Chinese sound correspondences: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 12:34, 5 September 2011

This chart strives to document all regular sound correspondences between:

  • Middle Chinese and major modern Chinese languages
  • Middle Chinese and loans in Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese

This chart uses the following default Romanizations:

  • Baxter's orthography, for Middle Chinese
  • Hanyu Pinyin, for Mandarin (Beijing)
  • Jyutping, for Cantonese
  • Pre-1945 kana (歴史的仮名遣い) Romanized in faux-Wāpuro, for Japanese

Onsets

Table of onsets with traditional labels (exemplary characters) and Baxter's notation (actual phonetic values are subject to debate):

幫 p 滂 ph 並 b 明 m
端 t 透 th 定 d 泥 n 來 l
知 tr 徹 trh 澄 dr 娘 nr
精 ts 清 tsh 從 dz 心 s 邪 z
莊 tsr 初 tsrh 崇 dzr 生 sr （俟 zr)
章 tsy 昌 tsyh 常 dzy 日 ny 書 sy 船 zy
見 k 溪 kh 群 g 疑 ng
影 ʔ 以 y 曉 x 匣 h

The tsr- and tsy- rows are traditionally conflated as follows:

照 穿 牀 審 禪
莊 tsr 初 tsrh 崇 dzr 生 sr （俟 zr)
章 tsy 昌 tsyh 船 zy 書 sy 常 dzy

Occurrences of 匣 h before third-division rimes are traditionally conflated with 以 y which occurs only with third-division rimes.

The chart below will use "1" on top of Baxter's notation to show that a certain condition applies only to the Ping tone (e.g. "zi1" means "zi but not ziX and ziH").

  • 1 = Ping tone
  • 2 or X = Shang tone
  • 3 or H = Qu tone
  • 4 = Ru tone
Onset Middle Chinese Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren[1] Baxter[2] IPA[3] Go-On Kan-On Middle*[4] Modern
幫 p p [p] b [p]

but p [pʰ]
(迫畔叛佩僕
譜圃瀑蹼)
and m [m] (秘泌)

b [p]

but p [pʰ]
(編遍佩譜圃豹鄙謗)
and m [m] (剝)

p p h [h] h [h] 彆 ㅂ [p] ㅂ [p]

ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.

滂 p' ph [pʰ] p [pʰ]

but b [p] (玻繽怖)

p [pʰ]

but b [p] (玻繽品怖坡)

pʰ pʰ h [h] h [h] 漂 ㅍ [pʰ] ㅍ [pʰ]

ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.

並 b' b [b] p [pʰ] /_1

b [p] /_234
but p [pʰ] (佩)

p [pʰ] /_1,

COL2
(棒婢被蚌抱倍蓓)
b [p] /_34,LIT2
but p [pʰ] (佩)

pʰ b b [b] h [h] 步 ㅃ [p'] ㅂ [p]

ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.

明 m m [m] m [m]

but w [w] (戊)

m [m] m m m [m] b [b] 彌 ㅁ [m] ㅁ [m]
非* p p [f] f [f] f [f] f f h [h] h [h] 彆 ㅂ [p] ㅂ [p]

ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.

敷* p' ph [fʰ] f [f]

but p [pʰ] (捧)

f [f]

but p [pʰ] (捧)

f f h [h] h [h] 漂 ㅍ [pʰ] ㅍ [pʰ]

ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.

奉* b' b [v] f [f] f [f] f or pʰ v b [b] h [h] 步 ㅃ [p'] ㅂ [p]

ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.

微* m m [ɱ] w [w]

but m [m] (曼)

m [m] v

but some m

LIT: v

COL: m

m [m] b [b] 彌 ㅁ [m] ㅁ [m]
端 t t [t] d [t]

but n [n] (鳥)

d [t]

but t [tʰ] (禱)
and n [n] (鳥)

t t t [t] t [t] 斗 ㄷ [t] ㄷ [t]
透 t' th [tʰ] t [tʰ] t [tʰ] tʰ tʰ t [t] t [t] 呑 ㅌ [tʰ] ㅌ [tʰ]
定 d' d [d] t [tʰ] /_1

but d [t] (鼕)
d [t] /_234
but t [tʰ]
(挺艇鋌特突
沓蹋袒慟)

t [tʰ] /_1,

COL2
(盾挺艇鋌怠殆肚斷)
but d [t] (鼕)
d [t] /_34,LIT2
but t [tʰ] (袒)

tʰ d d [d] t [t] 覃 ㄸ [t'] ㄷ [t]
泥 n n [n] n [n] n [n] n n n [n] d [d] 那 ㄴ [n] ㄴ [n]
來 l l [l] l [l]

but n [n] (弄)

l [l]

but d [t] (隸)

l l r [ɺ] r [ɺ] 閭 ㄹ [ɾ] ㄹ [ɾ]
知 t̂ tr [ʈ] zh [tʂ]

but ch [tʂʰ] (輟)
and d [t] (爹)

z [ts]

but c [tsʰ] (貯)
and d [t] (涿啄琢爹)

ts ts t [t] t [t] 斗 ㄷ [t] ㄷ [t]
徹 t̂' trh [ʈʰ] ch [tʂʰ]

but zh [tʂ] (祉)

c [tsʰ]

but z [ts] (祉)

tsʰ tsʰ t [t] t [t] 呑 ㅌ [tʰ] ㅌ [tʰ]
澄 d̂' dr [ɖʰ] ch [tʂʰ] /_1

zh [tʂ] /_234
but z [ts] (擇澤)
and ch [tʂʰ] (澈)
and d [t] (瞪)

c [tsʰ] /_1,

COL2 (峙重柱)
z [ts] /_34,LIT2
but c [tsʰ] (澈)
and d [t] (秩)

tsʰ z d [d] t [t] 覃 ㄸ [t'] ㄷ [t]
娘 n nr [ɳ] n [n]

but w [w] (諉)

n [n]

but w [w] (諉)
and j [j] (釀)

n ȵ n [n] d [d] 那 ㄴ [n] ㄴ [n]
精 ts ts [ts] z [ts]

but c [tsʰ] (雀挫)

z [ts]

but c [tsʰ] (挫)

ts ts s [s] s [s] 即 ㅈ [ts] ㅈ [tɕ]
清 ts' tsh [tsʰ] c [tsʰ]

but z [ts] (緝竣)

c [tsʰ]

but z [ts] (竣)

tsʰ tsʰ s [s] s [s] 侵 ㅊ [tsʰ] ㅊ [tɕʰ]
從 dz' dz [dz] c [tsʰ] /_1

but d [t] (蹲)
z [ts] /_234
but c [tsʰ] (攢萃悴瘁)

c [tsʰ] /_1,

COL2 (坐)
z [ts] /_34,LIT2
but c [tsʰ] (攢)
and s [s] (萃悴瘁)

tsʰ z z [z] s [s] 慈 ㅉ [ts'] ㅈ [tɕ]

