Rajadom of Jammu: Difference between revisions

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<div style="border: 1px solid #ccd2d9; width: 24em; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; text-align: center;">
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{| style="background: transparent; text-align: left; table-layout: auto; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; font-size: 100%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{| style="background: transparent; text-align: left; table-layout: auto; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; font-size: 100%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|+ style="margin-left: inherit; font-size: 135%; padding-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.1em;" |  '''The Rajadom of Lo'''<br/>'''Lo Manthang'''
|+ style="margin-left: inherit; font-size: 135%; padding-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.1em;" |  '''The Rajadom of Jammu'''<br/>'''???'''
|- style="border-top-style: hidden;"
|- style="border-top-style: hidden;"
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
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     | style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle;" | [[]]
     | style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle;" | [[]]
     |- style="font-size: 95%;"
     |- style="font-size: 95%;"
     | style="border: 0;text-align: center;" | state flag
     | style="border: 0;text-align: center;" | Flag of Rajadom of Jammu
     | style="border: 0;text-align: center;" | coat of arms
     | style="border: 0;text-align: center;" | emblem
     |}
     |}
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 95%;" | [[]]<br />map of Lo
| colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 95%;" | [[]]<br />map of United Rajadom of Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|-
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | '''Capitals'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | '''Winter Capital'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" |
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | Srinigar
|-
|-
| Royal
| Coordinates
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  | Mantang
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  | latitude: 34° 4' 60" N<br>longitude: 74° 49' 0" E
|-
|-
| Administrative
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | '''Summer Capital'''
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" | Jomsom
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | Jammu City
|-
|-
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | '''Provinces with Capitals'''
| Coordinates
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" |
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  | latitude: 32° 43' 60" N<br>longitude: 74° 52' 0" E
|-
| Mustang
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  | Jomsom
|-
| Dolpo
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" | Dunai
|-
| Manang
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" | Chame
|-
|-
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Government'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Government'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;" | absolute monarchy
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;" | constitutional monarchy
|-  
|-  
| '''Head of State and Government'''
| '''Head of State'''
| style="padding: 0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" | His Royal Highness Ashtok Bista
| style="padding: 0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" | His Royal Highness Vikram Aditya Singh
|-
| '''Head of Government'''
| style="padding: 0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" | ???
|-
|-
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | '''Demonym'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | '''Demonym'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | Lotian
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | Dogri
|-
|-
|-
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Religions'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Religions'''
|-
|-
| Official
| Official
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  | Buddhism
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  | [[Wikipedia:Nimbarka Sampradaya|Nimbarka]] Hinduism 79%
|-
|-
| Other
| Other
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  | Hinduism
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  | [[Wikipedia:Udasi|Udasi]] Sikhism 18%<br>Other 3%
|-
|-
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Languages'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Languages'''
|-
|-
| Official
| Official
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  | Tibetan, Lepcha, Limbu
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  | [[Wikipedia:Dogri|Dogri]]
|-
|-
| Other
| Other
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  | Nepali
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  | [[Wikipedia:Nepali|Nepali]]<br>Hindi<br>Punjabi
|-
|-
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Founding'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Founding'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;" | 1380
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;" | 1820
|-
|-
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Independence'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Independence'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;" | 1790
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;" | 1921
|-
|-
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Area'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Area'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | 10,293 km²<br>3,974 mi²
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | 26,293 km²<br>10,152 mi²
|-
|-
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Population (2001)'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Population'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | 54,113
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | 2,718,000
|-
|-
| Ethnicities
| Ethnicities
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  | Bhutia 53%<br>Lepcha 25%<br>Limbu 12%<br>Nepali 10%
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  | [[Wikipedia:Dogra|Dogra]] 53%<br>[[Wikipedia:Punjabi|Punjabi]] 25%<br>indigenous tribes 32%
|-
|-
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Currency'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Currency'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" |1 Himalayan Rupee (Rs) = 20 sukaa (?) = 240 paisa (?)
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" |1 Himalayan Rupee (Rs) = 20 sukaa (s) = 240 paisa (p)
|-
|-
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Time zone'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Time zone'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | CET UTC+5:30
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | UTC +6:00
|-
|-
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Telephone Code'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Telephone Code'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | ?
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" |  
|-
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''ISO Code'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | JM
|-
|-
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Registration'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Registration'''
|-
|-
| [[wikipedia:call sign#Aviation|Aviation]]
| [[wikipedia:call sign#Aviation|Aviation]]
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  | LOM
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  | JMM
|-
|-
| [[wikipedia:call sign#Amateur_radio|Amateur radio]]
| [[wikipedia:call sign#Amateur_radio|Amateur radio]]
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  | LOM
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  | JMM
|-
|-
| [[wikipedia:ITU prefix|Radio prefix]]
| [[wikipedia:ITU prefix|Radio prefix]]
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" | LOM
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;" | JMM
|-
|-
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Organizations'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Organizations'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | Commission on Very Small States<br>Himalayan Confederacy
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;" | Himalayan Confederacy
|-
|-
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Sports'''
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | '''Sports'''
|-
|-
| Official
| Official
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  | soccer
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  |  
|-
|-
| Other
| Other
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  | cricket
| style="padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;"  |  
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


 
==History==
 
Texts in '''bold''' print are points of departure.
Texts in '''bold''' print are points of departure.
*Jammu was founded by Raja Jambu Lochan in the 14th century B.C. During one of his hunting campaigns, he reached the Tawi River where he saw a goat and a lion drinking water at the same place. Having satisfied their thirst, the animals went their own ways. The Raja was amazed, abandoned the idea of hunting and returned to his companions. Recounting what he had seen, he exclaimed that this place, where a lion and a lamb could drink water side by side, was a place of peace and tranquility. The Raja had a palace built at this place and a city was founded around it. This city became known as Jambu-Nagar, which then later changed into Jammu.
*The city is mentioned in the [[Wikipedia:Mahabharata|Mahabharata]]. Excavations near [[Wikipedia:Akhnoor|Akhnoor]], 20 miles (32 km) from Jammu City, provide evidence that Jammu was once part of the [[Wikipedia:Indus Valley Civilization|Harappan]] civilization.
*In 321 B.C. [[Wikipedia:Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta Maurya]] (340-298) conquered the [[Wikipedia:Nanda Dynasty|Nanda Empire]] in a series of battles, ending with the siege of the capital city Kusumapura. He, thus founded the powerful [[Wikipedia:Maurya Empire|Maurya Empire]] in northern India by the time he was about 20 years old.
*The [[Wikipedia:Kushan|Kushan]] Empire originally formed in the first century A.D. in ancient Bactria on either side of the middle course of the [[Wikipedia:Amu Darya|Amu Darya]] River in what is now northern Afghanistan and southern Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. First mentioned by the Chinese, the Kushans were originally a tribe of the [[Wikipedia:Yuezhi|Yuezhi]], living north of the Great Wall and subject to the [[Wikipedia:Rouran Khaganate|Rouran]] (Jwen-Jwen). During the first and early second centuries the Kushans expanded rapidly across the northern part of the Indian subcontinent at least as far as [[Wikipedia:Saketa|Saketa]] and [[Wikipedia:Sarnath|Sarnath]] near Benares. Inscriptions have been found dated to the first few years of era of the most famous Kushan ruler, [[Wikipedia:Kanishka|Kanishka]] which apparently began about 127.  They threatened the Gupta empire but were eventually driven out of India in 528 by a Hindu coalition.
*In the early fourth century, [[Wikipedia:Chandragupta II|Chandragupta II the Great]] Vikramaditya (375-415) conquered about twenty-one kingdoms, both inside of and outside of India. After finishing his campaign in the east and west of India, he proceeded northwards, subjugating the Parasikas (Persians), [[Wikipedia:Huna people|Hunas]] and Kambojas located in the [[Wikipedia:Amu Darya|Amu Darya]] Valley. After that, he proceeded to cross the Himalayas and brought the [[Wikipedia:Kinnara#India|Kinnaras]], [[Wikipedia:Kirata|Kiratas]], and others in the north into India proper. He controlled a vast empire, which extended from the mouth of the Ganges in the west to the mouth of the Indus River in the east, and from what is now northern Pakistan down to the mouth of the [[Wikipedia:Narmada River|Narmada River]].
*After 480, the area was dominated by the [[Wikipedia:Hephthalite|Hephthalites]] and ruled from [[Wikipedia:Kapisa|Kapisa]] and [[Wikipedia:Kabul|Kabul]]. Jammu is also mentioned in accounts of the campaigns of [[Wikipedia:Timur|Timur]].
*1703-1725 - Dhruv Dev drove out the Mughals and re-established the independence of Jammu.
*1725-1782 - Ranjit Dev allied with Afghanistan and increased his territory.
**1779 - Attempted to conquer Kashmir, but failed.
*1782-1787 - Brijraj Dev is invaded by Ranjit Singh, a vassal of Punjab.
*1787-1797 - Sampuran Singh.
*1797-1816 - Jit Singh, son of Mian Dalal Singh, son of Brijraj Dev, succeeded on death of cousin.  Conquered by Ranjit Singh of Kashmir and annexed.
**'''1804 - Signs Treaty of Yamuna with Maharaja Prithvi Van Singh of Nepal.'''
*1816-1820 - Interregnum.
*1820-1822 - Kishore Singh installed instead of his cousin.
*1822-1856 - Gulab Singh, in the Treaty of Amritsar, March 16, 1846, transferred Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit and Hazara.  He abdicated on February 20, 1856, for his son. He died on June 30, 1857.
**1836 - Annexes the Rajadom of [[Wikipedia:Bashohli|Bashohli]].
*1856-1885 - Ranbir Singh.
*1885-1925 - Pratap Singh.
*1925-1961 - Hari Singh succeeded on death of father.
*1961 - Karun Singh
*Vikrmadhitya Singh
*Mriganka Singh b. 1991


