Danan

The Danan language is an imaginary language made by Francesco Bravin as part of the setting of the role playing game Madatarn, where it is spoken by the Danan people (Dananes).

The Danan is an ancient western Indoeuropean language. Its phonology, lexicon, grammar and syntax are all derived from those of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European [1] language (PIE). Amongst the Indoeuropean family, Danan is closest to the ancient Italic [2] languages, with some minor similarities with Celtic [3]languages. In some features, Danan is very close to Archaic Latin[4], even if they have some important differences, and even closer to ancient Venetic[5].

The Danan is an inflectional language, having a noun inflection and a verbal inflection, similar to those of the other Indoeuropean languages. The order of the words is quite free, thanks to the inflection, but the non-marked order is SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) for the sentences and AN (Adjective-Noun) for the nominal syntagmata. Other orders can be used for expressive reasons, especially in rhetoric and poetic contexts.

The Danan shows some varieties: Classic Danan is the standard language, Archaic Danan is an older, literate and more aulic variety, Folkish Danan is the variety spoken by common people. Folkish Danan also can show some dialects, grouped by area: western, eastern, northern and southern dialects. Actually, every spoken dialect can show some features from a main group and some from another: for example, a north-western dialect will show both some northern and some western features.

Danan Alphabet, Script and Phonology

The Danan language has its own alphabet, made by 20 letters. This alphabet is very similar to the Lepontic, that derived from the Etruscan.

Danan Alphabet Roman Script IPA Notes

A A a

B B b

Γ G ɡ

Δ D d

E E ɛ, e

F F f not used in Archaic Danan

H H h

Z Z z not common, used mostly for foreign words

I I i

K K k

˂ L l

M M m

N N n

Ω O ɔ, o

П P p

Ρ R r

S S s, z often used also instead of Z

T T t

V U/W u, w in Archaic Danan it's only u, in Classic Danan also w before another vowel

|= V v in Archaic Danan, used both for V and F, in Classic Danan only for V, later also instead of U for W

Vowels

Danan vocalism is quite conservative, generally keeping the same vowels of PIE and just losing the vowel lenght perception. A new vowel lenght perception can come from the contraction of diphthongs; furthermore, the closed syllables are considered long ones for metric reasons, but contracted vowels are seen as longer than closed syllables.

PIE --> Danan

*a --> a

*e --> e

*o --> o

*i/y --> i

*u/w --> u/w ("w" is still pronounced as "u" in Archaic Danan, but it is pronounced as "v" in Classic Danan, and in Folkish Danan it is often written as "v"). For example: watis "bard" is pronounced "uatis" in AD and "vatis" in both CD and FD, but in the last one it is written vatis. Also, in Classic Danan, w falls when following an obclusive consonant (as the labiovelars lose their labial component). In Classic Danan, unaccented e falls, for example AD daberos (smith) in DC is dabros.

*ai --> ai

*ei --> i

*oi --> oi

*au/aw --> au/aw

*eu/ew --> u/ew

*ou/ow --> ou/ow (where "ou" is pronounced "û" since Classic Danan)

*Ə --> a

Improper diphthongs, still open in Archaic Danan, get contracted in Classic Danan, giving new long vowels. The same happens with double vowels. The vowel E always loses its timber in favour of A and O.

ae --> â

ao --> ao

aa --> â

oe --> ô

oo --> ô

oa --> ô

ee --> ê

eo --> ô

ea --> â

ii --> î

uu --> û

The Danan doesn't have any semi-vowel sonant. The PIE semi-vowel sonants usually develop a supporting vowel in Danan. The long ones are developed as sonant+@, that means liquid+a. The liquids develop an "o", except when preceded by a "w": in this case the supporting vowel is u. The nasals develop an a except when preceeded by a w or by a labiovelar: in this case the supporting vowel is u. In Classic Danan the final ms and those followed by a dental or velar obclusive always become n.

PIE Danan *r, *ŗ, *ṝ --> r, or/ur, ra

*l, *ļ, *ḹ --> l, ol/ul, la

*m, *ṃ --> m, am/um (an/un if at the end of the word)

*n, *ṇ --> n, an/un

Apophony The roots with apophonic alternance e/o, show o in nouns at upright cases, and e in verbs at present tense. Nouns with o at the nominative and accusative, show e in the other cases. At perfect tense there is o in the root and e in the doubling. Some examples with nouns:

-os, -esos -on, -enos -or, -eros

Consonants All the non-aspirated occlusives remain the same. The dental aspirated just loses the aspiration. The labial aspirated becomes a fricative, but it becomes voiceless in voiceless context, especially at the beginning of a word. In AD these are not yet fully distinguished, so the same letter is used. In CD, a new letter is used for f, and the other letter is only used for v. In FD, the letter for v is used also for w. The guttural aspirated becomes h in voiceless context and g in voiced context. The labiodentals lose the labial item in CD, but they still have it in AD. The aspirated labiodental has a different behaviour: the AD hw loses its h in CD, becoming just w.

