Siye: Difference between revisions
(Added Siye Cheat Sheet before Relay 20 starts) |
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I know this is a mess, but I thought it would be a courtesy to post this information for Relay 20 starts. | I know this is a mess graphically, but I thought it would be a courtesy to post this information for Relay 20 starts. | ||
Siye Cheat Sheet | Siye Cheat Sheet | ||
Phonology | =Phonology and Orthography= | ||
==Phonology== | |||
/m/ [m], > [_n]/V_#, V_C | /m/ [m], > [_n]/V_#, V_C | ||
/n/ [n] | /n/ [n] | ||
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/um/ [U_n] | /um/ [U_n] | ||
==Vowel Dominance== | |||
Vowel Dominance | Vowel Dominance | ||
Siye Vowel Dominance indicates which vowel will dominate in a vowel-vowel sequence (nasalization of vowels does not affect this). | Siye Vowel Dominance indicates which vowel will dominate in a vowel-vowel sequence (nasalization of vowels does not affect this). | ||
/u/ > /o/ > /a/ > /e/ > /i/ | /u/ > /o/ > /a/ > /e/ > /i/ | ||
=Nominal Morphology= | |||
==Cases== | |||
Cases: | Cases: | ||
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EQUATIVE (EQ): -pu | EQUATIVE (EQ): -pu | ||
COMITATIVE (COM): -ni | COMITATIVE (COM): -ni | ||
==Grammatical Number== | |||
Grammatical Numbers: | Grammatical Numbers: | ||
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NP → N Mod, N Art, Num N | NP → N Mod, N Art, Num N | ||
=Verb and Participle Structure= | |||
==Verb Structure== | |||
Verb Structure | |||
Verb Structure | |||
1. Object Prefix | 1. Object Prefix | ||
2. Subject Prefix | 2. Subject Prefix | ||
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11. Coordinative | 11. Coordinative | ||
12. Negative (floater) | 12. Negative (floater) | ||
Positions 1 and 2 often combine due to Vowel Dominance. There are two conjugations, yi-conjugation and ya-conjugation. The ya-conjugation is object-prominent. Position 3 is often suppletive depending on aspect (Position 8). Position 4 reflects the subject if the verb is imperfective, the object if the verb is perfective. It is mandatory even in the singular number. Position 5 is often derivational and triggers the Causative (Syntactical) Construction in originally transitive verbs. Position 6 is derivational; each suffix may be associated with a particularly aspect. Position 6 triggers the Causative Construction in specific cases. Position 7 is sometimes derivational, sometimes not, usually mandatory. Position 8 and 9, usually combine into one syllable. Position 10 usually indicates a subordinate clause or a matrix clause in a conditional statement. Position 11 indicates parallel clauses and may combine with Position 8/9 or Position 10. Position 12 is a mobile suffix used to disambiguate certain negative statements or strengthen an already negative statement. | Positions 1 and 2 often combine due to Vowel Dominance. There are two conjugations, yi-conjugation and ya-conjugation. The ya-conjugation is object-prominent. Position 3 is often suppletive depending on aspect (Position 8). Position 4 reflects the subject if the verb is imperfective, the object if the verb is perfective. It is mandatory even in the singular number. Position 5 is often derivational and triggers the Causative (Syntactical) Construction in originally transitive verbs. Position 6 is derivational; each suffix may be associated with a particularly aspect. Position 6 triggers the Causative Construction in specific cases. Position 7 is sometimes derivational, sometimes not, usually mandatory. Position 8 and 9, usually combine into one syllable. Position 10 usually indicates a subordinate clause or a matrix clause in a conditional statement. Position 11 indicates parallel clauses and may combine with Position 8/9 or Position 10. Position 12 is a mobile suffix used to disambiguate certain negative statements or strengthen an already negative statement. | ||
Participle Structure | ==Participle Structure== | ||
1. Root | 1. Root | ||
2. Causative | 2. Causative | ||
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Positions 2, 3, and 4 are only present if necessary. Position 7 has three variants, active, passive, and locative. A participle lacks the Object and Subject Prefixes of a verb in a relative clause. | Positions 2, 3, and 4 are only present if necessary. Position 7 has three variants, active, passive, and locative. A participle lacks the Object and Subject Prefixes of a verb in a relative clause. | ||
=Syntax= | |||
==Syntax== | |||
Basic syntax is SOV, with a yi-conjungation verb. The indirect object and other non-core arguments precede the Direct Object. If the Direct Object is fronted, the verb changes from yi-conjugation to ya-conjugation. If the Subject is placed after the verb, the verb remains yi-conjugation. Pronouns are mandatory in formal Siye. | |||
==Causative Construction== | |||
If the causative suffix is added to a transitive verb, the cases of the core arguments from the original clause are governed by the aspect of the verb. If the verb is imperfective, the originally nominative or ergative subject of the original clause becomes dative or allative, while the originally accusative or absolutive object of the original clause remains accusative or absolutive. If the verb is perfective, the opposite occurs. Position 6 suffixes take the Causative Construction except when the Object of the Causative Construction is the same as the Subject of the Causative Construction. Thus “I wanted you to see the book” (le kenosu sa eleyemputena) uses the Causative Construction, while “I wanted to see the book” (le keno eleyamputena) does not. | If the causative suffix is added to a transitive verb, the cases of the core arguments from the original clause are governed by the aspect of the verb. If the verb is imperfective, the originally nominative or ergative subject of the original clause becomes dative or allative, while the originally accusative or absolutive object of the original clause remains accusative or absolutive. If the verb is perfective, the opposite occurs. Position 6 suffixes take the Causative Construction except when the Object of the Causative Construction is the same as the Subject of the Causative Construction. Thus “I wanted you to see the book” (le kenosu sa eleyemputena) uses the Causative Construction, while “I wanted to see the book” (le keno eleyamputena) does not. | ||
NP → N Adj Gen Relative-Clause Possessive Numeral Case | NP → N Adj Gen Relative-Clause Possessive Numeral Case | ||
PP → N P | PP → N P | ||
Revision as of 15:28, 19 October 2012
I know this is a mess graphically, but I thought it would be a courtesy to post this information for Relay 20 starts.