ㅊ [tɕʰ]

心 s s [s] s [s]

but sh [ʂ] (珊姍)
and c [tsʰ] (賜棲鞘粹)
and z [ts] (燥噪峻)

s [s]

but c [tsʰ]
(棲賽塞速賜肖鞘
燥噪)
and z [ts] (峻)

s s s [s] s [s] 戍 ㅅ [s] ㅅ [s]
邪 z z [z] s [s]

but ∅ (嶼)
and c [tsʰ] in
MC zi1 (詞祠辭)
and MC zjuw1 (囚)

c [tsʰ] /_1,

COL2 (似)
z [ts] /_34,LIT2
but s [s]
(旋羨遂隧殉緒)

s z z [z] s [s] 邪 ㅆ [s'] ㅅ [s]
照莊 tṣ tsr [tʂ] zh [tʂ]

but z [ts]
(阻俎詛鄒責)

z [ts] ts ts s [s] s [s] 即 ㅈ [ts] ㅈ [tɕ]
穿初 tṣ' tsrh [tʂʰ] ch [tʂʰ]

but c [tsʰ]
(策冊測惻廁篡)
and zh [tʂ] (錚)

c [tsʰ]

but z [ts] (錚)
and s [s] (篡)

tsʰ tsʰ s [s] s [s] 侵 ㅊ [tsʰ] ㅊ [tɕʰ]
床崇 dẓ' dzr [dʐʰ] ch [tʂʰ] /_1

but c [ts] (岑)
zh [tʂ] /_234
but sh [ʂ] (士事柿)

c [tsʰ] /_1,

COL2 (柿)
but s [s] (潺愁崇)
z [ts] /_34,LIT2
but s [s] (士事)

tsʰ z z [z] s [s] 慈 ㅉ [ts'] ㅅ [s]

ㅊ [tɕʰ]
ㅈ [tɕ]

審生 ṣ sr [ʂ] sh [ʂ]

but ch [tʂʰ] (產)
and s [s]
(灑澀縮瑟色嗇森)

s [s]

but c [tsʰ] (產刷杉)

s s s [s] s [s] 戍 ㅅ [s] ㅅ [s]
禪俟 ź zr [ʐ] s [s] z [ts] s z z [z] s [s] 邪 ㅆ [s'] ㅅ [s]
照章 tś tsy [tɕ] zh [tʂ]

but ch [tʂʰ] (捶)
and d [t] (盹)

z [ts]

but c [tsʰ] (捶診疹)
and d [t] (盹)

ts ts s [s] s [s] 即 ㅈ [ts] ㅈ [tɕ]
穿昌 tś' tsyh [tɕʰ] ch [tʂʰ]

but sh [ʂ] (樞瀋)

c [tsʰ]

but s [s] (樞瀋)

tsʰ tsʰ s [s] s [s] 侵 ㅊ [tsʰ] ㅊ [tɕʰ]
床船 dź' zy [ʑ] sh [ʂ] /_234

_1:
ch [tʂʰ] (船乘唇)
sh [ʂ] (神繩蛇)

s [s] s z z [z] s [s] 慈 ㅉ [ts'] ㅅ [s]
審書 ś sy [ɕ] sh [ʂ]

but ch [tʂʰ] (弛翅舂)

s [s]

but c [tsʰ]
(始弛矢設束翅奢)
and z [ts] (舂)

s s s [s] s [s] 戍 ㅅ [s] ㅅ [s]
禪常 ź dzy [dʑ] sh [ʂ] /_234

but r [ɻ] (瑞)
_1:
ch [tʂʰ] (most)
sh [ʂ]
(時匙誰韶殊裳)

s [s]

but c [tsʰ] (恃)

s z z [z] s [s] 邪 ㅆ [s'] ㅅ [s]

ㅈ [tɕ]
ㅊ [tɕʰ]

日 ńź ny [ȵ] r [ɻ]

er [aɚ]:
MC nye (兒爾邇)
MC nyij (二貳)
MC nyi (而耳餌)

j [j] ŋ or j z n [n] z [z] 穰 ㅿ [z] ㅇ [∅]
見 k k [k] g [k]

but k [kʰ]
(扛礦昆柯膾愧榷)
and h [x] (梟懈偕)
and w [w] (蝸)

g [k]

but k [kʰ]
(概溉丐給汲級冀規
會膾劊愧拘駒溝箍
羯竭訣決抉蹶厥礦
襟昆)
and h [h] (梟懈)
and w [w] (蝸媧)
and ∅ (柯)

k k k [k] k [k] 君 ㄱ [k] ㄱ [k]
溪 k' kh [kʰ] k [kʰ]

but h [x]
(隙恢詼墟溪)

Random? :

h [h]
or k [kʰ]
but p [pʰ] (棵)
and g [k] (隙)

kʰ kʰ k [k] k [k] 快 ㅋ [kʰ] ㄱ [k]

ㅋ [kʰ] /_[wɛ]

群 g' g [g] k [kʰ] /_1

but g [k] (畿鯨)
g [k] /_234
but k [kʰ] (匱饋)

k [kʰ] /_1,

COL2 (近臼舅菌)
but g [k] (畿)
g [k] /_34,LIT2
but k [kʰ] (匱及)

kʰ g g [ɡ] k [k] 虯 ㄲ [k'] ㄱ [k]
疑 ng ng [ŋ] ∅, y [j,ɥ] or w [w]

depending on rime
but n [n]
(擬孽逆虐凝牛倪霓)
and g [k] (疙圪岌)
and k [kʰ] (聵)
and r [ɻ] (阮)

ng [ŋ]

∅ /_[i,j,w]
ng [ŋ̩]: MC ngu
but k [kʰ] (岌聵)

