Permic: Difference between revisions

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(→‎Vowels: U ïĺ)
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** Length in *uu is purely hypothetical; this is to mark that unlike the vowel denoted *u (perhaps [ʊ]?), it is not subject to unrounding in Udmurt.
** Length in *uu is purely hypothetical; this is to mark that unlike the vowel denoted *u (perhaps [ʊ]?), it is not subject to unrounding in Udmurt.
* Derounding (short?) vowels: '''*ö *o *u''' → Udmurt /o o ɨ/ ~ Komi /e ɤ u/
* Derounding (short?) vowels: '''*ö *o *u''' → Udmurt /o o ɨ/ ~ Komi /e ɤ u/
** No real regular origin
** Origins largely irregular
** (There does not seem to be an *ü → **/i/ ~ **/ü/.)
** (There does not seem to be an *ü → **/i/ ~ **/ü/.)
* A series of (long?) vowels close in Udmurt but mid in Komi: '''*oo *ɤɤ''' → U. /u ɨ/ ~ K. /o ɤ/
* A series of (long?) vowels close in Udmurt but mid in Komi: '''*oo *ɤɤ''' → U. /u ɨ/ ~ K. /o ɤ/
** Expected *oo becomes /a/ in Komi, when an older (non-surviving) intervocalic *t follos (''ma va za sa''<!-- meti weti seti zeti-->). May be simply due to an open syllable.
** Expected *oo becomes /a/ in Komi, when an older (non-surviving) intervocalic *t follos (). May be simply due to an open syllable.
** Regular origins: *e *a → *oo; …
** Regular origins: *e *a → *oo; …
** In Komi, initial cases acquire a preceding /v/. (? *wolka, *woča)  
** In Komi, initial cases acquire a preceding /v/. (? *wolka, *woča)  
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** Regular origins: *äl → *aa, *#(k)o_a → *(k)wåå (*kački-, *kota, *kolo, korwa, *kośki)  
** Regular origins: *äl → *aa, *#(k)o_a → *(k)wåå (*kački-, *kota, *kolo, korwa, *kośki)  
* The vowels reconstructed here as "long" seem to result mostly from PU *open vowels, those reconstructed as "short" mostly from PU *close vowels.
* The vowels reconstructed here as "long" seem to result mostly from PU *open vowels, those reconstructed as "short" mostly from PU *close vowels.
* Awaiting explanation
 
** '''/i/ ~ /ɨ/''' (*ńëxli, *künči, *jürä)
; Conditional developments
** A trubbling amount of correspondences predominantly found as supposed sporadic developments from [[Proto-Uralic/Ä|*ä]]
* Komi *oo → a / _# (*mêti *wêti *sêti sEti → ''ma va sa za'')
*** The most prominent of these is '''*o'''.
* Udmurt (*uu, *oo →) u → ɨ / _ĺ. (*kaðʲa- *koðʲV- *koðʲka *kujV-lV- *ńeljä #ćOlćV #EðʲV- → ''kɨĺ- kɨĺ- kɨĺ kɨĺĺɨ- ńɨĺ ćɨĺćo ɨĺ'')
*** '''/e/ ~ /ɤ/''' (all a-stems: *pära, *säppa, *kärta, *läśa, *käna, *käća)
** but NB bisyllabic *moðʲa *tuðʲkajm → ''mu.ĺɨ tu.ĺɨm''
*** '''/i/ ~ /(j)e/''' (*śäŋki, *läppa, *wü/äðim, *ilma) (*ee? "marrow" also U. /-ijɨ-/)
 