==History==
The land witnessed changes of control following invasions by the Sikhs, before finally being conquered and placed under the control of Maharaja [[Wikipedia:Ranjit Singh|Ranjit Singh]] (1780-1839) in the nineteenth century, becoming part of the Sikh Empire in 1816. Raja Jit Singh was expelled and found refuge in India. Ranjit Singh appointed a governor to administer the newly conquered area which was expanded in 1819 with the annexation of Kashmir by a Sikh force. In 1820, in appreciation of services rendered by the family, and by [[Wikipedia:Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Gulab Singh]] (1792-1857) in particular, Ranjit Singh bestowed Jammu as a hereditary fief upon Kishore Singh. Kishore Singh died in 1822 and Gulab Singh was confirmed as Raja of Jammu by his suzerain, Ranjit Singh. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Raja Gulab Singh asserted his independence and is thus the founder of the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
===Early History===
*The Rajadom of [[Wikipedia:Mustang (kingdom)|Lo]] has a long, rich and complex history.  Its early history is shrouded in legend, myth and mystery, but there are records of events in the [[Wikipedia:Gandaki River|Kali Gandaki]] Valley as early as the 8th century. According to local legend [[Wikipedia:Padmasambhava|Padmasambhava]], the great founder of Tibetan Buddhism came to the Kali Kandaki Valley on his way to Tibet.
**The first emperor of Tibet, [[Wikipedia:Trisong Detsen|Trisong Detsen]], (742-797) was desirous of introducing Buddhism to his empire, but his desire was thwarted by evil mountain deities. Learning of the holiness of Padmasambhava, the emperor invited him to come and do battle with these evil powers. Guru Rinpoche, as he is known in Tibet, on his way through eastern Lo in 775 built the temple of Ghar Gompa (''House Temple'') which still stands guard today. He arrived in Tibet in 810 and used his tantric powers to subdue the evil deities he encountered along the way. He founded the first monastery in the country, Samye Gompa, initiated the first monks, and introduced the people to the practice of Tantric Buddhism.
**It is also quite likely that the Tibetan poet [[Wikipedia:Milarepa|Milarepa]], who lived from 1040 to 1123, visited Lo.
*For a time, Lo was part of Ngari, a name for far western Tibet. Ngari was not a true political entity, but rather a loose collection of feudal domains that also included parts of [[Wikipedia:Dolpo|Dolpo]]. By the 14th century, much of Ngari, as well as most of what today is western Nepal, was part of the [[Wikipedia:Malla (Nepal)|Malla]] Empire governed from their capital at Sinja, near [[Wikipedia:Jumla District|Jumla]].
 
===Fourteenth Century===
*In '''1380''', Shres-rab la-ma, was the ''dzongpon'' (military commander and provincial commissioner) of Lo for the Gung-thang kings of Tibet. He held a semi-independent status, which allowed him to secure the government for his lineal descendants.
*His son, Tshang Chos-kyong-bum was recognised as ''dzongpon'' of Lo, Nar, Nyishang, [[Wikipedia:Manang District|Manang]], Phug, and Nubri. He died c.1425.


===Fifteenth Century===
Gulab Singh was succeeded by his son [[Wikipedia:Ranbir Singh|Ranbir Singh]] (1830-1885) who reigned from 1857 until his death.
*In 1440, his son, the warrior-monk Ama Pal, consolidated his power in the upper Kali Gandaki Valley and extended his influence over a wide region in western Tibet, thus founding the Buddhist Kingdom of Lo.  He defeated the Zhang-pa army, declared his independence, and was enthroned as ''gyal-po'', although his kingdom remained closely tied by language and culture to Tibet. He was recognised as an independent ruler by the Gung-thang king of Tibet and assumed the title of ''chos-gyal''.
**He transferred his capital from Sarang to Manthang, constructing many ''gompas'' (temples). He subjugated [[Wikipedia:Guge|Guge]] and [[Wikipedia:Burang Town|Purang]] in western Tibet and founded the Thub-stan shad-rub dar-gyas-ling Monastery at Sarang, which accommodated over 2,000 resident monks and served as a major center of religious learning and worship.
**He was venerated as a [[Wikipedia:bodhisattva|''bodhisattva'']] by his people and died at the Kra-this ge-phel Palace, in Manthang in 1447.
**The ancestry of the present raja can be traced back 25 generations to Ama Pal.
*In 1447, Tenzing Zampo, succeeded his father as Lo Gyal-po. He was born in 1419, the eldest son of Ama Pal. He was an enlightened ruler who patronized literature and religion, reorganized the administration and developed the economic welfare of the kingdom, during a reign that was largely peaceful and prosperous. He died in '''1482'''.
*In 1482, Kra-this-gon succeeded his father as Lo Gyal-po. He was born in '''1443''', his father’s eldest son. He was appointed as heir apparent with the title of ''gyal-chung'' and served as ''drung-pa chen-po'' during his father's retreats to monasteries. He died in '''1513'''.


===Sixteenth Century===
Ranbir Singh was succeeded by his son [[Wikipedia:Partab Singh of Kashmir|Pratap Singh]] (1848-1925), who reigned from 1885 until his death. '''Dissatisfied with this situation, Jammu threatened to rebel and secede from the kingdom. In an effort to quell the rising nationalism, Pratap Singh in 1921, created a dual monarchy.  Each nation was set up as sovereign, but joined in a personal union with the [[Wikipedia:Dogra Dynasty|Dogra Dynasty]].'''
*In 1513, Rags-pa-tha-yas, succeeded his father as Lo Gyal-po. He was his father’s second son. The growing power of Jumla saw a contraction of his hegemony to little more than the traditional areas of Lo, eventually losing his independence in 1544.
*In 1544, Lo was divided into separate districts. These were ruled by the three sons of Rags-pa-tha-yas, under Jumla sovereignty, until 1560.
*In 1560, Gya-hor-pal-zang, the elder son of Kra-this tog-gyal, the eldest of the three sons was appointed ''khri-thog-pa'' by the Jumla authorities. He succeeded in re-establishing the principality. He was a great patron of literature, religious sculpture and a builder of stupas, but he died having no sons.
*In 1565, Sod-nams Kra-this, the younger son of Kra-this-gon was appointed ''de-pa'' by his elder brother whom he succeeded. He died in '''1580'''.
*In '''1580''', Don-grub-dorje, the second son of Sod-nams Kra-this succeeded on the death of his father. He did much to revive the fortunes of the state, constructed palaces and strong forts, and recovered authority over Serib, Gelung and Khangkar. He died in 1594.
*In 1594, Sam-grub Dorje, the eldest son of Don-grub-Dorje, succeeded on the death of his father. He died in 1609.