ŋ ŋ g [ɡ] g [ɡ] 業 ㆁ [ŋ] ㅇ [∅]
影 ' ʔ [ʔ] ∅, y [j,ɥ] or w [w]

depending on rime
but g [k] (娟)
and h [x] (穢)

∅, j [j] or w [w]

depending on rime
but g [k] (娟)
and n [n] (凹)

∅ ∅ ∅, y [j] or w [w]

depending on rime

∅, y [j] or w [w]

depending on rime

挹 ㆆ [ʔ] ㅇ [∅]
曉 x x [h] h [x]

but k [kʰ] (況迄訖)

h [h]

but k [kʰ] (吸賄)
and g [k] (轟)
and ng [ŋ] (迄訖)
and j [j] (欣)

h h k [k] k [k] 虛 ㅎ [h] ㅎ [h]
匣 ɣ h [ɦ] h [x]

but g [k] (迥)
and k [kʰ] (潰洽)
and ∅ (完皖莞肴螢熒)

h [h]

but g [k] (迥)
and k [kʰ] (潰繪攜)
and ng [ŋ] (肴)
and j [j] (螢熒)

h ɦ g [ɡ]

w [w] (蟹攝合口)

k [k] 洪 ㆅ [h'] ㅎ [h]
喻云 j hj [ɦj] y [j,ɥ] or w [w]

depending on rime
but h [x] (彙彗雄熊)

j [j] or w [w]

depending on rime
but h [h] (雄熊)

[j] or [v]? [j] or [v]? y [j] or w [(w)]

depending on rime

欲 ㅇ [∅] ㅇ [∅]
喻以 ∅ y [j] y [j,ɥ] or w [w]

depending on rime
but g [k] (捐)
and k [kʰ] (鉛)

j [j] or w [w]

depending on rime
but g [k] (捐)

[j] or [v]? [j] or [v]? y [j] or w [(w)]

depending on rime

欲 ㅇ [∅] ㅇ [∅]

* — The onsets 幫滂並明 (p ph b m) split sometime between Early and Late Middle Chinese, and this split is reflected in most Chinese varieties as an opposition between bilabials and labiodentals. The characters 非敷奉微 are used to denote the labiodental descendents of original 幫滂並明 respectively. The conditions for the labiodentals are:

  1. The third-division (三等) and hekou (合口, a MC term that seems to refer to labialization) rimes of 虞 ju, 微 jwɨj, 廢 jwojH, 凡 jom, 元 jwon, 文 jun, 陽 jwang, as well as
  2. (Excluding the onset 明 m) The third-division rimes of 東 juwng, 鍾 jowng, 尤 juw

Notes on omitted recent changes, ongoing changes, and allophony

Note for Mandarin — Beijing:

  • The following recent sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
    • z c s [ts tsʰ s] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]
    • g k h [k kʰ x] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]

Note for Yue — Canton (Cantonese):

  • The following sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
    • g k [k kʰ] > gw kw [kʷ kʰʷ] / _u ui un ut [uː uːi uːn uːt] (but not ung uk [ʊŋ ʊk])
    • gw kw [kw kʰw] > gw kw [kʷ kʰʷ]
    • For h [h] in the same environment, if h [h] comes from MC 溪 or 曉, then:
      • h [h] > f [f] / _u ui un ut [uː uːi uːn uːt]
      • hw [hw] > f [f]
    • But if h [h] comes from MC 匣, then:
      • h [h] > w [w] / _u ui un ut [uː uːi uːn uːt]
      • hw [hw] > w [w]
    • ng [ŋ] in the same environment does not labialize
  • Up until the early 20th century, Cantonese had alveolo-palatal sibilants [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] corresponding to Middle Chinese retroflex and palatal onsets, but these have since merged into the plain alveolar sibilants /ts tsʰ s/.
  • /ts tsʰ s/ may be pronounced palatalized, especially before the front high vowels.
  • The following changes are ongoing:
    • n [n] > l [l] (onset)
    • ng [ŋ], ∅ > [ŋ ~ ∅] (onset)
    • gw kw [kʷ kʰʷ] > g k [k kʰ] / _ong,ok [ɔːŋ ɔːk]
    • ng k [ŋ k] > n t [n t] (coda)
    • ng [ŋ̩] > m [m̩] (syllabic)

Note for Wu — Suzhou:

  • The following recent sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
    • [k kʰ g h ɦ n] > [tɕ tɕʰ dʑ ɕ dʑ ȵ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]

Note for Japanese:

  • The following regular sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
    • t d s z n h [t d s z n h] > ch j sh j n h [tɕ ʑ ɕ ʑ ɲ ç] / _[i,j]
    • t d h [t d h] > ts z f [ts z ɸ] / _[u]
    • w [w] > 0 /_[i,e,o]
  • /g/ may be pronounced [ŋ] intervocalically.

Note for Middle Korean: the prescriptive spellings and pronunciations were ultimately ignored:

  • The "muddy" (全濁) onsets were pronounced (and spelt) with plain consonants instead of emphatic consonants;
  • The kh- (溪) onset tended to be pronounced without aspiration;
  • The l- (來) onset was pronounced ㄴ [n] when word-initial (i.e. the first character of a compound) (but see the note below about North Korean);
  • The ny- (日) onset was not pronounced when word-initial;
  • The ng- (疑) onset was not pronounced at all.

Note for Modern Korean:

  • The following regular sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
    • ㄷ ㅌ [t tʰ] > ㅈ ㅊ [tɕ tɕʰ] / _[i,j]
    • ㄹ [ɾ] > ㄴ [n] / #_ (reversed due to spelling pronunciation in North Korean)
    • ㄴ [n] > ㅇ Ø / _[i,j]
    • ㅂ ㄷ ㅈ ㄱ ㅅ [p t tɕ k s] > ㅃ ㄸ ㅉ ㄲ ㅆ [p' t' tɕ' k' s'] after consonants (in compounds)

Rimes

MC rimes are traditionally grouped into four divisions (等). The divisions might have had something to do with the vowels and/or medials (semivowels before the main vowel). The divisions are also useful as categories in MC phonotactics. In Baxter's orthography:

  • third-division rimes are written with "i", or with "j" followed by any other vowel;
  • first-division rimes are written with back vowels "a", "o" or "u";
  • second-division rimes are written with low front vowels "æ" or "ɛ" (which had a tendency to merge with each other);
  • fourth-division rimes are written with "e", which later tended to shift to "je" thereby merging with the third-division rimes

Baxter further categorized the large third-division into three categories:

  • "Independent" rimes, limited to coming after labials and velars/laryngeals, with a tendency to merge with other, more fully distributed rimes
  • "Mixed" rimes, with a more complete distribution after several series of onset consonants;
  • "Chongniu" rimes. These rimes are distributed widely just liked "mixed" rimes. Furthermore, a distinction referred to as chongniu (重紐) was made among characters with labial or velar/laryngeal onsets. The nature of this distinction is unknown but it was likely phonemic. The two categories can be referred to as type A and type B. (They are also, confusingly, called "division-four chongniu rimes" and "division-three chongniu rimes", based on their placement in rime books, even though the rimes themselves are division-three (do not confuse with actual division-four rimes).) The distinction is represented in Baxter's orthography with an extra -i- or -j- for those characters in chongniu type A rimes.