*** '''/ɨ/ ~ /e/''' (*wäśka, *läxmi, *mäćV - might be a split from *ɨ or *ɤɤ)
; Awaiting explanation
*** '''/ɨ/ ~ /o/''' (*läkti-, *mäjaka, *kaðʲa-, *saala, *kaasi)
* '''/i/ ~ /ɨ/''' (*ńëxli, *künči, *jürä)
*** /ɤ/ ~ /e/ (*pÄĺka)
* A trubbling amount of correspondences predominantly found as supposed sporadic developments from [[Proto-Uralic/Ä|*ä]]
*** /a/ ~ /e/ (*käliw, *orja) (*ää?)
** The most prominent of these is '''*o'''.
*** /ä/ ~ /o/ (*täji) (does /ä/ even exist in Udmurt?? would be *åå otherwise)
** '''/e/ ~ /ɤ/''' (all a-stems: *pära, *säppa, *kärta, *läśa, *käna, *käća)
** /wi/ ~ /uji/ (*kôlmi - from *uujV?)
** '''/i/ ~ /(j)e/''' (*śäŋki, *läppa, *wü/äðim, *ilma) (*ee? "marrow" also U. /-ijɨ-/)
** /ɨ/ ~ /i/ (*ćara, ćilV)
** '''/ɨ/ ~ /e/''' (*wäśka, *läxmi, *mäćV - might be a split from *ɨ or *ɤɤ)
** /u/ ~ /ɨ/ (*to, *süli, *käpsa, *jewa, *lixwa)
** '''/ɨ/ ~ /o/''' (*läkti-, *mäjaka, *saala, *kaasi)
** /u/ ~ /e/ (*satVr, *ponti)
** /ɤ/ ~ /e/ (*pÄĺka)
** /u/ ~ /ɤ/ (*śüćV, *süD´än)
** /a/ ~ /e/ (*käliw, *orja) (*ää?)
** /u/ ~ /a/ (*wanša)
** /ä/ ~ /o/ (*täji) (does /ä/ even exist in Udmurt?? would be *åå otherwise)
** /e/ ~ /o(j)/ (*kixi-ma, *mińa, *kiśka-)
* /wi/ ~ /uji/ (*kôlmi - from *uujV?)
** /ɤ/ ~ /i/ (*kiwi)
* /ɨ/ ~ /i/ (*ćara, ćilV)
** /ɤ/ ~ /ɨ/ (*nôla)
* /u/ ~ /ɨ/ (*to, *süli, *käpsa, *jewa, *lixwa)
** /ɤ/ ~ /o/ (*kAl-)
* /u/ ~ /e/ (*satVr, *ponti)
** /o/ ~ /i/ (*wixća-, *wita (or *ô?))
* /u/ ~ /ɤ/ (*śüćV, *süD´än)
** /o/ ~ /a/ (*čokV-)
* /u/ ~ /a/ (*wanša)
** /a/ ~ /u/ (*vooti) - reverse of expected outcome, may be data mixup? Álgu has /vo/ for Komi
* /e/ ~ /o(j)/ (*kixi-ma, *mińa, *kiśka-)
**Note the popularity of Udmurt high vowels
* /ɤ/ ~ /i/ (*kiwi)
* /ɤ/ ~ /ɨ/ (*nôla)
* /ɤ/ ~ /o/ (*kAl-)
* /o/ ~ /i/ (*wixća-, *wita (or *ô?))
* /o/ ~ /a/ (*čokV-)
* /a/ ~ /u/ (*vooti) - reverse of expected outcome, may be data mixup? Álgu has /vo/ for Komi
* Note the popularity of Udmurt high vowels


Standard Proto-Permic:
Standard Proto-Permic:

Revision as of 01:37, 14 December 2011

The Permic languages are a branch of Uralic languages spoken in west-central Russia. The family is divided to Udmurt and Komi; the Permyak dialect of Komi is sometimes also included as a separate language.

Vowels

Note: /ɤ/ here is actually a mid vowel, from the [ɤ̈] ~ [ɘ] ~ [ɵ] ballpark.