===Seventeenth Century===
Pratap Singh was succeeded by his nephew [[Wikipedia:Hari Singh|Hari Singh]] (1895-1961) who reigned from 1925 '''until his death'''.
*In 1609, Sam-grub Rab-tan, the only surviving son of Sam-grub Dorje, succeeded on the death of his father
**In 1655, he abdicated in favour of his third son. He married Nyi-zla Glay-mo, a princess from [[Wikipedia:Ladakh|Ladakh]]. He died in 1664.
*In 1656, Sa-ang, the third son of Sam-grub Rab-tan, succeeded his father. He fought several wars against Jumla, regaining his independence through military help from Ladakh several times during his reign. He lost the Thak-Panchgaun region to Parvat in 1687.  He abdicated in favour of his son in 1710.


===Eighteenth Century===
'''Hari Singh was succeeded by his son [[Wikipedia:Karan Singh|Karan Singh]] (1931-1985), who reigned from 1961 until his death. In 1984, he brought the United Maharajadom into the Himalayan Confederacy.'''
*In 1711, Je-ang succeeded on the abdication of his father. He died in '''1723'''.
*In 1723, Kra-this nam-gyal succeeded his father. He died in '''1728'''.
*In 1728, Ten-zing Anjia succeeded his father.  He reigned under the regency of his mother, Nor-zin de-legs bang-mo, daughter of Nyi-ma nam-gyal, the King of Ladakh, until he came of age and assumed full ruling powers in 1734. He died in '''1760'''.
*The Malla Empire declined and split into numerous petty hill states. By the 18th century, Jumla had consolidated and reasserted its power. In an effort to develop their domain as a trading center and to obtain Tibetan goods, the rulers of Jumla turned their attention eastward.
**In 1740, they assumed control over Lo, from which they extracted an annual tribute.
**Since the valley was the easiest corridor through the mighty Himalaya linking the Tibetan Plateau to southern Asia, it became a major trading center. Great caravans of sheep and yaks brought loads from Tibet to Lo where they were transferred to the mules and goats more suited to travel in the erewarmer lowlands. Southwards the trade was in salt, wool, musk, borax and [[Wikipedia:tsampa|tsampa]]; heading north was rice, grain, and textiles.
*When he ascended the throne in 1762, [[Wikipedia:Prithivi Narayan Shah|Prithvi Narayan Shah]], founder of the house of [[Wikipedia:Gurkah|Gorkha]], began to consolidate what is present-day Nepal. He conquered Jumla and laid claim to Lo. Although Lo was forced to pay tribute for protection, they regained a large measure of autonomy. Prithvi Narayan Shah went on to conquer much of what is now modern Nepal. At the time of his death in 1775, the kingdom extended from Gorkha eastward to the borders of Sikkim. His descendants directed their efforts westward and by 1789, Jumla had been annexed.  
*In 1760, Sri Sri Sri Raja Wanggyal Dorje, born in '''1738''', succeeded on the death of his father.
**The vassal rulers of Lo had made several valiant, but unsuccessful, attempts to re-establish their independence.
**In 1788, their chance finally came when the Nepalese Regent, Prince Bahadur Shah, requested an alliance to complete his plans for unifying Nepal. He needed the help of Wanggyal Dorje to subdue the Raja of Jumla, Lo’s overlord.
**In 1788, he entered into an alliance with the Nepalese to defeat his overlord, the Raja of Jumla.
**In 1790, after the successful completion of the war, '''he was awarded for his participation some of the lands seized by Jumla, i.e., [[Wikipedia:Manang|Manang]] and [[Wikipedia:Dolpo|Dolpo]]'''. He was thereafter recognized as a '''sovereign''' ruler with the hereditary title of Gyelpo Raja of '''Lo'''.  He received a crown acknowledging his new status from the Maharajadhiraja of Nepal and was granted a golden plumed crown by the [[Wikipedia:Qianlong|Qianlong]] Emperor of China. This now forms part of the ''tog-sum'' or regalia of the rajadom. He was a religious and cultural reformer who renovated monasteries and monuments, built several temples and a modern palace, and invited learned lamas to settle in Lo.
*In 1797, Krathis Ningpo succeeded his father.  He abdicated in 1815.


===Nineteenth Century===
'''Karan Singh was succeeded by his son Vikramaditya (1985-), who is presently reigning'''. In 1987, he married the Chitrangada Scindia.
*In 1815, Jampal Traldus succeeded his uncle. He was a religious man who spent long hours meditating with his lamas in remote caves and other holy places.
*In 1837, Kunga Norbu succeeded his father.  He served in the Nepalese War against Tibet in 1855.
*In 1857, Jamyand Wangdi succeeded on the death of his father.  He reigned under the regency of his mother, Kra-this-bu-khrid. He was never installed or crowned and thus addressed in some local chronicles as ''gyal-ras'' (prince) only.
*In 1863, Ngodup Palbar left the monastic life and succeeded his brother.  He reigned under the regency of his sister-in-law, Je-chog, from 1863 to 1868. He died in 1893.
*In 1893, Jambyang Pelbar succeeded his uncle. He died in 1935.


===Twentieth Century===
====Styles====
*In 1935, Angun Tenzing Trandul succeeded his father.  He abdicated in 1955 in favor of his eldest son.
*The ruler of Jammu and Kashmir has the titles His Royal Majesty the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, Raja of [[Wikipedia:Bashohli|Bashohli]], Rā of [[Wikipedia:Astore Valley|Astore]], Rondu, [[Wikipedia:Skardu|Skārdu]], and Kharmung, Emir of [[Wikipedia:Gilgit|Gilgit]] and [[Wikipedia:Hazara District|Hazara]].
*In 1955, Angdu Nyingpo succeeded his father. He had been appointed heir apparent by his father and invested with the title of ''gyal-chung''. He died at the Manthang Palace in 1958.
*The wife of the maharajah, the maharani, has the style of Her Royal Majesty.
*In 1958, Angun Tenzing Trandul resumed the throne after the death of his son. He married Rani Kelsang Choeden, of the Zhalu Kushang family of the Che clan, the elder sister of His Excellency Ngawang Khyenrab Thupten Lekshe Gyatso, the 18th ''Chogye Trichen Rinpoche'' of the Phenpo Nalanda Monastery in Tibet. He died at Phre-mkhar Palace in 1964.
*The heir apparent, the maharaj kumar, has the style of His Royal Highness.
*In 1964, Sri Sri Jigme Singi Pelbar Bista succeeded his father as the 25th Raja of Lo. He had been appointed heir apparent by his father and invested with the title of ''gyal-chung'' in 1959.
*The younger sons and daughters of the maharaja have the style of Their Royal Highnesses.
**In 1953, at [[Wikipedia:Shigatse|Shigatse]], Tibet, he married Rani Sahiba Sidol Palbar Bista, a lady from a noble family of Shigatse. They had an only son who died at the age of eight years. Subsequently, in September, 2004, he adopted as his own son and heir apparent, his nephew, Ashok Bista, the son of his elder brother, Lama Shabtung Rinpoche. '''He died in 2005.'''


===Twenty-first Century===
====Rule of Succession====
*'''In 2005, Ashok Bista succeeded his uncle as the 26th Gyelpo Raja of Lo.'''
Male primogeniture among the legitimate descendants of Gulab Singh.
 