Like several modern southern Sinitic languages, MC permitted the consonant codas of -p, -t, -k, -m, -n and -ng. Baxter also uses the notations of -wk and -wng in a few rimes, which might reflect MC phonology. In MC, rimes ending on stops (-ap, -at, -ak) are treated as belonging to the corresponding rimes ending on nasals (-am, -an, -ang).

Within many of the rime categories, characters were further divided into kaikou (開口) and hekou (合口), which probably referred to the presence of some kind of labialization (denoted as an additional -w- in Baxter's orthography). This distinction was generally neutralized with both labial onsets and labial codas. Instead, rimes with labial codas (in Baxter's orthography, those in -w, -m and -wng) are classified as kaikou. (The pair of 魚 jo and 虞 ju are kaikou and hekou respectively.) Syllables with labial onsets are also put into kaikou or hekou rime categories, but because the distinction is neutralized, if a given kaikou rime occurs with labials, its corresponding hekou rime would (usually) not occur with labials, and vice versa. In particular:

  • In the second and fourth divisions, labial onsets are paired with kaikou rimes
  • In the first division, labial onsets are paired with kaikou rimes, except for 戈 -wa, 灰 -woj, 桓 -wan and 魂 -won.
  • In the third division "independent" category, labial onsets are paired with hekou rimes.
  • In the third division "mixed" category, labial onsets are paired with hekou rimes, except for 之 -i and 蒸 -ing.
  • In the third division "with chongniu" category, labial onsets are paired with kaikou rimes.

The rimes were, later on, grouped into categories called she (攝) based on similarity to each other.

Rimes:

She Name Division One Division Two Division Three Division Four
"Independent" "Mixed" "with Chongniu"
果 Guo 歌 a 歌 ja
戈 wa 戈 jwa
假 Jia 麻 æ 麻 jæ
麻 wæ
止 Zhi jɨj 微 i 之 支 je 脂 ij
jwɨj 微 支 jwe 脂 wij
蟹 Xie 泰 ajH 咍 oj 夬 æjH 皆 ɛj 佳 ɛɨ 廢 jojH 祭 jejH 齊 ej
泰 wajH 灰 woj 夬 wæjH 皆 wɛj 佳 wɛɨ 廢 jwojH 祭 jwejH 齊 wej
遇 Yu 模 u 魚 jo
虞 ju
效 Xiao 豪 aw 肴 æw 宵 jew 蕭 ew
流 Liu 侯 uw 尤 juw 幽 iw
咸 Xian 談 am 覃 om 銜 æm 咸 ɛm 嚴 jæm 鹽 jem 添 em
凡 jom
深 Shen 侵 im
山 Shan 寒 an 刪 æn 山 ɛn 元 jon 仙 jen 先 en
桓 wan 刪 wæn 山 wɛn 元 jwon 仙 jwen 先 wen
臻 Zhen 痕 on 欣 jɨn 真臻 in
魂 won 文 jun 真諄 win
宕 Dang 唐 ang 陽 jang
唐 wang 陽 jwang
曾 Zeng 登 ong 蒸 ing
登 wong 蒸 wing
梗 Geng 庚 æng 耕 ɛng 庚 jæng / 清 jeng 青 eng
庚 wæng 耕 wɛng 庚 jwæng / 清 jweng 青 weng
江 Jiang 江 æwng
通 Tong 東 uwng 冬 owng 東 juwng 鍾 jowng
  • This table is organized according to Baxter's notation. The actual MC vowels continue to be debated.
  • Some rimes occur only in the departing tone (qusheng). These are marked with "-H", Baxter's notation for that tone.
  • -p, -t and -k rimes are implied for -m, -n and -ng rimes, respectively.
  • The pair of 嚴 -jæm and 凡 -jom, which are classified as kaikou and hekou respectively, are actually in complementary distribution, the former coming after velar onsets and the latter after labial onsets.
  • Baxter analyzes the rimes of 庚 jæng and 清 jeng as forming a chongniu type-B / type-A pair. He also classifies 幽 iw rimes as a "chongniu" type rime that has only type-B rimes in it, on the basis of the placement and description of the 幽 iw rime in the rime books.

Permissible onset-rime combinations ("no" does not necessarily mean that there are no characters given in those combinations in the rime books, but that such exceptions are so sparse and/or obscure that they are possibly exceptions/mistakes):

Divisions 1 & 4 Division 2 Division 3 "Independent" Division 3 "Mixed" Division 3 "Chongniu"
Kaikou Hekou Kaikou Hekou Kaikou Hekou Kaikou Hekou Kaikou Hekou
p,ph,b,m Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes + Chongniu
t,th,d,n Yes Some D1 rimes 打 No No No No No 地 No
tr,trh,dr,nr No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
l Yes Some D1 rimes 臉、冷 No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
ts,tsh,dz,s Yes Some D1 rimes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
z No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
tsr,tsrh,dzr,sr No No Yes Limited No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
tsy,tsyh,zy,sy,dzy,ny No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
k,kh,x,h,ʔ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes + Chongniu Yes + Chongniu
g No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes + Chongniu Yes + Chongniu
y No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
  • Division 1 and 4 rimes occurred in similar environments.
  • Division 3 rimes could occur in the most environments, and were also the most frequent (over 50% of characters).
  • The dental stops (t, th, d) were in complementary distribution with the retroflex stops, retroflex sibilants, and palatal sibilants.

