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The '''International Phonetic Alphabet''' is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages.  See [[Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet]].  
The '''International Phonetic Alphabet''' is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages.  See [[Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet]].  


'''Pulmonic Consonants'''
==Consonants==
===Pulmonic Consonants===
{|
{|
| || Bilabial || Labiodental || Dental || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Retroflex || Palatal || Velar || Uvular || Pharyngeal || Glottal
! !! colspan="2"| [[Labial consonant|Labial]] !! colspan="4"| [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]] !! colspan="3"| [[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]] !! colspan="2"| [[Radical consonant|Radical]] !!
|-
|-
| Plosive || [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] [[Voiced bilabial stop|b]] || [[Voiceless labiodental stop|p̪]] [[Voiced labiodental stop|b̪]] || [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]] || [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|d]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar stop|t̠]] [[Voiced postalveolar stop|d̠]] || [[Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]] [[Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]] || [[Voiceless palatal stop|c]] [[Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]] || [[Voiceless velar stop|k]] [[Voiced velar stop|ɡ]] || [[Voiceless uvular stop|q]] [[Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]] || || [[Glottal stop|ʔ]]
| || [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] || [[Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]] || [[Dental consonant|Dental]] || [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] || [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]] || [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] || [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] || [[Velar consonant|Velar]] || [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] || [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]] || [[Epiglottal consonant|Epiglottal]] || [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]  
|-
|-
| Nasal || [[Bilabial nasal|m]] || [[Labiodental nasal|ɱ]] || [[Dental nasal|n̪]] || [[Alveolar nasal|n]] || [[Postalveolar nasal|n̠]] || [[Retroflex nasal|ɳ]] || [[Palatal nasal|ɲ]] || [[Velar nasal|ŋ]] || [[Uvular nasal|ɴ]]
! align="left"| Nasal
| [[Bilabial nasal|m]] || [[Labiodental nasal|ɱ]] || [[Dental nasal|n̪]] || [[Alveolar nasal|n]] || [[Postalveolar nasal|n̠]] || [[Retroflex nasal|ɳ]] || [[Palatal nasal|ɲ]] || [[Velar nasal|ŋ]] || [[Uvular nasal|ɴ]]
| style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8" colspan="3" align="center"| N/A
|-
|-
| Trill || [[Bilabial trill|ʙ]] || || [[Dental trill|r̪]] || [[Alveolar trill|r]] || [[Postalveolar trill|r̠]] || || || [[Uvular trill|ʀ]]
! align="left"| Plosive
| [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] [[Voiced bilabial stop|b]] || [[Voiceless labiodental stop|p̪]] [[Voiced labiodental stop|b̪]] || [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]] || [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|d]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar stop|t̠]] [[Voiced postalveolar stop|d̠]] || [[Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]] [[Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]] || [[Voiceless palatal stop|c]] [[Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]] || [[Voiceless velar stop|k]] [[Voiced velar stop|ɡ]] || [[Voiceless uvular stop|q]] [[Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]] || style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8"| N/A || [[Epiglottal stop|ʡ]] || [[Glottal stop|ʔ]]
|-
|-
| Tap or Flap || || || [[Dental flap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]]
! align="left"| Affricate
| [[Voiceless bilabial affricate|pɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial affricate|bβ]] || [[Voiceless labiodental affricate|pf]] [[Voiced labiodental affricate|bv]] || [[Voiceless interdental affricate|tθ]] [[Voiced interdental affricate|dð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]] [[ Voiced alveolar affricate|dz]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar affricate|ʧ]] [[Voiced postalveolar affricate|ʤ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex affricate|ʈʂ]] [[Voiced retroflex affricate|ɖʐ]] || [[Voiceless palatal affricate|cç]] [[Voiced palatal affricate|ɟʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar affricate|kx]]   || [[Voiceless uvular affricate|qχ]]  