*p --> p *b --> b *bh --> f/v *t --> t *d --> d *dh --> d *k --> k *g --> g *gh --> g/h *kw --> k *gw --> g *ghw --> g/w

The spirant *s always remains the same, but it is pronounced z in voiced context. Dental+spirant becomes loses the dental. Voiced occlusives lose their voice when in ending of a word.

*s --> s/z, but always written as S *ts, ds --> s *ks, gs --> ks

Voiced consonants, followed by a voiceless lose their voice. Any difficult consonant cluster can develop a supporting "e" vowel, more often in AD than in CD. Dentals always develop this supportin "e". *pt, bt --> pt, pt/bet *tt, dt --> tet, det *kt, gt --> kt, kt/get

The PIE cluster *dhgh is always simplified as just *gh, and then developed in the same manner.

Stress The stress always falls on the last long syllable. Long syllables are those with diphthongs, contracted vowels or vowels followed by two consonants. If there is no long syllable, the stress falls on the most retracted sillable, but anyway not further than the antepenultimate.

Nominal system

The Danan nominal system shows gender, number and case.

Gender Danan has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter.

Number Danan has two numbers: singular and plural. AD had a residual and very rare dual, used just for couple of things (like the eyes). In DC these very rare duals are seen as irregular plurals and tend to become regular in FD.

Case Danan has seven grammatical cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Ablative, Locative, Instrumental. Vocative case is lost, confused with Nominative. Only AD still have a residual Vocative case ending in -e for nouns with theme in -o. Themes can be in -o, -a, -i, -u or in consonant. Themes in -o Singular Plural

Nominative -os (m), -on (n) -oi (m), -a (n)

Genitive -osio -oson

Dative -oi -ovos

Accusative -on -ons

Ablative -od -ovos

Locative -oi -osu

Instrumental -ô (that was *oe) -ovis

For example: wulkos "wolf"

Singular Plural

Nominative wulkos wulkoi

Genitive wulkosio wulkoson

Dative wulkoi wulkovos

Accusative wulkon wulkons

Ablative wulkod wulkovos

Locative wulkoi wulkosu

Instrumental wulkô wulkovis

Themes in -a Singular Plural Nominative -as (m), -a (f) -ai

Genitive -asia -ason

Dative -ai -avos

Accusative -an -ans

Ablative -ad -avos

Locative -ai -asu

Instrumental -â (that was *ae) -avis

For example: wulna "wool"

Singular Plural

Nominative wulna wulnai

Genitive wulnasia wulnason

Dative wulnai wulnavos

Accusative wulnan wulnans

Ablative wulnad wulnavos

Locative wulnai wulnasu

Instrumental wulnâ wulnavis Themes in -i Singular Plural Nominative -is (m), -i (f) -eies

Genitive -eios -eion

Dative -î -ivos

Accusative -in -ins

Ablative -eios -ivos

Locative -î -isu

Instrumental -eie -ivis

For example: potis "sir, lord, master"

Singular Plural

Nominative potis poteies

Genitive poteios poteion

Dative potî potivos

Accusative potin potins

Ablative poteios potivos

Locative potî potisu

Instrumental poteie potivis

Themes in -u Singular Plural

Nominative -us (m), -u (f) -ewes

Genitive -ewos -ewon

Dative -ewi -uvos

Accusative -un -uns

Ablative -ewos -uvos

Locative -ewi -usu

Instrumental -ewe -uvis

For example: krus "flesh, raw meat"

Singular Plural

Nominative krus krewes

Genitive krewos krewon

Dative krewi kruvos

Accusative krun kruns

Ablative krewos kruvos

Locative krewi krusu

Instrumental krewe kruvis

Themes in -r Singular Plural Nominative -r -res (m/f), -ra (n)

Genitive -ros -ron

Dative -ri -rvos

Accusative -ran (m/f), -r (n) -rans (m/f), -ra (n)