Abbreviations used

Onsets:

  • P = MC labial (p,ph,b,m)
  • T = MC dental stop (t,th,d,n)
  • TR = MC retroflex stop (tr,trh,dr,nr)
  • S = MC dental sibilant (ts,tsh,dz,s,z)
  • SR = MC retroflex sibilant (tsr,tsrh,dzr,sr)
  • SY = MC palatal sibilant (tsy,tsyh,dzy,sy,zy)
  • TSR = TR,SR
  • TSRY = TR,SR,SY
  • K = MC velar or laryngeal (k,kh,g,ŋ,x,h,ʔ,y,hj)

Readings:

  • COL = colloquial reading (白讀)
  • LIT = literary reading (文讀)

Chongniu (重紐) classes:

  • CN3 = chongniu three
  • CN4 = chongniu four

Some of the onset-rime combinations attested in rime books correspond to extremely rare characters. Owing to the difficulty of ascertaining the pronunciation of those characters in modern languages, the modern reflexes of those combinations have been omitted (for now). Accordingly, those combinations are not included in the "Distribution" columns of the following charts.

果攝 Guo She

Rime Middle Chinese C_ Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
歌一開 â a T,l uo [uo]
But a [ɑ] (他它大那娜) 		o [ɔː]
But aa [aː] (他它那) 		a [a] a [a]
S uo [uo] o [ɔː] a [a] a [a]
But oa [wa] (左佐)
K e [ɤ]
But uo [uo] (我), a [ɑ] (阿) 		o [ɔː]
But a [ɑː] (阿) 		a [a] a [a}
But ae [ɛ] (個)
戈一合 uâ wa P o [uo]
But a [ɑ] (爸) 		o [ɔː]
But aa [aː] (爸) 		a [a]
T,l uo [uo] o [ɔː] a [a]
S uo [uo] o [ɔː] a [a]
K uo [uo] /_k,ng,ʔ, but e [ɤ] (戈)

e [ɤ] /_kh,x, but uo [uo] (禍和去)

gwo [kʷɔː] < k_,
ngo [ŋɔː] < ng_,
fo [fɔː] < kh,x_,
wo [wɔː] < h,ʔ_ 		wa [(w)a]
戈三開 i◌̯â ja K ie [iɛ] (茄) e [ɛː] (茄) ya [ja]
戈三合 i◌̯wâ jwa K üe [yɛ] (瘸靴) e [ɛː] (瘸); oe [œː] (靴) we [e] wa [a]

假攝 Jia She

Rime Middle Chinese C_ Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
麻二開 a æ P a [ɑ]
TR a [ɑ]
SR a [ɑ]
K ia [iɑ]
麻二合 wa wæ TSR ua [uɑ] but a [ɑ] (傻)
K ua [uɑ]
麻三開 i◌̯a jæ SY,ny e [ɤ] but uo [uo] (若)
S ie [jɛ]
y ie [jɛ]

止攝（開口） Zhi She (Kaikou)

Rime Middle Chinese C_ Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
支三開 ie̯ j(i)e P i [i]

but ei [ei] for
some p,b_ (碑卑被)

ei [ei] i [i] i [i] 이 [i]
l i [i] ei [ei] i [i] i [i] 이 [i]
TR i [ʅ] i [iː]
ei [ei] /nr_ 		i [i] i [i] 이 [i]

but some 아 [a]

SR i [ʅ] i [iː] i [i] i [i] 이 [i]

but some 아 [a]

SY,ny i [ʅ]

er [ɑɚ] /ny_

i [iː] i [i] i [i] 이 [i]

but some 아 [a]

S i [ɿ]

but i [i] (徙璽)

i [iː]

but aai [aːi] (徙璽)

i [i] i [i] 이 [i]

but some 아 [a]

K i [i] ei [ei] /k,kh,g,x_

i [iː] /ng,ʔ,y_
but ai [ɐi] (蟻)

i [i] i [i] 이 [i]

의 [ɰi] /x,ŋ,ʔ_

脂三開 i (j)ij P i [i]

but some ei [ei]
(悲美備眉湄媚魅)

ei [ei] i [i] i [i] 이 [i]
d,l i [i] ei [ei] i [i] i [i] 이 [i]
TR i [ʅ] i [iː]
ei [ei] /nr_ 		i [i] i [i] 이 [i]
sr i [ʅ] i [iː] i [i] i [i] 이 [i]
SY,ny i [ʅ]

er [ɑɚ] /ny_

i [iː] i [i] i [i] 이 [i]
S i [ɿ] i [iː]

but ei [ei] (死四)

i [i] i [i] 아 [a]
K i [i] ei [ei] /k,kh,g,x_

i [iː] /ng,ʔ,y_

i [i] i [i] 이 [i]

의 [ɰi] /x,ŋ,ʔ_
but 이 [i] (伊咿)

之三開 i i l i [i] ei [ei]

but eoi [ɵy] (裏)

i [i] i [i] 이 [i]
TR i [ʅ] i [iː]
ei [ei] /nr_ 		i [i] i [i] 이 [i]
SR i [ʅ]

but e [ɤ] (廁)

i [iː] i [i] i [i] 이 [i]

but some 아 [a]

SY,ny i [ʅ]

er [ɑɚ] /ny_

i [iː] i [i] i [i] 이 [i]

but some 아 [a]

S i [ɿ] i [iː] i [i] i [i] 이 [i]

but some 아 [a]

K i [i] ei [ei] /k,kh,g,x_

i [iː] /ng,ʔ,h,y_

mostly o [o]

i [i] /ʔ,h,y_

 i [i] 이 [i]

의 [ɰi] /x,ŋ,ʔ_

微三開 e̯i jɨj K i [i] ei [ei] /k,kh,g,x_

i [iː] /ng,ʔ,h,y_

e [e] i [i] 이 [i]

의 [ɰi] /x,ŋ,ʔ_

止攝（合口） Zhi She (Hekou)

Rime Middle Chinese C_ Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
支三合 wie̯ jw(i)e l ei [ei] eoi [ɵy] ui [ui] ui [ui] 우 [u]
TR uei [uei] eoi [ɵy] ui [ui] ui [ui] 우 [u]
SR uai [uai] eoi [ɵy] ui [ui] ui [ui] 우 [u]
SY,ny uei [uei] eoi [ɵy] ui [ui] ui [ui] 우 [u]
but 웨 [we] (惴)
S uei [uei] eoi [ɵy] ui [ui] ui [ui] 우 [u]
K uei [uei] gwai [kʷɐi] < k_,
kwai [kʰʷɐi] < kh_,
ngai [ŋɐi] < ng_,
fai [fɐi] < x_1,
wai [wɐi] < x_H,
wai [wɐi] < h,ʔ,y_ 		wi [i] wi [i] 유 [ju] /k,kh_

but some 웨 [we] (詭佹燬)