===Timeline===
*Until the late fourteenth century, Lo was part of [[Wikipedia:Ngari Prefecture|Ngari]], a name for far western Tibet. Ngari was not a true political entity, but rather a loose collection of feudal domains that also included parts of [[Wikipedia:Dolpo|Dolpo]]. By the 14th century, much of Ngari, as well as most of what today is western Nepal, was part of the [[Wikipedia:Malla (Nepal)|Malla]] Empire governed from their capital at Sinja, near [[Wikipedia:Jumla District|Jumla]].
*'''1380''' - Shresrab becomes the ''dzongpon'' (military commander and provincial commissioner) of Lo for the Gung-thang kings of Tibet. He holds a semi-independent status, which allows him to secure the government for his lineal descendants.
*'''1400''' - His son, Tshang is recognised as  ''dzongpon'' of Lo, Nar, Nyishang, [[Wikipedia:Manang District|Manang]], Phug, and Nubri.
*'''1425''' - His son, the warrior-monk Ama Pal, succeeds as ''dzongpon''.
*'''1440-1442''' – Ama Pal consolidates his power in the upper Kali Gandaki Valley and extends his influence over a wide region in western Tibet, thus founding the Buddhist Kingdom of Lo.  He defeats the Zhang-pa army, declares his independence, and is enthroned as ''gyalpo'', although his kingdom remains closely tied by language and culture to Tibet.
*'''1442''' - Ama Pal is recognized as an independent ruler by the Gung-thang king of Tibet and assumes the title of ''chosgyal''.
*'''1443''' – Ama Pal transferrs his capital from Sarang to Manthang (the present day capital), constructing many ''gompas'' (temples). He subjugates [[Wikipedia:Guge|Guge]] and [[Wikipedia:Burang Town|Purang]] in western Tibet and founds the Thub-stan shad-rub dar-gyas-ling Monastery at Sarang, which accommodated over 2,000 resident monks and served as a major center of religious learning and worship.
*'''1447''' – Tenzing succeeds his father as Lo Gyalpo, an enlightened ruler who patronized literature and religion, reorganized the administration and developed the economic welfare of the kingdom, during a reign that was largely peaceful and prosperous.
*'''1482''' -  Krathis succeeds his father as Lo Gyalpo.
*'''1513''' - Ragspa succeeds his father as Lo Gyalpo. The growing power of Jumla sees a contraction of his hegemony to little more than the traditional areas of Dolpo, Manang and Lo, eventually losing his independence in 1544.
*'''1544''' Lo is divided into separate districts ruled by the three sons of Ragspa, under Jumla sovereignty, until 1560.
*'''1560''' Gyahor, the eldest of the three sons is appointed ''khri-thog-pa'' by the Jumla authorities and succeeds in re-establishing the principality.
*'''1565''' – Sodnams, the younger son of Krathis is appointed ''depa'' by his elder brother.
*'''1572''' – Sodnams succeeds his brother as Lo Gyalpo.
*'''1580''' -  Dongrub, the second son of Sodnams succeeds his father. He did much to revive the fortunes of the state, constructed palaces and strong forts, and recovered authority over Serib, Gelung and Khangkar.
*'''1594''' – Samgrub, the eldest son of Dongrub, succeeds on the death of his father.
*'''1609''' – Rabtan, the only surviving son of Samgrub, succeeds on the death of his father.
*'''1655''' – Rabtan abdicates in favour of his third son. He married Nyizla, a princess from [[Wikipedia:Ladakh|Ladakh]]. He died in 1664.
*'''1656''' – Sa ang, the third son of Rabtan, succeeds his father. He fought several wars against Jumla, regaining his independence through military help from Ladakh several times during his reign. He lost the Thak-Panchgaun region to Parvat in 1687.
*'''1710''' - Sa ang abdicates in favour of his son.
*'''1711''' - Je ang succeeds on the abdication of his father.
*'''1723''' - Krathis Namgyal succeeds his father.
*'''1728''' - Tenzing Anjia succeeds his father, but reigns under the regency of his mother, Norzin, daughter of Nyima, the King of Ladakh.
*'''1734''' - Tenzing Anjia comes of age and assumes full ruling powers.
*'''1740''' - Jumla assumes control over Lo, from which they extract an annual tribute.
*'''1760''' - Wanggyal Dorje succeeds on the death of his father.
*'''1762''' - [[Wikipedia:Prithivi Narayan Shah|Prithvi Narayan Shah]], founder of the house of [[Wikipedia:Gurkah|Gorkha]], ascends the throne and begins to consolidate what is present-day Nepal. He conquered Jumla and laid claim to Lo. Although Lo was forced to pay tribute for protection, they regained a large measure of autonomy.
*'''1765-1788''' - The vassal rulers of Lo make several unsuccessful, attempts to re-establish their independence.
*'''1788''' - The Nepalese regent, Prince Bahadur Shah, requests an alliance with Lo to complete his plans for unifying Nepal and, with the help of Wanggyal Dorje, subdues his overlord, the  Raja of Jumla.
*'''1790''' – Wanggyal Dorje is awarded the provinces of Manang and Dolpo. He is recognized as a sovereign ruler with the hereditary title of Raja of Lo.  He receives a crown acknowledging his new status from Rana Bahadur, the Maharajadhiraja of Nepal, and is granted a golden plumed crown by the [[Wikipedia:Qianlong|Qianlong]] Emperor of China. This now forms part of the ''tog-sum'' or regalia of the rajadom.
*'''1797''' - Krathis Ningpo succeeds his father.
*'''1815''' - Jampal Graldus succeeds his uncle.
*'''1837''' - Kunga Norbu succeeds his father.  He served in the Nepalese War against Tibet in 1855.
*'''1857''' - Jamyan Angdu succeeds his father, reigning under the regency of his mother, Krathis bukhrid. He was never installed or crowned and thus was ''gyalras'' (prince) only.
*'''1863''' - Ngodup Pelbar succeeds his brother, reigning under the regency of his sister-in-law, Jechog, until 1868.
*'''1893''' - Jambyang Pelbar succeeds his uncle.
*'''1935''' - Angun Tenzing Trangul succeeds his father.
*'''1955''' – Angun Tenzing Trandul abdicates in favor of his eldest son.
*'''1955''' - Angdu Nyingpo succeeds his father.
*'''1958''' - Angun Tenzing Trandul resumes the throne upon the death of his son. He marries Rani Kelsang Choeden, of the Zhalu Kushang family of the Che clan, the elder sister of His Excellency Ngawang Khyenrab Thupten Lekshe Gyatso, the 18th ''Chogye Trichen Rinpoche'' of the Phenpo Nalanda Monastery in Tibet.
*'''1963''' - Jigme Pelbar marries, at Shigatse, Tibet, Rani Sahiba Sidol Palbar Bista, a lady from a noble family of Shigatse.
*'''1964''' - Jigme Pelbar succeeds his father.
*'''1966''' - Jigme Tenzing is born and appointed the ''gyalchung''.
*'''1974''' – The ''gyalchung'' dies at the age of eight years.
*'''2004''' - In September, Jigme Pelbar adopts as his own son his nephew, Ashok Bista, the son of his elder brother, Lama Shabtung Rinpoche and appoints him ''gyalchung''.
*'''2005''' - Ashok Bista succeeds his uncle as the 26th Raja of Lo.
 
===[[Wiki.frath.net/Rajadom_of_Lo#History|More Detailed History]]===


==Toponymy==
==Toponymy==
Mustang is a corruption of the Tibetan ''Mun Tan'' which means ''fertile plain''. It is found in the name of the royal capital Manthang. Lo is from the Tibetan ''lho'', southern. Thus, the Rajadom of Lo means the southern rajadom.
According to legend, Jammu was founded by Raja Jamboolochan in the 14th century BCE. During one of his hunting campaigns he reached the Tawi River where he saw a goat and a lion drinking water at the same place. The king was impressed and decided to set up a town after his name, Jamboo. With the passage of time, the name was corrupted and became Jammu.


==Government==
==Government==
*The Rajadom of Lo is an absolute monarchy.  The ''raja gyalpo'' is advised by a privy council which consists of the three provincial governors, four of the prefects (elected from among their membership), and the royal abbot (''zhabs-drung'').
*The rajadom is comprised of three provinces (''anchal''), each of which is governed by a hereditary governor (''lumbo'') whose powers are limited by an elected provincial council. The three provinces are Mustang, Dolpa, and Manang.
*Each province is divided into several prefectures, each governed by an elected prefect (''tshonpon'').  Each prefecture has a prefectural council whose members are elected by universal sufferage.
*The town of Lo Mantang in the province of Mustang is the ''gyal-sa'' (the royal residence). It is independent of any province, being governed by the ''raja gyalpo'' himself.
*The town of Jomson in the province of Mustang is the provincial capital and the adminstrative capital and seat of the legislative and judicial branches of the government. It is independent of any province, being governed by the National Assembly.
*There is also a family council which the ''raja gyalpo'' consults on matters concerning the royal family.
*The ''lumbo''s,  who serve at court, are the only Lotians with the right to marry into the royal house.
*The monasteries of the rajadom are governed by the the royal abbot (''zhabs-drung'') of Lo.


