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The '''International Phonetic Alphabet''' is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages.  See [[Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet]].  
The '''International Phonetic Alphabet''' is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages.  See [[Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet]].  


'''Pulmonic Consonants'''
==Consonants==
===Pulmonic Consonants===
{|
{|
! !! colspan="2"| [[Labial consonant|Labial]] !! colspan="4"| [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]] !! colspan="3"| [[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]] !! colspan="2"| [[Radical consonant|Radical]] !!
! !! colspan="2"| [[Labial consonant|Labial]] !! colspan="4"| [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]] !! colspan="3"| [[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]] !! colspan="2"| [[Radical consonant|Radical]] !!
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|-
|-
! align="left"| Tap or Flap
! align="left"| Tap or Flap
| || [[Labiodental flap|{{b\}}]] || [[Dental flap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]]
| || <!--[[Labiodental flap|{{b\}}]]--> || [[Dental flap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]]
|-
|-
! align="left"| Lateral affricate
! align="left"| Lateral affricate
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|}
|}


'''Non-pulmonic Consonants'''
'''Coarticulated pulmonic consonants'''
{|
{|
| Clicks || Voiced Implosives || Ejectives
| [[Voiceless labial-velar approximant|ʍ]] || Voiceless labial-velar fricative (approximant)
|-
| w || [[Labial-velar approximant]] (semivowel)
|-
| ɥ || [[Labial-palatal approximant]] (semivowel)
|-
| [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]] [[Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]] || Alveolo-palatal fricatives
|-
| ɺ || [[Alveolar lateral flap]]
|-
| [[Voiceless postalveolar-velar fricative|ɧ]] || Supposedly, simultaneous [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] and [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]. In practice, mostly used for a [[macrophoneme]] of [[Swedish]] varying from [fʷ] to [ʂ] to [χ].
|-
|colspan="2"| Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.
 
[[Voiceless labial-velar stop|k͡p]] [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]
|}
 
===Non-pulmonic Consonants===
{|
! Clicks !! Voiced Implosives !! Ejectives
|-
|-
| [[Bilabial click|ʘ]] Bilabial || [[Bilabial implosive|ɓ]] Bilabial || ʼ as in:
| [[Bilabial click|ʘ]] Bilabial || [[Bilabial implosive|ɓ]] Bilabial || ʼ as in:
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|}
|}


'''Vowels'''
[[Unicode]] symbols for voiceless implosives exist (ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ) but these are considered depreciated.
 
==Vowels==
{|
{|
| || Front || || Central || || Back
| || Front || || Central || || Back
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|}
|}


'''Other Symbols'''
{|
| [[Voiceless labial-velar approximant|ʍ]] Voiceless labial-velar fricative (approximant)
|-
| w Voiced [[labial-velar approximant]]
|-
| ɥ Voiced [[labial-palatal approximant]]
|-
| [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]] [[Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]] Alveolo-palatal fricatives
|-
| ɺ [[Lateral alveolar flap]]
|-
| [[Voiceless postalveolar-velar fricative|ɧ]] Simultaneous [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] and [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]].
|-
| Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.
[[Voiceless labial-velar stop|k͡p]] [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]
|}


'''Suprasegmentals'''
==Suprasegmentals==
{|
{|
| ˈ || Primary stress || ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən
| ˈ || Primary stress || ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən
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|}
|}


'''Diacritics'''
==Diacritics==
{|
{|
| ̥ || Voiceless n̥ [[Voiceless alveolar stop|d̥]] || ̤ || Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ || ̪ || Dental [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]]
| ◌̥ || Voiceless n̥ [[Voiceless alveolar stop|d̥]] || ◌̤ || Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ || ◌̪ || Dental [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]]
|-
|-
|  ̬ || Voiced [[Voiced alveolar fricative|s̬]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|t̬]] ||  ̰ || Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ ||  ̺ || Apical t̺ d̺
|  ̬ || Voiced [[Voiced alveolar fricative|s̬]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|t̬]] ||  ̰ || Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ ||  ̺ || Apical t̺ d̺
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| ˓ || Less rounded ɔ̹ || ʲ || Palatalized tʲ dʲ
| ˓ || Less rounded ɔ̹ || ʲ || Palatalized tʲ dʲ
|-
|-
| ˖ || Advanced [[Close back-central rounded vowel|u̟]] || ˠ || Velarized tˠ dˠ || ˡ || Lateral release [[Voiced lateral alveolar stop|dˡ]]
| ˖ || Advanced [[Close back-central rounded vowel|u̟]] || ˠ || Velarized tˠ dˠ || ˡ || [[Lateral release]] dˡ
|-
|-
| ˗ || Retracted [[Close front-central vowel|i̠]] || ˤ || Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ ||  ̚ || No audible release d̚
| ˗ || Retracted [[Close front-central vowel|i̠]] || ˤ || Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ ||  ̚ || No audible release d̚