脂三合 wi (j)wij l ei [ei] eoi [ɵy] ui [ui] ui [ui] 유 [ju]
TR uei [uei] eoi [ɵy] ui [ui] ui [ui] 우 [u]
SR uai [uai] eoi [ɵy] ui [ui] ui [ui] 우 [u]
SY,ny uei [uei] eoi [ɵy] ui [ui] ui [ui] 우 [u]
유 [ju] / ny_
S uei [uei] eoi [ɵy] ui [ui] ui [ui] 위 [wi] (顇醉瘁翠)
K uei [uei]

but i [i] (遺季悸)

gwai [kʷɐi] < k_,g_H,
kwai [kʰʷɐi] < kh_,g_1,
wai [wɐi] < h,y_ 		wi [i]

yui [jui] /y_

wi [i] 우 [u]

유 [ju] / h,y_
but some 웨 [we] /k,g_ (晷位)

微三合 we̯i jwɨj P fei [fei] < p,ph,b_
wei [ʋei] < m_ 		fei [fei] < p,ph,b_

(but fai [fɐi] (沸費))
mei [mei] < m_

i [i] i [i] 이 [i]
K uei [uei] gwai [kʷɐi] < k_,
ngai [ŋɐi] < ng_,
fai [fɐi] < x_1,
wai [wɐi] < x_H,
wai [wɐi] < h,ʔ_ 		wi [i] /ʔ,h_

we [e]

wi [i] /K_ 위 [wi]

蟹攝（開口） Xie She (Kaikou)

Rime Middle Chinese C_ Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
咍一開 âi oj P ei [ei] ui [uːi] ai [ai] ai [ai]
T,l ai [ai] aai [aːi] / n_X (乃迺)
oi [ɔːi] / else

but aai [aːi] (態)

ai [ai] ai [ai]
S ai [ai] oi [ɔːi]

but aai [aːi] (猜)

ai [ai] ai [ai]
K ai [ai] oi [ɔːi] ai [ai] ai [ai]
泰一開 âi- ajH P ei [ei] ui [uːi] ai [ai] ai [ai]
T,l ai [ai] oi [ɔːi] ai [ai] ai [ai]
S ai [ai] oi [ɔːi] ai [ai] ai [ai]
K ai [ai] oi [ɔːi]

but aai [aːi] (艾)

ai [ai] ai [ai]
皆二開 ăi ɛj P ai [ai] aai [aːi] e [e] ai [ai]
SR ai [ai] aai [aːi] e [e] ai [ai]
K jie [tɕiɛ] < k_

but ga [kɑ] < k_ (尬)
kai [kʰai] < kh_ (揩楷)
xie [ɕiɛ] < h_ (諧鞋械瀣) or
hai [xai] < h_ (駭骸)

aai [aːi] e [e] ai [ai]
夬二開 ai- æjH P ai [ai] aai [aːi] e [e] ai [ai]
dzr ai [ai] (寨) aai [aːi] (寨) ai [ai] ai [ai]
佳二開 ai ɛɨ P ai [ai] aai [aːi] e [e] ai [ai]
SR ai [ai] aai [aːi] e [e] ai [ai]
K jie [tɕiɛ] < k_

but jia [tɕiɑ] < k_ (佳)
ya [jɑ] < ng_
xie [ɕiɛ] < h_
wa [ʋɑ] < ʔ_1 (娃)
ai [ai] < ʔ_X,H (矮隘)

aai [aːi]

but ai [ɐi] < ʔ_X (矮)
and waa [waː] < ʔ_1 (娃)

e [e] ai [ai]
廢三開 i̯ɒi- jojH ŋ i [i] aai [aːi] e [e] ai [ai]
祭三開 i̯äi- j(i)ejH P i [i] / p,ph,b_

ei [ei] / m_ (袂)

ai [ɐi] e [e]
ei [eː]
l i [i] ai [ɐi] e [e]
ei [eː]
TR i [ʅ] ai [ɐi] ai [ai] ei [eː]
SR i [ʅ] ai [ɐi] e [e] ei [eː]
SY i [ʅ] ai [ɐi] e [e] ei [eː]
ts i [i] ai [ɐi] ai [ai] ei [eː]
K i [i] ai [ɐi]

jai [jɐi] < y_

e [e]

ei [eː] / y_

ei [eː]
齊四開 iei ej P i [i] ai [ɐi] ai [ai] ei [eː]
T,l i [i] ai [ɐi] ai [ai] ei [eː]
S i [i] ai [ɐi] ai [ai] ei [eː]
K i [i] ai [ɐi] e [e] ei [eː]

蟹攝（合口） Xie She (Hekou)

Rime Middle Chinese C_ Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
灰一合 uâi woj P ei [ei] ui [uːi] e [e] ai [ai]
T,l uei [uei] /t,th,d_

ei [ei] /n,l_

eoi [ɵy]

but oi [ɔːi] (內)

ai [ai] ai [ai]
S uei [uei] eoi [ɵy] ai [ai] ai [ai]
K uei [uei]

but uai [uai] (塊)

gwai [kʷɐi] < k_,

fui [fuːi] < kh,x_,
but kwai [kʰʷɐi] < kh_ (盔）
and faai [faːi] < kh_ (塊)
ngai [ŋɐi] < ng_ (隗嵬)
or wai [wɐi] < ng_ (桅)
wui [wuːi] < h,ʔ_,
but wai [wɐi] < ʔ_ (猥)

we [e] wai [(w)ai]
泰一合 wâi- wajH T uei [uei] eoi [ɵy] ai [ai] ai [ai]
S uei [uei] eoi [ɵy] ai [ai] ai [ai]
K uei [uei] /k,x,h_

but kuai [kʰuai] < k_ (膾儈)
wai [ʋai] < ng_ (外)

kui2 [kʰuːi˧˥] < k_ （膾儈劊)

ngoi6 [ŋɔːi˨] < ng_ (外)
wai3 [wɐi˧] < x_
wui6 [wuːi˨] < h_ (會) or
kui2 [kʰuːi˧˥] < h_ (繪）