====Provinces (''anchal'')====
====Provinces====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Province
! style="background: #ff9933; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;" width=12% | Province<br>(''anchal'')
! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Capital
! style="background: #ff9933; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;" width=7% | Capital
! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Area
! style="background: #ff9933; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;" width=8% | Area
! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Population
! style="background: #ff9933; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;" width=8% | Pop.
! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Prefectures
! style="background: #ff9933; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;" width=12% | Prefectures<br>(''jilla'')
! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Notes
! style="background: #ff9933; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;" width=53% | Notes
|-
| Jammu (J)
| Jammu
| 3,097 km²
| 1,588,000
| Jammu (JJ)<br>Akhnur (JA)<br>Bishnah (JB)<br>Ranbirsinghpur (JR)
|
|-
| Kathua (K)
| Kathua
| 2,651 km²
| 550,00
| Kathua (KK)<br>Bani (KB)<br>Billawar (KL)<br>Basholi (KS)<br>Hiranagar (KH)
|
|-
| Doda (D)
| Doda
| 11,691 km²
| 691,000
| Doda (DD)<br>Bhaderwah (DB)<br>Ramban (DR)<br>Kishtwar (DK)
|
|-
| Udhampur (U)
| Udhampur
| 4,450 km²
| 38,000
| Udhampur (UU)<br> Ramnagar (UR)<br>Chenani (UC)<br>Majalta (UM)
|
|-
| Rajauri (R)
| Rajauri
| 2,630 km²
| 483,000
| Rajauri (RR)<br>Darhal (RD)<br>Koteranka (RK)<br>Kalakot (RK)<br>Nowshera (RN)<br>Thannamandi (RT)
|
|-
| Poonch (P)
| Poonch
| 1,674 km²
| 23,000
| Mendhar (PM)<br>Haveli (PH)<br>Surankot (PS)
|-
| Lahaul and Spiti (L)
| Keylong
| 20,236 km²
| 102,000
| Kinnaur (LK)<br>Lahaul and Spiti (LL)
|
|-
|-
| Mustang
| Chamba (C)
| Jomsom
| Chamba
| 3,573 km²
| 14,925 km²
| 29,545 (2001)
| 2,314,000
| 15
| Chamba (CC)<br>Hamirpur (CH)<br>Kangra (CK)<br>Una (CU)
| slightly larger than *here's* Luxemburg
|  
|-
|-
| Dolpa
| Bilaspur (B)
| Dunai
| Bilaspur
| 7,889 km²
| 10,620 km²
| (2001)
| 1,373,000
| 19
| Bilaspur (BB)<br>Kullu (BK)<br>Mandi (BM)
| about the size of *here's* Slovenia
|  
|-
|-
| Manang
| Shimla (S)
| Chame
| Shimla
| 2,246 km²
| 9,892 km²
| 9,587 (2001)
| 1,378,000
| 14
| Shimla(SS)<br>Simaur (SM)<br>Solan (SL)
| slightly smaller than *here's* Isle of Majorca
|  
|}
|}
*Thus, the total area of the rajadom is 13,708 km², about the size of *here's* Montenegro.
'''Thus, the total area of the rajadom is 81,866 km², slightly smaller than *here's* Kansas.'''
*The 15 Mustang prefectures are Chhonkup, Lomanthan, Chhoser, Chanang, Sukkang, Dhami, Chhusang, Kagbeni, Jhong, Muktinath, Marpha, Tukuche, Kowang, Junjo, and Lete.
*The 14 Manang prefectures are Fu, Nar, Thoche, Tanki Manang, Khangsar, Bhraka, Nyawal, Gyasu, Manang, Pisang, Chame, Tachi Bogarcchap, Thoche, Dharapani.
*The 19 Dolpa prefectures are Bhijar, Saddang, Tinje, Phoksundo, Dho,Chhenka, Mukot, Sakartana, Dunai, Lawan, Raha, Tripunakot, Likhu, Pahada, Lohai, Kalika, Narku, Rimi, Sarmi.
 
====Styles and titles====
*The Raja Gyalpo: His Highness Aham ''personal name'', Lo Gyalpo '''or''' His Highness Sri Sri Raja ''personal name'', Raja of Lo.
*The consort of the Gyalpo: Her Highness Gyalmo ''personal name'' '''or''' Her Higness Rani Sahiba ''personal name''.
*The heir apparent: Gyalchung ''personal name''.
*The sons of the Raja Gyalpo: Gyalsras ''personal name''.
 
====The Treaty of Kathmandu between the Maharajadom of Nepal and the Rajadom of Lo, 1790====
*By means of this Treaty the Maharajadom of Nepal restores sovereignty over the districts of Dolpo and Manang to the People of the Rajadom of Lo in the Person of His Highness Wanggyal Dorje who is recognized as a sovereign ruler with the hereditary title of Gyalpo Raja of Lo.
*These sovereignties are granted in perpetuity.
*The Maharajadom of Nepal shall continue to guarantee the military security of the Rajadom of Lo.  The Rajadom of Lo in turn agrees not to engage in any activity that would compromise or endanger the national security of the Maharajadom of Nepal.
*Ambassadors to the Maharajadom of Nepal shall likewise be accepted as ambassadors to the Rajadom of Lo.  They must, however, upon acceptance of their credentials by the Maharajadhiraja of Nepal, also present their credentials to the Raja Gyalpo.  Without this recognition, that country shall be deemed not to have entered into diplomatic relations with the Rajadom of Lo.
*These accredited ambassadors and their families and staffs shall be given the same immunity as if they were in the Maharajadom of Nepal.
**Diplomatic immunity is accorded neither to the members of the ambassador's family nor to diplomatic staff if they are accused of a violation of the Law in the Rajadom of Lo.
*The Maharajadom of Nepal agrees to accept students into its institutions of higher learning at the rates of Nepali students.
*Maharajadom of Nepal Customs shall not levy duties on goods imported by citizens of the Rajadom of Lo and destined for use in the Rajadom of Lo.


==Geography==
==Geography==
*The Rajadom of Lo is an enchanting land of windswept vistas, red walled monasteries, and feudal towns, located on the Central Asian plateau.  It lies between Tibet on the north, and the Nepali districts of Dolpa to the west, Myagdi to the south, and Manang to the east.  It is an extension of the Tibetan plateau with an average elevation of over 3,000 m.  Located to the north of the highest mountains Dhaulagiri and Annapurna and to the north of the main Himalayan range and geographically part of the Tibetan highlands, it is roughly 80 km long (north-south) and 45 km at its widest giving it an area of 3,573 sq. km.
*Sandwiched between the Vale of Kashmir to the north and the Daman Koh Plains to the south, the [[Wikipedia:Sivalik Hills|Sivalik Hills]] comprises most of the region of North Jammu. The [[Wikipedia:Pir Panjal Range|Pir Panjal Range]], the Trikuta Hills and the low-lying [[Wikipedia:Tawi River|Tawi River]] basin add beauty and diversity to the terrain of North Jammu. The Pir Panjal range separates North Jammu from the Kashmir valley.
*The rajahdom lies in the Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, an area of 121,300 square kilometres (46,800 sq mi), extending along the north and south faces of the Himalaya Range from the Kali Gandaki Gorge eastwards through Tibet, Sikkim, Bhutan, and on into India's Arunachal Pradesh state, and northernmost Myanmar.
*South Jammu is a mountainous region with elevations ranging from about 350 metres (1,148 ft) to 6,000 metres (19,685 ft) above sea level. The drainage system is composed both of rivers and glaciers. Himalayan rivers criss-cross the entire mountain chain. South Jammu provides water to both the Indus and Ganges basins. The drainage systems of the region are the the [[Wikipedia:Chenab|Chenab]], the [[Wikipedia:Ravi River|Ravi]], the [[Wikipedia:Beas River|Beas]], the [[Wikipedia:Sutlej River|Sutlej]] and the [[Wikipedia:Yamuna|Yamuna]]. The Yamuna River forms the boundary between Jammu and Nepal. These rivers are perennial and are fed by snow and rainfall. They are protected by an extensive cover of natural vegetation.
*The alpine shrub and meadows lie between approximately 4,000 and 5,500 metres (13,000 and 18,000 ft) elevation. Permanent ice and snow lie above 5,500 metres (18,000 ft). The Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests lie below 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) along the southern slopes of the range, from Lo to Bhutan.
*The main feature of the Rajadom of Lo is the Kali Gandaki river, its valley and tributaries. It runs north-east to south-west towards Nepal Terai, bisecting the country. The river was once the major trade route between Tibet and India, especially for salt. Part of the river valley, the Thak Khola,  a downfaulted graben, is the deepest gorge in the world. According to the difference between the river elevation and these peaks, this is the world's deepest gorge. The gorge separates the major peaks Dhaulagiri (8,167 m/26,795 ft) to the west and Annapurna (8,091 m/26,545 ft) to the east. The river runs at elevations between 1,300 and 2,600 metres (4,300 and 8,500 ft), 5,500 to 6,800 metres (18,000–22,300 ft) lower than the peaks. The river is older than the Himalayas. As tectonic activity forced the mountains higher, the river cut down through the uplift. The river rises along the Tibet border and the coincident Ganges-Brahmaputra divide and flows south through the Rajadom. The gorge begins at Kagbeni where the Himalayan ranges begin to close in. The river then continues southwards past Jomsom, Marpha and Tukuche to the deepest part of the gorge in the area of Lete. The gorge then broadens past Dana and Tatopani towards Beni.