A schematic reconstruction of the proto-Permic vowel system:

  • Stable vowels: *i *ɨ *uu *e *ɤ *a
    • Regular origins: *u, *ü_a → *ɨ; *ü_i *i → *i; *ë → *uu; ??; *ëx → *ɤ; ??
      • Presumably: y → ʉ / _a, then u → ʉ, finally y ʉ → i ɨ.
    • Length in *uu is purely hypothetical; this is to mark that unlike the vowel denoted *u (perhaps [ʊ]?), it is not subject to unrounding in Udmurt.
  • Derounding (short?) vowels: *ö *o *u → Udmurt /o o ɨ/ ~ Komi /e ɤ u/
    • Origins largely irregular
    • (There does not seem to be an *ü → **/i/ ~ **/ü/.)
  • A series of (long?) vowels close in Udmurt but mid in Komi: *oo *ɤɤ → U. /u ɨ/ ~ K. /o ɤ/
    • Expected *oo becomes /a/ in Komi, when an older (non-surviving) intervocalic *t follos (). May be simply due to an open syllable.
    • Regular origins: *e *a → *oo; …
    • In Komi, initial cases acquire a preceding /v/. (? *wolka, *woča)
  • A series of (long?) vowels open in Udmurt but mid in Komi: *aa *åå → U. /a a/ ~ K. /ɤ o/
    • Regular origins: *äl → *aa, *#(k)o_a → *(k)wåå (*kački-, *kota, *kolo, korwa, *kośki)
  • The vowels reconstructed here as "long" seem to result mostly from PU *open vowels, those reconstructed as "short" mostly from PU *close vowels.
Conditional developments
  • Komi *oo → a / _# (*mêti *wêti *sêti sEti → ma va sa za)
  • Udmurt (*uu, *oo →) u → ɨ / _ĺ. (*kaðʲa- *koðʲV- *koðʲka *kujV-lV- *ńeljä #ćOlćV #EðʲV- → kɨĺ- kɨĺ- kɨĺ kɨĺĺɨ- ńɨĺ ćɨĺćo ɨĺ)
    • but NB bisyllabic *moðʲa *tuðʲkajm → mu.ĺɨ tu.ĺɨm
Awaiting explanation
  • /i/ ~ /ɨ/ (*ńëxli, *künči, *jürä)
  • A trubbling amount of correspondences predominantly found as supposed sporadic developments from *ä
    • The most prominent of these is *o.
    • /e/ ~ /ɤ/ (all a-stems: *pära, *säppa, *kärta, *läśa, *käna, *käća)
    • /i/ ~ /(j)e/ (*śäŋki, *läppa, *wü/äðim, *ilma) (*ee? "marrow" also U. /-ijɨ-/)
    • /ɨ/ ~ /e/ (*wäśka, *läxmi, *mäćV - might be a split from *ɨ or *ɤɤ)
    • /ɨ/ ~ /o/ (*läkti-, *mäjaka, *saala, *kaasi)
    • /ɤ/ ~ /e/ (*pÄĺka)
    • /a/ ~ /e/ (*käliw, *orja) (*ää?)
    • /ä/ ~ /o/ (*täji) (does /ä/ even exist in Udmurt?? would be *åå otherwise)
  • /wi/ ~ /uji/ (*kôlmi - from *uujV?)
  • /ɨ/ ~ /i/ (*ćara, ćilV)
  • /u/ ~ /ɨ/ (*to, *süli, *käpsa, *jewa, *lixwa)
  • /u/ ~ /e/ (*satVr, *ponti)
  • /u/ ~ /ɤ/ (*śüćV, *süD´än)
  • /u/ ~ /a/ (*wanša)
  • /e/ ~ /o(j)/ (*kixi-ma, *mińa, *kiśka-)
  • /ɤ/ ~ /i/ (*kiwi)
  • /ɤ/ ~ /ɨ/ (*nôla)
  • /ɤ/ ~ /o/ (*kAl-)
  • /o/ ~ /i/ (*wixća-, *wita (or *ô?))
  • /o/ ~ /a/ (*čokV-)
  • /a/ ~ /u/ (*vooti) - reverse of expected outcome, may be data mixup? Álgu has /vo/ for Komi
  • Note the popularity of Udmurt high vowels

