Telefax: Difference between revisions

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*[ʧ ʃ] may be used before a front vowel.
*[tʰ ʔ h l] occur only initially.
*[tʰ ʔ h l] occur only initially.
*[t n ɗ ɠ x] occur only medially.
*[t n ɗ ɠ x] occur only medially.
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**Old strata: n~h, conditionally ɓ~p, ɗ~t, ɠ~k
**Old strata: n~h, conditionally ɓ~p, ɗ~t, ɠ~k
**Step 1: remaining initial ɓ ɗ ɠ → w ɹ ɰ ''or'' m n ŋ (modulo vowel nasality), initial voiceless stops aspirated
**Step 1: remaining initial ɓ ɗ ɠ → w ɹ ɰ ''or'' m n ŋ (modulo vowel nasality), initial voiceless stops aspirated
**Step 2: ŋ → m / _{õ ũ}, → ∅ / _{ĩ ẽ ã}, → ɰ or nasality elsewhere (might imply the existence of m~w)
**Step 2: ŋ → m / V_{õ ũ}, → ∅ / V_{ĩ ẽ ã}, Vŋ → Ṽ / _#
**Step 3: ɹ ɰ → ∅ j/w, n x → l h / #_, l → ɾ → ɗ / V_V
**Step 3: n ŋ x → l ɰ h / #_, ɹ ɰ → ∅ j/w, l → ɾ → ɗ / V_V
**Step 4: Development of new marginal initial ɓ from *u+vowel (presumably via *ʔw-)
**Step 4: Development of new marginal initial ɓ from *u+vowel (presumably via *ʔw-)
<!-- so what has happened to other initial glottal stops?! -->
<!-- so what has happened to other initial glottal stops?! -->
**Synchronically, [tʰ] is clearly an allophone of /t/ and [ʔ] epenthetic, [h] is probably best interpreted as an allophone of /x/, and /ɠ/ as an independant phoneme. The voiced coronal situation seems less clear.
**Synchronically, [tʰ] is clearly an allophone of /t/ and [ʔ] epenthetic, [h] is probably best interpreted as an allophone of /x/, and /ɠ/ as an independant phoneme. The voiced coronal situation seems less clear.
*[ʧ ʃ] may be used before a front vowel.
We'll use ''c'' for the affricate, ''b d g'' for implosivs, ''ł'' for /ɬ/ or ''ad hoc'' ASCIIfied as ''f''.


We'll use ''c'' for the affricate, ''b d g'' for implosivs, ''f'' for /ɬ/ (think ''ł'').
'''Vowels'''
'''Vowels'''
{|
{|
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|-
|-
! s
! s
| sp || st || || sk || sɓ || sɗ || sɠ || sm
| sp || st || (→ s) || sk || sɓ || sɗ || sɠ || sm
|-
|-
! x
! x
| || xt || xc || || || (xɗ) || || xm
| || xt || xc || || || || ||
|-
|-
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 14:19, 2 March 2011

Telefax A

Consonants

pʰ tʰ kʰ
p t ts ~ ʧ k ʔ
ɬ s ~ ʃ x h
ɓ ɗ ɠ
m n
w l     j
  • [ʧ ʃ] may be used before a front vowel.
  • [tʰ ʔ h l] occur only initially.
  • [t n ɗ ɠ x] occur only medially.
  • Occurring alternation pairs (productive in bold): t~tʰ; n~h, n~l; ɓ~pʰ; ɗ~∅, ɗ~l, ɗ~tʰ; ɠ~j, ɠ~w, ɠ~m, ɠ~kʰ; x~h
    • Old strata: n~h, conditionally ɓ~p, ɗ~t, ɠ~k
    • Step 1: remaining initial ɓ ɗ ɠ → w ɹ ɰ or m n ŋ (modulo vowel nasality), initial voiceless stops aspirated
    • Step 2: ŋ → m / V_{õ ũ}, → ∅ / V_{ĩ ẽ ã}, Vŋ → Ṽ / _#
    • Step 3: n ŋ x → l ɰ h / #_, ɹ ɰ → ∅ j/w, l → ɾ → ɗ / V_V
    • Step 4: Development of new marginal initial ɓ from *u+vowel (presumably via *ʔw-)
    • Synchronically, [tʰ] is clearly an allophone of /t/ and [ʔ] epenthetic, [h] is probably best interpreted as an allophone of /x/, and /ɠ/ as an independant phoneme. The voiced coronal situation seems less clear.

We'll use c for the affricate, b d g for implosivs, f for /ɬ/ (think ł). Vowels

i ĩ u ũ
e ẽ ə o õ
  a   ã  

Difthongs consist of /ə a/+/j w/ (oral only).

Tone??

/ə/ harmonizes with /a/, with the latter dominating.

Syllable structure CV, medially (F)CV with valid 2nd cluster members including voiceless stops, implosivs & /m/.

1st ↓ · 2nd → p t c k ɓ ɗ ɠ m
s sp st (→ s) sk sɓ sɗ sɠ sm
x xt xc

Pronouns

1p 2p 3pA 3pB Prox DistA DistB
S khudi than yoso leso banni exa mo
P yaninna lomi cəso wawka lasda cesi cəmo

The 3 singular forms are female/male. The 3p plural & distal are definit/indefinit (or collectiv/paucal).

Example vocabulary

  • phudi wakiyaw kəmecə 'to slowly digest' (consume=INF stomach.SUBST ('bile') slowly)
  • podan wenophu lumonki
  • thuxawante kuyoken acimay
  • heyo igaten mubun thapu
  • soba losan ka wate annophu
  • kisgətəme khanayon 'misty bog' (mist.ADJ bog)

Alternation examples: the *augmentativ prefix o-

  • lopu 'water' <> odopu 'lake, sea, ocean'
  • huca 'child' <> onuca 'teenager'
  • yawdi 'dog' <> ogawdi 'wolf'

Modal prefixes

  • phefa 'rush' <> mebefa 'have to rush'
  • thaca 'drop' <> yexidaca 'sprinkle'
  • khəto 'hang' <> asgato 'keep hanging'
  • yuga 'sail' <> ayuga 'keep sailing'

Grammar notes

SOV, basic nom/acc (nom unmark'd, acc marking varies), verbs uninflected for person

Telefax B

Phonology

Consonants

pʰ tʰ ʧʰ kʰ
p t ʧ k
tɬ x
ɓ ɗ
m n ŋ
w ɾ j

Step 2 abov doesn't take place, insted *ɠ → ɣ or ŋ in all positions. Not sure where /s/ has gone. Into aspiration maybe?

(C)V(C). More freedom with clusters here I think — but still not much. Need to include /tw tɬw kw/ ← *Cow-. Geminates: /pː tː ʧː kː/, possibly /mː nː ŋː/.

Vowels

i ĩ u ũ
e ẽ o õ
æ ã ɑ

[ə] occurs in unstressed syllables, contrasting chiefly with [i u], rarely [e].

Difthongs: /æi ɑu ju jũ jʌ jʌ̃/

Pronouns

1p 2p 3p
S kawrə tawrə awrə
P wanni nanni awxi
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