we [e] wai [ai]
皆二合 wăi wɛj K uai [uai] waai [ʷaːi] we [e] wai [ai]
夬二合 wai- wæjH K uai [uai]

but ua [uɑ] (話)

waai [ʷaːi]

but waa [waː] (話)

we [e] wai [ai]
佳二合 wai wɛɨ K ua [uɑ]

but uo [uo] (蝸)

waa [ʷaː]

but wo [wɔː] (蝸媧)

we [e] wai [(w)ai]
廢三合 i̯wɒi- jwojH P ei [ei] ai [ɐi] o [o] ai [ai]
K hui [xuei] < x,ʔ_ (喙穢) fui [fuːi] < x_ (喙)

wai [wɐi] < ʔ_ (穢)

we [e] wai [(w)ai]
祭三合 i̯wäi- jw(i)ejH TR uei [uei] eoi [ɵy] ai [ai] ei [eː]
SY,ny uei [uei] eoi [ɵy] e(i) [e(ː)] ei [eː]
S uei [uei] eoi [ɵy] ai [ai] ei [eː]
K gui [kuei] < k_

hui [xuei] < h_
but wei [ʋei] < h_ (衛)
rui [ɻuei] < y_

gwai [kʷɐi] < k_

wai [wɐi] < h_
jeoi [jɵy] < y_

e(i) [e(ː)] / y_

we [e] /h_

ei [eː]

wei [eː] /h_

齊四合 iwei wej K uei [uei]

but ie [iɛ] (攜)

wai [wɐi] we [e] wai [ai]

遇攝 Yu She

Rime Middle Chinese C_ Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
模一開 uo u P u [u] ou [ou] u [u] or o [o] o [o]
T,l u [u]

ou [ou] (都白)

ou [ou] u [u] or o [o] o [o]
S u [u]

uo [uo] some ts_H (措錯)

ou [ou] u [u] or o [o] o [o]
K u [u] u [uː]

ng [ŋ̩] < ŋ_

u [u] or o [o] o [o]

wo [o] /ʔ_

魚三開 i̯wo jo l ü [y]

but u [u] some l_1 (廬蘆)

 eoi [ɵy] o [o] yo [jo]
TR u [u]

ü [y] /nr_

yu [yː]

but eoi [ɵy] (除)
eoi [ɵy] /nr_

yo [jo] yo [jo]
SR u [u]

but uo [uo] (所)

o [ɔː] yo [jo] o [o]
SY,ny u [u] yu [yː] yo [jo] yo [jo]
S ü [y] eoi [ɵy] o [o] yo [jo]
K ü [y] eoi [ɵy] /k,kh,g,x_

yu [yː] < ŋ,ʔ,y_

yo [jo] /y_

o [o] /K,ʔ_

yo [jo]
虞三合 i̯u ju P fu [fu] < p,ph,b_

wu [u] < m_

fu [fuː] < p,ph,b_

mou [mou] < m_

u [u] u [u]
l ü [y] eoi [ɵy] u [u] u [u]
TR u [u] yu [yː] yuu [juː] yuu [juː]
SR u [u] o [ɔː]

but ou [ou] (數)

yu [ju] yu [ju]
SY,ny u [u] yu [yː] u [u]　

yu [ju] /dzy,ny_

yu [ju]
S ü [y] eoi [ɵy] u [u] yu [ju]
K ü [y] eoi [ɵy]　/k,kh,g,x_

yu [yː] < ŋ,ʔ,h,y_

u [u]

yu [ju] /y_

 u [u]

yu [ju] /y_

效攝 Xiao She

Rime Middle Chinese C_ Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
豪一開 âu aw P ao [ɑu]
T,l ao [ɑu]
S ao [ɑu]
K ao [ɑu]
肴二開 au æw P ao [ɑu]
TR ao [ɑu]
SR ao [ɑu]
K iao [jɑu]
宵三開 i◌̯äu j(i)ew P iao [jɑu]
l iao [jɑu]
TR ao [ɑu]
SY,ny ao [ɑu]
S iao [jɑu]
K iao [jɑu]
蕭四開 ieu ew T iao [jɑu]
S iao [jɑu]
K iao [jɑu]

流攝 Liu She

Rime Middle Chinese C_ Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
侯一開 ə◌̯u uw P ou [ou]

but mŭ [mu˨˩˦] < m_X (母牡)
except mŏu [mu˨˩˦] (某)
and mào [mɑu˥˩] < m_H (茂貿袤)

T,l ou [ou]
S ou [ou]
K ou [ou]
尤三開 iə◌̯u juw P fu [fu] < p,ph,b_

except fǒu [fou˨˩˦] < p_X (否缶)
mou [mou] < m_
except mao [mɑu] (矛)

l iou [iou]
TR ou [ou]

but u [u] (畜)
iou [iou] / nr_

SR ou [ou]
SY,ny ou [ou]
K iou [iou]
幽三開 i◌̯ěu jiw P iao [iao] / p_ (彪)
iou [iou] / m_ (謬)
K iou [iou]

深攝 Shen She

咸攝 Xian She

山攝 Shan She

臻攝 Zhen She

Rime Middle Chinese Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
真三開 jĕn (j)in in [in]

but ün [yn] (訊汛)
en [ən] /TR,SY,ny_

an [ɐn]

eon [ɵn] /S,l_
but an [ɐn] (辛新薪親)
jan [jɐn] /ʔ,y_

CN3:

in [iɴ]
on [oɴ] /K_
CN4:
in [iɴ]

in [iɴ]
臻三開 jɛn in en [ən] /SR_ an [ɐn] /SR_

but eon [ɵn] (臻榛)

in [iɴ] in [iɴ]
欣三開 jən jɨn in [in] /K_ an [ɐn] /K_

jan [jɐn] /ʔ_

on [oɴ] in [iɴ]
痕一開 ən on en [ən] /K_

un [uən] /th_ (吞)

an [ɐn] /K,th_

jan [jɐn] /ʔ_ (恩)

on [oɴ] on [oɴ]
質三開 jĕt (j)it i [i]

i [ʅ] /TR,SY,ny_

at [ɐt] (incl. /S_)

but it [iːt] (必秩)
eot [ɵt] /l_
jat [jɐt] /ʔ,y_
but jyut [jyːt] (乙)

iti [itɕi]

but otu [otsu] (乙)

itu [itsu]
櫛三開 jɛt it SR_:

e [ɤ] (瑟)
and i [ʅ] (櫛陸蝨)
and ie [iɛ] (櫛台)

at [ɐt] /SR_

but it [iːt] (櫛)

iti [itɕi] itu [itsu]
迄三開 jət jɨt i [i] /K_ at [ɐt] /K_ oti [otɕi] itu [itsu]
沒一開 ət ot e [ɤ] /h_ at [ɐt] /h_ ? ?