*The landscape is of indescribable vastness and beauty, a vast high valley, arid and dry. The valley is characterized by eroded canyons, colorful rock formations with a barren, desert-like appearance. The hills tend to be great red fluted cliffs of tiny round stones cemented together by mud. One of the most fascinating features of the Rajadom of Lo is the thousands of cliff dwellings, some of which look completely inaccessible. Rimmed by more than 20,000 snowcapped peaks and bathed in hues of orange and red rocks with sporadic fields of vibrant green, yellow and red of barley, maize, and buckwheat, the Rajadom of Lo is a step back to a simpler time.
===Borders===
 
''Based, as much as possible, on World Map 2001.''
*The countryside is similar to the Tibetan plateau with its endless expanses of yellow and grey rolling hills eroded by wind. Strong winds often blow across the valley in the afternoon, generally subsiding at night. Lying in the rain shadow of the Himalaya, Lo has much less rain than Nepal. Annual precipitation is between 250 and 400 mm. During the monsoon the skies are cloudy and there is some rain. In the winter there is usually snow; sometimes as much as 30 or 40 cm accumulating on the ground.


*Villages are several hours apart and appear in the distance almost as mirages; during the summer season, after the crops are planted, they are green oases in the desert-like landscape.
Jammu is bordered by on the:


===Borders===
North: Kashmir<br>
Lo is bordered by on the:
East: Ladakh<br>
Southeast: Nepal<br>
South: Samraj<br>
Southwest: Rajputana<br>
West: Sikh R.S.


North: Tibet<br>
'''The Rajadom of Jammu is contiguous with *here's* Jammu portion of the Indian state of Kashmir and Jammu, and the Indian state of [[Wikipedia:Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]].'''
West: Nepal ([[Wikipedia:Mugu District|Mugu]], [[Wikipedia:Jumla District|Jumla]])<br>
Southwest: Nepal ([[Wikipedia:Jajarkot District|Jajarkot]])<br>
South: Nepal ([[Wikipedia:Rukum District|Rukum]], [[Wikipedia:Myagdi District|Myagdi]], [[Wikipedia:Kaski District|Kaski]])<br>
Southeast: Nepal ([[Wikipedia:Lamjung District|Lamjung]])<br>
East: Nepal ([[Wikipedia:Gorkha District|Gorkha]])
 
'''The Rajahdom of Lo is contiguous with *here's* Nepali districts of Mustang, Dolpo, and Manang.'''


==Climate==
==Climate==
*In Jammu the climate is typically monsoonal, though the region is sufficiently far west to average 40 to 50 mm (1.6 to 2 inches) of rain per months between January and March.
*In the summer, the weather is very hot and the temperature can reach 40°C (104 °F) while in July and August, very heavy though erratic rainfall occurs with monthly extremes of 650 millimetres (25.5 inches).
*In September, rainfall declines, and by October conditions are hot but extremely dry, with minimal rainfall and temperatures around 29 °C (84°F).


==Economy==
==Economy==
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==Culture==
==Culture==
===National symbols===
===National symbols===
*National mammal 1: [[Wikipedia:Tibetan sand fox|Tibetan sand fox]] (''Vulpes ferrilata'')
*National mammal: [[Wikipedia:argali|argali]] (''Ovis ammon hodgsoni'')
*National mammal 2: [[Wikipedia:Black musk deer|Black musk deer]] (''Moschus fuscus'')
*National bird: [[Wikipedia:Western tragopan|western tragopan]] (''Tragopan melanocephalus'']
*National bird: [[Wikipedia:Blue rock thrush|Blue rock-thrush]] (''Monticola solitarius'']
*National flower: [[Wikipedia:Cypripedium|heart-lip lady's slipper]] (''Cypripedium cordigerum'')
*National flower: [[Wikipedia:Phalaenopsis mannii|Mann's phalaenopsos]] (''Phalaenopsis mannii'')
*National tree: [[Wikipedia:Almond|almond]] (''Prunus dulcis'')
**The hoist half of the flag is white, the color of the snows on the sacred Himalayas, which symbolizes the secular tradition of the Rajadom. The [[Wikipedia:Chhatraratna|auspicious Parasol]] in the blue color of peace symbolizes His Majesty the King, whose noble actions enhance the Rajadom. Hence, it symbolizes that His Majesty is protector of the people of the Rajadom and the upholder of the secular foundations of the Rajadom.
*National dish: yakhni (roast lamb)
**The fly half of the flag is maroon, the color of the robes of the monks and symbolizes the spiritual tradition. The golden [[Wikipedia:Dharmacakra|dharma wheel]], with the [[Wikipedia:Gankyil|gankyil]] in the center, symbolizes the flourishing of the Buddhist teachings in the Rajadom.
**For a crest,  
**The pale wavy green symbolizes the Gandaki River that flows through the Rajadom.
*National aviation roundel:  
**The [[Wikipedia:Wind Horse|lung ta]] (wind horse) flies from fly to hoist symbolizing that the Buddhist tradition infuses the government of the Rajadom.
*National instrument:  
*National emblem:
*National colors: deep saffron and blue
**Per pale white and maroon, a pale wavy vert, on the dexter an auspicious parasol azure, on the sinister the Wheel of Dharma or; on a chief vert a wind horse courant to the dexter.
**For supporters, on the dexter a sand fox and on the sinister a musk deer, all proper.
**For a crest, a [[Wikipedia:vajra|vajra]] or rising out of a lotus white.
*National aviation roundel: a circle divided in half, white and red, a green stripe down the center.
*National language: [[Wikipedia:Tibetan languages|Tibetan]], [[Wikipedia:Lepcha language |Lepcha]], [[Wikipedia:Limbu language|Limbu]],
*National instrument: [[Wikipedia:gyaling|gyaling]]