Standard Proto-Permic:

  Close #1 Close #2 Mid Open
Proto-Permic (Sammallahti) *ɪ *ɪ̵ *ʏ, *ʊ *i *ʉ *ɨ *y, *u *e *ɤ *ɵ *o *a
Proto-Permic (Itkonen) *i *ɨ *u *e *ɵ *o *ɛ *ʌ *ɔ *a
Komi i ɨ u e ɤ o †ɛ → e ɤ †ɔ → o a ɤ o ɤ e u
Komi-Yazva i ɵ u iː ɨː uː e ɵ o a ? ? ? ? ?
Udmurt i ɨ ‡u e ɤ ɨ ‡u e o u a ɤ o ɨ
My Proto-P. *i *ɨ *uu *e1
(*ee?)		 *ɤɤ *oo1 *e2 *o *oo2 *a *aa *åå *ɤ *ö *u

† Distinct /ɛ ɔ/ are attested in Old Komi (/ɔ/ also dialectally).
‡ Sammallahti's *y *ʏ occur for words that in SW Udmurt have /ʉ/ in place of expected /u/.

Consonants

Permic is notorious within Uralic for contrasting voicing in obstruents even initially. There is no accepted explanation for the origin of this contrast (outside of the change of initial *r → ? *dr → /dʐ/ in Udmurt), and some words even have voiced/voiceless variants.

In several cases, apparently a voiceless initial assimilates to a voiced medial:

  • *künči >> *kidž > *giž
  • *kenta >> *kid > *gid
  • *kënta >> *kVd > K. gɨd
  • *kumpa >> *kɨb > *gɨb
  • *ponči >> *bɤɤdž > *bɤɤž
  • *sonta >> *suud > *zuud
  • *sompa >> *sVb > K. zɨb
  • *čeŋki >> *čog > U. džog, žog

In Komi this is more common than in Udmurt:

  • *ponti >> *pVd > U. pud~bud, K. bed
  • *š/čamći >> *šoodź > U. šudź, K. žodź
  • *kansa >> *kooz > U. kuz, K. goz
  • *puŋka >> *pVg > U. pog, K. bug

Sometimes this seems to be shared by Hungarian:

  • *tOmpɜ- >> *tɨb- > *dɨb-; Hu. dob- ("to knock" ~ "to thro", could be onomatopoetic. Check Trc)

However, the change is far from fully general:

  • *kunći > *kɨdź "birch"
  • *kunći > *kudź "urine"
  • *tumti- > *tod-
  • *tëŋka > *tug
  • *künta > *kɨd
  • *čiŋka > *čög
  • *pEntɜ > *pod
  • *šoŋkɜ > *šoog
  • *čêŋka > *čog
  • *ś/ćäŋkɜ > *ćeeg
  • *kunćɜ > *kVdź (> U. kidźi-ĺi, K. këdźɨl)
  • *kamti > K. kud
  • *konćɜ > K. kadź (cf. *ko(n)ć-ka > K. kaćka)
  • *sVŋśa- > K. sidź-
  • *sünti- > K. sod-
  • #šäŋti > K. šogdi (bisyllabic? a derivativ?)
  • *pinta > U. ped
  • BF *kään-tä- ~ *ködž- (bad; BF a causativ)
  • Ma *kində ~ *kɨd
  • Ma *pʊndaš ~ *pɨdəs
  • ObU *ćumpəl ~ *ćib
  • ObU *kïïnt ~ *kuud
  • Kh *pänt ~ K. pad

(*goobɨ "mushroom" is a Slavic loan with a voiced initial to begin with.)

There are also similar examples not from nasals:

  • ObU *pɛɛrt ~ bördɨ (← IE *bʰrdʰ-?)
  • Ms *kürtəɣ ~ *goorda
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