic alfabet (сalled Kirilica/Кирилица).

IPA consonant	Latin	Cyrillic
/p/	p	п
/b/	b	б
/t/	t	т
/d/	d	д
/k/	k	к
/g/	g	г
/m/	m	м
/n/	n	н
/ɲ/	ň	њ
/ʦ/	c	ц
/ʣ/	z	ѕ
/ʧ/	č	ч
/ʤ/	ğ	ђ
/f/	f	ф
/v/	v	в
/θ/	ţ	ө
/ð/	đ	ћ
/s/	s	с
/z/	ś	з
/ʃ/	š	ш
/r/	r	р
/j/	j	й
/ɰ/	u	у
/l/	l	л
/ʎ/	ł	љ

IPA vowel	Latin	Cyrillic
/i/	i	и
/y/	ü	ÿ
/ɨ/	y	ы
/u/	u	у
/e/	e	е
/ɛ/	ĕ	ĕ
/ə/	ë	ё
/œ/	ö	ö
/æ/	ä	ä
/a/	a	а
/ɔ/	õ	õ
/o/	o	о

Morphology

Lišĕč has an agglutinative morphology, i.e, like Indo-european languages, words are declined and take endings, but these ending have only one meaning, instead of the multiple meaning of a Indo-european desinence.

Exemple:

• Latin: Urbium (genitive plural of the cities): root urb + desinence -ium, the desinence have meaning of both plural and genitive case.
• Lišĕč: Gradanasal (genitive plural of the cities): root grada + plural desinence -nas- + genitive desinence -al