===Lotian holidays===
===Dogri public holidays===
(Dates in ''italics'' are postponed)
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Date
! style="background: #ff9933; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;" width= 30% | Date
! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Name
! style="background: #ff9933; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;" width= 30% | Name
! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Notes
! style="background: #ff9933; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;" width= 40% | Notes
|-
|-
| 14 February
| 8 February 2011; 28 January 2012
| [[Wikipedia:Losar|Losar]]
| [[Wikipedia:Vasant Panchami|Vasant Panchami]]
| New Year
| Festival celebrating [[Wikipedia:Saraswati|Saraswati]]
|-
| 14 February (1 March when this falls on Vaisakhi)
| The Queen's Birthday
| Mothers' Day - Her Majesty was born in 1967
|-
|-
| 21 February
| 19 March 2011; 8 March 2012
| ''The King's Birthday''
| [[Wikipedia:Holi|Holi]]
|  
| A spring festival celebrating [[Wikipedia:Vishnu|Vishnu's]] defeat of [[Wikipedia:Hiranyakashipu|Hiranyakashipu]]
|-
|-
| 28 February
| 20 March 2011; 9 March 2012
| [[Wikipedia:Chotrul Duchen|Chotrul Duchen]]
| [[Wikipedia:Hola Mohalla|Hola Mohalla]]
| Butter Lamp Festival (2010 only)
| Sikh Olympic events
|-
|-
| 21 March
| 14 April 2011; 13 April 2012
| The King's Birthday
| [[Wikipedia:Vaisakhi|Vaisakhi]]
| Father's Day
| Commemorates the founding of the [[Wikipedia:Khalsa#History#Foundation|Khalsa]]
|-
|-
| 27 May
| 15 April 2011; 13 April 2012
| [[Wikipedia:Vesak|Suga Dawa Duchen]]
| [[Wikipedia:Naya Varsha|Naya Varsha]]
| The Buddha's Birth, Enlightenment, and [[Wikipedia:Parinirvana|Parinirvana]] (2010 only)
| New Year
|-
|-
| 21 June
| 24 May
| [[Wikipedia:Guru Rinpoche|Guru Rinpoche]]'s Birthday
| The King's Coronation
|  
| His Majesty was crowned in 2003
|-
|-
| 15 July
| 1 July
| Chokhor Duchen
| Foundation of the dual monarchy
| The Buddha's First Sermon (2010 only)
| The United Monarchy is founded by in 1922
|-
|-
| 24 August
| 5 August
|[[Wikipedia: Buddhist Holidays|Ulambana]]
| The King's Birthday
| Ancestor Day (2010 only)
| Fathers' Day - His Majesty was born in 1964
|-
|-
| 23 September
| 22 August 2011; 10 August 2012
| Thri-bab
| [[Wikipedia:Krishna_Janmashtami|Krishna Jayanti]]
| [[Wikipedia:Blessed Rainy Day|Blessed Rainy Day]] (2010 only)
| [[Wikipedia:Krishna|Krishna's]] Birthday
|
|-
|-
| 17 October
| 15 September
| [[Wikipedia:Dasain|Dashain]]
| Independence Day
| Victory of the Goddess [[Wikipedia:Durga|Durga]] (2010 only)
| Jammu is bestowed on Kishore Singh, the father of [[Wikipedia:Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmird|Gulab Singh]], as a fief in 1820
|-
|-
| 29 October
| 1 October
| [[Wikipedia:Lhabab Duchen|Lhabab Duchen]]
| [[Wikipedia:Lakshmi Puja|Lakshmi Puja]]
| The Buddha's Descent to Earth (2010 only))
| Celebration devoted to the propitiation of [[Wikipedia:Lakshmi|Lakshmi]]
|-
|-
| 6 November
| 26 October 2011; 3 November 2012
| The King's Coronation
| [[Wikipedia:Diwali|Diwali]]
|
| Hindus commemorate the return of [[Wikipedia:Rama|Rama]] from his exile and his vanquishing of [[Wikipedia:Ravana|Ravana]]; Sikhs celebrate the release from prison of the sixth [[Wikipedia:Guru|guru]], [[Wikipedia:Guru Hargobind|Guru Hargobind]].
|}
|}


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==Flora and fauna==
==Flora and fauna==
The mountains are home to some 100 species of mammals including snow leopard, musk deer, Tibetan argali, Tibetan wolf, Tibetan fox; 474 species of birds; 39 species of reptiles and 22 species of amphibians; as well as the mythical mehti (abominable snowman). A total of 1,226 species of plants can be found in the mountains including 38 orchid species and nine rhododendron species

Latest revision as of 14:52, 29 September 2011

The Rajadom of Jammu
???
[[]] [[]]
Flag of Rajadom of Jammu emblem
[[]]
map of United Rajadom of Jammu and Kashmir
Winter Capital Srinigar
Coordinates latitude: 34° 4' 60" N
longitude: 74° 49' 0" E
Summer Capital Jammu City
Coordinates latitude: 32° 43' 60" N
longitude: 74° 52' 0" E
Government constitutional monarchy
Head of State His Royal Highness Vikram Aditya Singh
Head of Government ???
Demonym Dogri
Religions
Official Nimbarka Hinduism 79%
Other Udasi Sikhism 18%
Other 3%
Languages
Official Dogri
Other Nepali
Hindi
Punjabi
Founding 1820
Independence 1921
Area 26,293 km²
10,152 mi²
Population 2,718,000
Ethnicities Dogra 53%
Punjabi 25%
indigenous tribes 32%
Currency 1 Himalayan Rupee (Rs) = 20 sukaa (s) = 240 paisa (p)
Time zone UTC +6:00
Telephone Code
ISO Code JM
Registration
Aviation JMM
Amateur radio JMM
Radio prefix JMM
Organizations Himalayan Confederacy
Sports
Official
Other

History

Texts in bold print are points of departure.

  • Jammu was founded by Raja Jambu Lochan in the 14th century B.C. During one of his hunting campaigns, he reached the Tawi River where he saw a goat and a lion drinking water at the same place. Having satisfied their thirst, the animals went their own ways. The Raja was amazed, abandoned the idea of hunting and returned to his companions. Recounting what he had seen, he exclaimed that this place, where a lion and a lamb could drink water side by side, was a place of peace and tranquility. The Raja had a palace built at this place and a city was founded around it. This city became known as Jambu-Nagar, which then later changed into Jammu.
  • The city is mentioned in the Mahabharata. Excavations near Akhnoor, 20 miles (32 km) from Jammu City, provide evidence that Jammu was once part of the Harappan civilization.
  • In 321 B.C. Chandragupta Maurya (340-298) conquered the Nanda Empire in a series of battles, ending with the siege of the capital city Kusumapura. He, thus founded the powerful Maurya Empire in northern India by the time he was about 20 years old.
  • The Kushan Empire originally formed in the first century A.D. in ancient Bactria on either side of the middle course of the Amu Darya River in what is now northern Afghanistan and southern Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. First mentioned by the Chinese, the Kushans were originally a tribe of the Yuezhi, living north of the Great Wall and subject to the Rouran (Jwen-Jwen). During the first and early second centuries the Kushans expanded rapidly across the northern part of the Indian subcontinent at least as far as Saketa and Sarnath near Benares. Inscriptions have been found dated to the first few years of era of the most famous Kushan ruler, Kanishka which apparently began about 127. They threatened the Gupta empire but were eventually driven out of India in 528 by a Hindu coalition.
  • In the early fourth century, Chandragupta II the Great Vikramaditya (375-415) conquered about twenty-one kingdoms, both inside of and outside of India. After finishing his campaign in the east and west of India, he proceeded northwards, subjugating the Parasikas (Persians), Hunas and Kambojas located in the Amu Darya Valley. After that, he proceeded to cross the Himalayas and brought the Kinnaras, Kiratas, and others in the north into India proper. He controlled a vast empire, which extended from the mouth of the Ganges in the west to the mouth of the Indus River in the east, and from what is now northern Pakistan down to the mouth of the Narmada River.
  • After 480, the area was dominated by the Hephthalites and ruled from Kapisa and Kabul. Jammu is also mentioned in accounts of the campaigns of Timur.
  • 1703-1725 - Dhruv Dev drove out the Mughals and re-established the independence of Jammu.
  • 1725-1782 - Ranjit Dev allied with Afghanistan and increased his territory.
    • 1779 - Attempted to conquer Kashmir, but failed.
  • 1782-1787 - Brijraj Dev is invaded by Ranjit Singh, a vassal of Punjab.
  • 1787-1797 - Sampuran Singh.
  • 1797-1816 - Jit Singh, son of Mian Dalal Singh, son of Brijraj Dev, succeeded on death of cousin. Conquered by Ranjit Singh of Kashmir and annexed.
    • 1804 - Signs Treaty of Yamuna with Maharaja Prithvi Van Singh of Nepal.
  • 1816-1820 - Interregnum.
  • 1820-1822 - Kishore Singh installed instead of his cousin.
  • 1822-1856 - Gulab Singh, in the Treaty of Amritsar, March 16, 1846, transferred Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit and Hazara. He abdicated on February 20, 1856, for his son. He died on June 30, 1857.
  • 1856-1885 - Ranbir Singh.
  • 1885-1925 - Pratap Singh.
  • 1925-1961 - Hari Singh succeeded on death of father.
  • 1961 - Karun Singh
  • Vikrmadhitya Singh
  • Mriganka Singh b. 1991