Siye Cheat Sheet
Phonology and Orthography
Phonology
/m/ [m], > [_n]/V_#, V_C /n/ [n] /p/ [p], > [p_h]/#_, [f]/_u, [C]/_i /t/ [t], > [t_h]/#_, [ts]/_u, [ts_h]/#_u /k/ [k] > [k_h]/#_, [x]/_u, [tS]/_i, [tS_h]/#_i /s/ [s] > [S]/_i /w/ [v] /y/ [j] /l/ [l] /h/ [placeholder after _n] /i/ [I] /im/ [i_n] /e/ [e] /em/ [E_n] /a/ [a] /am/ [a_n] /o/ [o] /om/ [o_n] /u/ [u] /um/ [U_n]
Vowel Dominance
Vowel Dominance Siye Vowel Dominance indicates which vowel will dominate in a vowel-vowel sequence (nasalization of vowels does not affect this). /u/ > /o/ > /a/ > /e/ > /i/
Nominal Morphology
Cases
Cases: NOMINATIVE (NOM): -0 NOM: Pronouns, Personal Names ABSOLUTIVE (ABS): -0 ABS: Everything Except Pronouns and Personal Names ACCUSATIVE (ACC): -a ERGATIVE (ERG): -ya, -na GENITIVE (GEN): -ne POSSESSIVE (POSS): -me ABLATIVE (ABL): -sum LOCATIVE (LOC): -kem (AL)LATIVE/DATIVE (ALL): -su ALL: Inanimates DATIVE (DAT): -tu DAT: Animates INSTRUMENTAL (INS): -ki ADVERBIAL (ADV): -ku EQUATIVE (EQ): -pu COMITATIVE (COM): -ni
Grammatical Number
Grammatical Numbers: NULL: -ku, -hu SINGULAR (SG): -0, -pu DUAL (DU): -so PAUCAL (PC): -ke PLURAL (PL): -lo PANTIC (PN): -ka
Structure: ROOT-NUMBER-CASE, except if there is a Possessive Case, in which case it is ROOT-CASE-NUMBER.
NP → N Mod, N Art, Num N
Verb and Participle Structure
Verb Structure
Verb Structure 1. Object Prefix 2. Subject Prefix 3. Root 4. Grammatical Number 5. Causative 6. Derivatives 7. Directionals 8. Aspect 9. Mode 10. Relational 11. Coordinative 12. Negative (floater)
Positions 1 and 2 often combine due to Vowel Dominance. There are two conjugations, yi-conjugation and ya-conjugation. The ya-conjugation is object-prominent. Position 3 is often suppletive depending on aspect (Position 8). Position 4 reflects the subject if the verb is imperfective, the object if the verb is perfective. It is mandatory even in the singular number. Position 5 is often derivational and triggers the Causative (Syntactical) Construction in originally transitive verbs. Position 6 is derivational; each suffix may be associated with a particularly aspect. Position 6 triggers the Causative Construction in specific cases. Position 7 is sometimes derivational, sometimes not, usually mandatory. Position 8 and 9, usually combine into one syllable. Position 10 usually indicates a subordinate clause or a matrix clause in a conditional statement. Position 11 indicates parallel clauses and may combine with Position 8/9 or Position 10. Position 12 is a mobile suffix used to disambiguate certain negative statements or strengthen an already negative statement.
Participle Structure
1. Root 2. Causative 3. Derivatives 4. Directionals 5. Aspect 6. Mode 7. Nominalizer 8. Grammatical Number 9. Case Positions 2, 3, and 4 are only present if necessary. Position 7 has three variants, active, passive, and locative. A participle lacks the Object and Subject Prefixes of a verb in a relative clause.
Syntax
Syntax
Basic syntax is SOV, with a yi-conjungation verb. The indirect object and other non-core arguments precede the Direct Object. If the Direct Object is fronted, the verb changes from yi-conjugation to ya-conjugation. If the Subject is placed after the verb, the verb remains yi-conjugation. Pronouns are mandatory in formal Siye.
Causative Construction
If the causative suffix is added to a transitive verb, the cases of the core arguments from the original clause are governed by the aspect of the verb. If the verb is imperfective, the originally nominative or ergative subject of the original clause becomes dative or allative, while the originally accusative or absolutive object of the original clause remains accusative or absolutive. If the verb is perfective, the opposite occurs. Position 6 suffixes take the Causative Construction except when the Object of the Causative Construction is the same as the Subject of the Causative Construction. Thus “I wanted you to see the book” (le kenosu sa eleyemputena) uses the Causative Construction, while “I wanted to see the book” (le keno eleyamputena) does not.
NP → N Adj Gen Relative-Clause Possessive Numeral Case PP → N P