Latest revision as of 08:29, 26 January 2011

The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages. See Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet.

Consonants

Pulmonic Consonants

Labial Coronal Dorsal Radical
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Epiglottal Glottal
Nasal m ɱ n̪ n n̠ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ N/A
Plosive p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d t̠ d̠ ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ N/A ʡ ʔ
Affricate pɸ bβ pf bv tθ dð ts dz ʧ ʤ ʈʂ ɖʐ cç ɟʝ kx   qχ  
Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ
Approximant β̞ ʋ ɹ̪ ɹ ɹ̠ ɻ j ɰ ʁ̞ ʕ̞
Trill ʙ r̪ r r̠ N/A ʀ
Tap or Flap ɾ̪ ɾ ɾ̠ ɽ
Lateral affricate N/A tɬ dɮ N/A
Lateral fricative ɬ̪ ɮ̪ ɬ ɮ ɬ̠ ɮ̠ ɭ̝ ʎ̝ ʟ̝
Lateral approximant l̪ l l̠ ɭ ʎ ʟ

Coarticulated pulmonic consonants

ʍ Voiceless labial-velar fricative (approximant)
w Labial-velar approximant (semivowel)
ɥ Labial-palatal approximant (semivowel)
ɕ ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives
ɺ Alveolar lateral flap
ɧ Supposedly, simultaneous ʃ and x. In practice, mostly used for a macrophoneme of Swedish varying from [fʷ] to [ʂ] to [χ].
Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.

k͡p t͡s

Non-pulmonic Consonants

Clicks Voiced Implosives Ejectives
ʘ Bilabial ɓ Bilabial ʼ as in:
ǀ Dental ɗ Dental/alveolar pʼ Bilabial
ǃ (Post)alveolar ʄ Palatal tʼ Dental/alveolar
ǂ Palatoalveolar ɠ Velar kʼ Velar
ǁ Lateral alveolar ʛ Uvular sʼ Alveolar fricative

Unicode symbols for voiceless implosives exist (ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ) but these are considered depreciated.

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i · y ɨ · ʉ ɯ · u
ɪ · ʏ ʊ
Close-mid e · ø ɘ · ɵ ɤ · o
ə
Open-mid ɛ · œ ɜ · ɞ ʌ · ɔ
æ ɐ
Open a · ɶ ɑ · ɒ


Suprasegmentals

ˈ Primary stress ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən
ˌ Secondary stress
ː Long eː
ˑ Half-long eˑ
˘ Extra short ĕ
. Syllable break ɹi.ækt
Minor (foot) group
Major (intonation) group
‿ Linking (absence of a break)

Tones & Word Accents

Level Contour
e̋ or ˥
é ˦
ē ˧
è ˨
ȅ ˩

Diacritics

◌̥ Voiceless n̥ d̥ ◌̤ Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ ◌̪ Dental t̪ d̪
̬ Voiced s̬ t̬ ̰ Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ ̺ Apical t̺ d̺
ʰ Aspirated tʰ dʰ ̼ Linguolabial t̼ d̼ ̻ Laminal t̻ d̻
˒ More rounded ɔ̜ ʷ Labialized tʷ dʷ ~ Nasalized ẽ
˓ Less rounded ɔ̹ ʲ Palatalized tʲ dʲ
˖ Advanced u̟ ˠ Velarized tˠ dˠ ˡ Lateral release dˡ
˗ Retracted i̠ ˤ Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ ̚ No audible release d̚
¨ Centralized ë ̴ Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ
̽ Mid-centralized e̽ ˔ Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = Voiced alveolar fricative)
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