The land witnessed changes of control following invasions by the Sikhs, before finally being conquered and placed under the control of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780-1839) in the nineteenth century, becoming part of the Sikh Empire in 1816. Raja Jit Singh was expelled and found refuge in India. Ranjit Singh appointed a governor to administer the newly conquered area which was expanded in 1819 with the annexation of Kashmir by a Sikh force. In 1820, in appreciation of services rendered by the family, and by Gulab Singh (1792-1857) in particular, Ranjit Singh bestowed Jammu as a hereditary fief upon Kishore Singh. Kishore Singh died in 1822 and Gulab Singh was confirmed as Raja of Jammu by his suzerain, Ranjit Singh. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Raja Gulab Singh asserted his independence and is thus the founder of the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Gulab Singh was succeeded by his son Ranbir Singh (1830-1885) who reigned from 1857 until his death.

Ranbir Singh was succeeded by his son Pratap Singh (1848-1925), who reigned from 1885 until his death. Dissatisfied with this situation, Jammu threatened to rebel and secede from the kingdom. In an effort to quell the rising nationalism, Pratap Singh in 1921, created a dual monarchy. Each nation was set up as sovereign, but joined in a personal union with the Dogra Dynasty.

Pratap Singh was succeeded by his nephew Hari Singh (1895-1961) who reigned from 1925 until his death.

Hari Singh was succeeded by his son Karan Singh (1931-1985), who reigned from 1961 until his death. In 1984, he brought the United Maharajadom into the Himalayan Confederacy.

Karan Singh was succeeded by his son Vikramaditya (1985-), who is presently reigning. In 1987, he married the Chitrangada Scindia.

Styles

  • The ruler of Jammu and Kashmir has the titles His Royal Majesty the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, Raja of Bashohli, Rā of Astore, Rondu, Skārdu, and Kharmung, Emir of Gilgit and Hazara.
  • The wife of the maharajah, the maharani, has the style of Her Royal Majesty.
  • The heir apparent, the maharaj kumar, has the style of His Royal Highness.
  • The younger sons and daughters of the maharaja have the style of Their Royal Highnesses.

Rule of Succession

Male primogeniture among the legitimate descendants of Gulab Singh.

Toponymy

According to legend, Jammu was founded by Raja Jamboolochan in the 14th century BCE. During one of his hunting campaigns he reached the Tawi River where he saw a goat and a lion drinking water at the same place. The king was impressed and decided to set up a town after his name, Jamboo. With the passage of time, the name was corrupted and became Jammu.

Government

Provinces

Province
(anchal) 		Capital Area Pop. Prefectures
(jilla) 		Notes
Jammu (J) Jammu 3,097 km² 1,588,000 Jammu (JJ)
Akhnur (JA)
Bishnah (JB)
Ranbirsinghpur (JR)
Kathua (K) Kathua 2,651 km² 550,00 Kathua (KK)
Bani (KB)
Billawar (KL)
Basholi (KS)
Hiranagar (KH)
Doda (D) Doda 11,691 km² 691,000 Doda (DD)
Bhaderwah (DB)
Ramban (DR)
Kishtwar (DK)
Udhampur (U) Udhampur 4,450 km² 38,000 Udhampur (UU)
Ramnagar (UR)
Chenani (UC)
Majalta (UM)
Rajauri (R) Rajauri 2,630 km² 483,000 Rajauri (RR)
Darhal (RD)
Koteranka (RK)
Kalakot (RK)
Nowshera (RN)
Thannamandi (RT)
Poonch (P) Poonch 1,674 km² 23,000 Mendhar (PM)
Haveli (PH)
Surankot (PS)
Lahaul and Spiti (L) Keylong 20,236 km² 102,000 Kinnaur (LK)
Lahaul and Spiti (LL)
Chamba (C) Chamba 14,925 km² 2,314,000 Chamba (CC)
Hamirpur (CH)
Kangra (CK)
Una (CU)
Bilaspur (B) Bilaspur 10,620 km² 1,373,000 Bilaspur (BB)
Kullu (BK)
Mandi (BM)
Shimla (S) Shimla 9,892 km² 1,378,000 Shimla(SS)
Simaur (SM)
Solan (SL)

Thus, the total area of the rajadom is 81,866 km², slightly smaller than *here's* Kansas.

Geography

  • Sandwiched between the Vale of Kashmir to the north and the Daman Koh Plains to the south, the Sivalik Hills comprises most of the region of North Jammu. The Pir Panjal Range, the Trikuta Hills and the low-lying Tawi River basin add beauty and diversity to the terrain of North Jammu. The Pir Panjal range separates North Jammu from the Kashmir valley.
  • South Jammu is a mountainous region with elevations ranging from about 350 metres (1,148 ft) to 6,000 metres (19,685 ft) above sea level. The drainage system is composed both of rivers and glaciers. Himalayan rivers criss-cross the entire mountain chain. South Jammu provides water to both the Indus and Ganges basins. The drainage systems of the region are the the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, the Sutlej and the Yamuna. The Yamuna River forms the boundary between Jammu and Nepal. These rivers are perennial and are fed by snow and rainfall. They are protected by an extensive cover of natural vegetation.

Borders

Based, as much as possible, on World Map 2001.

Jammu is bordered by on the:

North: Kashmir
East: Ladakh
Southeast: Nepal
South: Samraj
Southwest: Rajputana
West: Sikh R.S.

The Rajadom of Jammu is contiguous with *here's* Jammu portion of the Indian state of Kashmir and Jammu, and the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.

Climate

  • In Jammu the climate is typically monsoonal, though the region is sufficiently far west to average 40 to 50 mm (1.6 to 2 inches) of rain per months between January and March.
  • In the summer, the weather is very hot and the temperature can reach 40°C (104 °F) while in July and August, very heavy though erratic rainfall occurs with monthly extremes of 650 millimetres (25.5 inches).
  • In September, rainfall declines, and by October conditions are hot but extremely dry, with minimal rainfall and temperatures around 29 °C (84°F).

Economy

Demographics

Culture

National symbols

  • National mammal: argali (Ovis ammon hodgsoni)
  • National bird: western tragopan (Tragopan melanocephalus]
  • National flower: heart-lip lady's slipper (Cypripedium cordigerum)
  • National tree: almond (Prunus dulcis)
  • National dish: yakhni (roast lamb)
    • For a crest,
  • National aviation roundel:
  • National instrument:
  • National colors: deep saffron and blue

Dogri public holidays

Date Name Notes
8 February 2011; 28 January 2012 Vasant Panchami Festival celebrating Saraswati
14 February (1 March when this falls on Vaisakhi) The Queen's Birthday Mothers' Day - Her Majesty was born in 1967
19 March 2011; 8 March 2012 Holi A spring festival celebrating Vishnu's defeat of Hiranyakashipu
20 March 2011; 9 March 2012 Hola Mohalla Sikh Olympic events
14 April 2011; 13 April 2012 Vaisakhi Commemorates the founding of the Khalsa
15 April 2011; 13 April 2012 Naya Varsha New Year
24 May The King's Coronation His Majesty was crowned in 2003
1 July Foundation of the dual monarchy The United Monarchy is founded by in 1922
5 August The King's Birthday Fathers' Day - His Majesty was born in 1964
22 August 2011; 10 August 2012 Krishna Jayanti Krishna's Birthday
15 September Independence Day Jammu is bestowed on Kishore Singh, the father of Gulab Singh, as a fief in 1820
1 October Lakshmi Puja Celebration devoted to the propitiation of Lakshmi
26 October 2011; 3 November 2012 Diwali Hindus commemorate the return of Rama from his exile and his vanquishing of Ravana; Sikhs celebrate the release from prison of the sixth guru, Guru Hargobind.

Infrastructure

Education

Flora and fauna

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