Rime Middle Chinese Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
真三合 juĕn jwin ün [yn] /K_

but iong [yʊŋ] (窘)

wan [wɐn] /K_
淳三合 juĕn (j)win ün [yn] /S,K_

but in [in] (尹)
and un [uən] (筍遵)
un [uən] /TR,SY,nr,l_

文三合 juən jun en [ən] /P_

ün [yn] /K_

魂一合 uən won en [ən] /P,n_

un [uən] /T,l,S,K_
but ün [yn](巽遜)

質三合 juĕt wit ü [y]
術三合 juĕt (j)wit ü [y] /K,l_

u [u] /TR,SY_
uai [uai] /SR_

物三合 juət jut u [u] /P_

but o [uɔ] (佛)
ü [y] /K_
but üe [yɛ] (崛倔掘)

沒一合 uət wot o [uɔ] /P_

but ei [ei] (沒白)
u [u] /T,S,K_

宕攝 Dang She

梗攝 Geng She

曾攝 Ceng She

通攝 Tong She

Rime Middle Chinese Distr. Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
東一開 ung uwng P T l
S k kh
x h ʔ 		ong [ʊŋ]

weng [wɤŋ] /ʔ_
eng [ɤŋ] /P_

ung [ʊŋ]

but jung [jʊŋ] (翁)

u [u]

some uu [uː]

ou [oː] 옹 [oŋ]
冬一開 uong owng T
S k 		ong [ʊŋ] ung [ʊŋ] o [o]

some ou [oː]

ou [oː] 옹 [oŋ]
東三開 i̯ung juwng P l TR
S dzr SY
ny k kh g
hj y 		ong [ʊŋ]

iong [yʊŋ] /g,hj_ (窮雄熊)
rong [ɻʊŋ] /y_1 (融)
eng [ɤŋ] /P_

ung [ʊŋ]

jung [jʊŋ] /y_

yuu [juː], yu [ju]

(incl. y_ )
u [u], uu [uː]/K,l,P_

yuu [juː]

ou [oː]/P_

웅 [uŋ]
鍾三開 i̯wong jowng P l TR
S SY
ny k kh g
ŋ x ʔ y 		ong [ʊŋ]

iong [yʊŋ] /x,ʔ,y_
rong [ɻʊŋ] /y_1 (容)
eng [ɤŋ] /P_

ung [ʊŋ]

jung [jʊŋ] /ʔ,y_

yuu [juː], yu [ju]

(incl. ʔ,y_ )
u [u], uu [uː]/K,P_

you [joː]

ou [oː]/P_

옹 [oŋ]

용 [joŋ] /y_
융 [juŋ] /x_

屋一開 uk uwk P T l
S k kh
x h ʔ 		u [u] uk [ʊk] oku [oku] oku [oku] 옥 [ok]
沃一開 uok owk P T l
S k kh
x h ʔ 		u [u]

but uo [uo] (沃)

uk [ʊk]

but juk [jʊk] (沃)

oku [oku] oku [oku] 옥 [ok]
屋三開 i̯uk juwk P l TR
S SR SY
ny k kh g
ŋ x ʔ hj 		u [u]

ü [y] /K_
but:
ou [ou] (軸粥熟肉)
iu [jou] (宿六)
uo [uo] (縮)

uk [ʊk] uku [uku] /P_

oku [oku] /l,m_
iku [iku] /TR,K,ny_
uku [uku] /S,SR,SY_

uku [uku] /P_

oku [oku] /m_
iku [iku] /TR,K,ny,l_
yuku [juku] /S,SR,SY_

욱 [uk]

옥 [ok] /P_
육 [juk] /l,nr,y_

燭三開 i̯wok jowk P l TR
S SY
ny k kh g
ŋ x y 		u [u]

ü [y] /K_
but:
ü [y] (續綠)

uk [ʊk]

juk [jʊk] /ŋ_

oku [oku]

yoku [joku] /y_

yoku [joku] 옥 [ok]

욱 [uk] /K_
욕 [jok] /ny,y_

江攝 Jiang She

Rime Middle Chinese Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
江二開 ång æwng iang [jɑŋ] / K_

but: ang [ɑŋ] (扛缸港)
uang [wɑŋ] /TSR_
ang [ɑŋ] /P_

ong [ɔːŋ] /K_,P_

oeng [œːŋ] /TSR_

ou [oː] au [oː] 앙 [aŋ]
覺二開 åk æwk LIT

üe [yɛ] / K_ (not ʔ_)
but e [ɤ] (殼)
(u)o [uo] / else
but u [u] (朴)
COL
iao [jau] / K_ (角殼)
ao [au] (剝雹)

ok [ɔːk] /K_,P_

ak [ɐk] /ʔ_
for /TR_:
oek [œːk] (涿啄琢卓桌)
or ok [ɔːk] (擢濯)
or uk [ʊk] (濁鐲)
for /SR_:
ok [ɔːk] (朔欶)
or uk [ʊk] (捉)

oku [oku] /P_

aku [aku]

aku [aku] 악 [ak]

Tones

  • P = MC unvoiced obstruent onset
  • M = MC sonorant onset
  • B = MC voiced obstruent onset
Tone Middle Chinese Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese (?) Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
平
Ping 		P ∅ ∅ 55 55 55 44 44
M 35 21 24 11 24
B
上
Shang 		P : X 214 35 51 31 52
M 23 31
B 51 23 or 22 33 52
去
Qu 		P - H 33 11 412
M 22 33 31
B
入
Ru 		P ∅

(-p,t,k)

∅

(-p,t,k)

Random 55 (short)

33 (long)

32 21 4
M 51 22 5 4 23
B 35

Resources

Middle Chinese

Modern Chinese

Sino-Xenic

Other correspondence lists

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Bernhard Karlgren, also known as 高本漢.
  2. ↑ William Baxter.
  3. ↑ Values suggested by Pan Wuyun (潘悟雲).
  4. ↑ The hanja and prescriptive han'gŭl are spellings from the Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 동국정운).
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