Ablative -ros -rvos

Locative -ri -rsu

Instrumental -re -rvis

For example: pater "father"

Singular Plural

Nominative pater patres

Genitive patros patron

Dative patri patervos

Accusative patra patras

Ablative patros patervos

Locative patri patersu

Instrumental patre patervis

Themes in -l

Singular Plural

Nominative -l -rls (m/f), -la (n)

Genitive -los -lon

Dative -li -lvos

Accusative -lan (m/f), -l (n) -lans (m/f), -la (n)

Ablative -los -lvos

Locative -li -lsu

Instrumental -le -lvis

For example: sal "salt"

Singular Plural

Nominative sal sales

Genitive salos salon

Dative sali salvos

Accusative sala salas

Ablative salos salvos

Locative sali salsu

Instrumental sale salvis

Themes in -n

Singular Plural Nominative -n -nes (m/f), -na (n)

Genitive -nos -non

Dative -ni -nvos

Accusative -nan (m/f), -n (n) -nans (m/f), -na (n)

Ablative -nos -nvos

Locative -ni -nsu

Instrumental -ne -nvis

For example: kon "dog" (root *kwon-/kun-)

Singular Plural

Nominative kon kunes

Genitive kunos kunon

Dative kuni kunvos

Accusative kuna kunas

Ablative kunos kunvos

Locative kuni kunsu

Instrumental kune kunvis Themes in -s

Singular Plural Nominative -s -ses (m/f), -sa (n)

Genitive -sos -son

Dative -si -svos

Accusative -san (m/f), -s (n) -sans (m/f), -sa (n)

Ablative -sos -svos

Locative -si -ssu

Instrumental -se -svis

For example: genos "offspring"

Singular Plural

Nominative genos genesa

Genitive genesos geneson

Dative genesi genesvos

Accusative genos genesa

Ablative genesos genesvos

Locative genesi genessu

Instrumental genese genesvis

Themes in occlusive (for example -g)

Singular Plural Nominative -ks -ges

Genitive -gos -gon

Dative -gi -gevos

Accusative -gan -gans

Ablative -gos -gevos

Locative -gi -ksu

Instrumental -ge -gevis

For example: reks "king"

Singular Plural

Nominative reks reges

Genitive regos regon

Dative regi regevos

Accusative regan regans

Ablative regos regevos

Locative regi reksu

Instrumental rege regevis

Notes: Most themes in liquid, nasal or spirant show an O at the nominative and accusative, and E in the other cases. For example -or/-eros, -ol/elos, -on/-enos, -os, -esos. Some words in -er at the Nominative lose the ein other cases in CD. Some neutral themes show R at nominative and accusative and N in the other cases, especially in AD; these heteroclite themes tend to normalization in CD and are all normalized in FD, usually ar themes in R. Feminine words ending with vowel, in CD show no -s at the nominative, on the example of those ending with -a.

Adjectives Adjectives take the same number, gender and case of the nouns they refer to. There are three classes of adjectives:

• I class: adjectives in -os/-a/-on, as newos, newa, newon "new"
• II class: adjectives in -s/-i/-∅, as swadus, swadi, swadu "sweet, pleasant"
• III class: adjectives in liquid/-liquid+i/liquid+e, as aker, akri, akre "sour, harsh"

Beyond the normal degree, there are also two other degrees of adjectives: comparative and superlative. The comparative degree expresses a comparison with a comparison term at the ablative case ("more... than") and an intensive meaning when there is no comparison term ("quite..."). It is made with the suffix -teros, -tera, -teron for the adjectives of the I class, and wit the suffix -ios, -iosi, -ios (theme in -s) for the those of the II and III. The superlative expresses the top degree in a group of items at the genitive plural ("the most... among") and a high degree without a comparison term ("very..."). It is made with the suffix –samos, -sama, -samon for the adjective of the I class and with the suffix –istos, -ista, -iston for the adjectives of the II and III.

For example:

newos, newa, newon --> newoteros, newotera, newoteron --> newosamos, newosama, newosamon

swadus, swadi, swadu --> swadios, swadiosi, swadios --> swadistos, swadista, swadiston

aker, akri, akre --> akrios, akriosi, akrios --> akristos, akrista, akriston

Adverbs Beyond "natural" adverbs, it is possible to create adverbs from adjectives with the suffix -e attached to the theme of the adjective. For example:

newos, newa, newon --> newe

swadus, swadi, swadu --> swade

aker, akri, akre --> akre

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