|-
|-
| Fricative || [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]] || [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] [[Voiced dental fricative|ð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]] [[Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]] || [[Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] [[Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]] [[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] || [[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] [[Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] || [[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]] [[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]] || [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
! align="left"| Fricative
| [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]] || [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] [[Voiced dental fricative|ð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]] [[Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]] || [[Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] [[Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]] [[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] || [[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] [[Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] || [[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]] [[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]] || [[Voiceless epiglottal fricative|ʜ]] [[Voiced epiglottal fricative|ʢ]] || [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
|-
|-
| Lateral fricative || || || [[Voiceless lateral dental fricative|ɬ̪]] [[Voiced lateral dental fricative|ɮ̪]] || [[Voiceless lateral alveolar fricative|ɬ]] [[Voiced lateral alveolar fricative|ɮ]] || [[Voiceless lateral postalveolar fricative|ɬ̠]] [[Voiced lateral postalveolar fricative|ɮ̠]] || [[Voiced lateral retroflex fricative|ɭ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral palatal fricative|ʎ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral velar fricative|ʟ̝]]
! align="left"| Approximant
| [[Bilabial approximant|β̞]] || [[Labiodental approximant|ʋ]] || [[Dental approximant|ɹ̪]] || [[Alveolar approximant|ɹ]] || [[Postalveolar approximant|ɹ̠]] || [[Retroflex approximant|ɻ]] || [[Palatal approximant|j]] || [[Velar approximant|ɰ]] || [[Uvular approximant|ʁ̞]] || [[Pharyngeal approximant|ʕ̞]]
|-
|-
| Approximant || [[Bilabial approximant|β̞]] || [[Labiodental approximant|ʋ]] || [[Dental approximant|ɹ̪]] || [[Alveolar approximant|ɹ]] || [[Postalveolar approximant|ɹ̠]] || [[Retroflex approximant|ɻ]] || [[Palatal approximant|j]] || [[Velar approximant|ɰ]] || [[Uvular approximant|ʁ̞]] || [[Pharyngeal approximant|ʕ̞]]
! align="left"| Trill
| [[Bilabial trill|ʙ]] || || [[Dental trill|r̪]] || [[Alveolar trill|r]] || [[Postalveolar trill|r̠]] ||
| style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8" colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="center"| N/A
| [[Uvular trill|ʀ]]
|-
|-
| Lateral approximant || || || [[Lateral dental approximant|l̪]] || [[Lateral alveolar approximant|l]] || [[Lateral postalveolar approximant|l̠]] || [[Lateral retroflex approximant|ɭ]] || [[Lateral palatal approximant|ʎ]] || [[Lateral velar approximant|ʟ]]
! align="left"| Tap or Flap
| || <!--[[Labiodental flap|{{b\}}]]--> || [[Dental flap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]]
|-
! align="left"| Lateral affricate
| style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8" colspan="2" rowspan="3" align="center" valign="center"| N/A
| || [[Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate|tɬ]] [[Voiced alveolar lateral affricate|dɮ]] || || || || ||
| style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8" colspan="3" rowspan="3" align="center" valign="center"| N/A
|-
! align="left"| Lateral fricative
| [[Voiceless dental lateral fricative|ɬ̪]] [[Voiced dental lateral fricative|ɮ̪]] || [[Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬ]] [[Voiced alveolar lateral fricative|ɮ]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar lateral fricative|ɬ̠]] [[Voiced postalveolar lateral fricative|ɮ̠]] || [[Voiced retroflex lateral fricative|ɭ̝]] || [[Voiced palatal lateral fricative|ʎ̝]] || [[Voiced velar lateral fricative|ʟ̝]] ||
|-
! align="left"| Lateral approximant
| [[Dental lateral approximant|l̪]] || [[Alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || [[Postalveolar lateral approximant|l̠]] || [[Retroflex lateral approximant|ɭ]] || [[Palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]] || [[Velar lateral approximant|ʟ]] ||
|}
|}


'''Non-pulmonic Consonants'''
'''Coarticulated pulmonic consonants'''
{|
{|
| Clicks || Voiced Implosives || Ejectives
| [[Voiceless labial-velar approximant|ʍ]] || Voiceless labial-velar fricative (approximant)
|-
| w || [[Labial-velar approximant]] (semivowel)
|-
| ɥ || [[Labial-palatal approximant]] (semivowel)
|-
| [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]] [[Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]] || Alveolo-palatal fricatives
|-
| ɺ || [[Alveolar lateral flap]]
|-
| [[Voiceless postalveolar-velar fricative|ɧ]] || Supposedly, simultaneous [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] and [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]. In practice, mostly used for a [[macrophoneme]] of [[Swedish]] varying from [fʷ] to [ʂ] to [χ].
|-
|colspan="2"| Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.
 
[[Voiceless labial-velar stop|k͡p]] [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]
|}
 
===Non-pulmonic Consonants===
{|
! Clicks !! Voiced Implosives !! Ejectives
|-
|-
| [[Bilabial click|ʘ]] Bilabial || [[Bilabial implosive|ɓ]] Bilabial || ʼ as in:
| [[Bilabial click|ʘ]] Bilabial || [[Bilabial implosive|ɓ]] Bilabial || ʼ as in:
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|}
|}


'''Vowels'''
[[Unicode]] symbols for voiceless implosives exist (ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ) but these are considered depreciated.
 
==Vowels==
{|
{|
| || Front || || Central || || Back
| || Front || || Central || || Back
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|}
|}


'''Other Symbols'''
{|
| [[Voiceless labial-velar fricative|ʍ]] Voiceless labial-velar fricative
|-
| [[Labial-velar approximant|w]] Voiced labial-velar approximant
|-
| [[Labial-palatal approximant|ɥ]] Voiced labial-palatal approximant
|-
| [[Voiceless epiglottal fricative|ʜ]] Voiceless epiglottal fricative
|-
| [[Voiced epiglottal fricative|ʢ]] Voiced epiglottal fricative
|-
| [[Epiglottal stop|ʔ]] Epiglottal plosive
|-
| [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]] [[Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]] Alveolo-palatal fricatives
|-
| [[Lateral alveolar flap|ɺ]] Lateral alveolar flap
|-
| [[Voiceless postalveolar-velar fricative|ɧ]] Simultaneous [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] and [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]].
|-
| Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.


[[Voiceless labial-velar stop|k͡p]] [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]
==Suprasegmentals==
|}
 
'''Suprasegmentals'''
{|
{|
| ˈ || Primary stress || ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən
| ˈ || Primary stress || ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən
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|}
|}


'''Diacritics'''
==Diacritics==
{|
{|
| ̥ || Voiceless [[Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]] [[Voiceless alveolar stop|d̥]] || ̤ || Breathy voiced [[Breathy voiced bilabial stop|b̤]] [[Breathy voiced open front vowel|a̤]] || ̪ || Dental [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]]
| ◌̥ || Voiceless n̥ [[Voiceless alveolar stop|d̥]] || ◌̤ || Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ || ◌̪ || Dental [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]]
|-
|-
|  ̬ || Voiced [[Voiced alveolar fricative|s̬]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|t̬]] ||  ̰ || Creaky voiced [[Creaky voiced bilabial stop|b̰]] [[Creaky voiced open front vowel|a̰]] ||  ̺ || Apical [[Voiceless apical alveolar stop|t̺]] [[Voiced apical alveolar stop|d̺]]
|  ̬ || Voiced [[Voiced alveolar fricative|s̬]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|t̬]] ||  ̰ || Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ ||  ̺ || Apical t̺ d̺
|-
|-
| ʰ || Aspirated [[Voiceless aspirated alveolar stop|tʰ]] [[Voiced aspirated alveolar stop|dʰ]] ||  ̼ || Linguolabial [[Voiceless linguolabial stop|t̼]] [[Voiced linguolabial stop|d̼]] ||  ̻ || Laminal [[Voiceless laminal alveolar stop|t̻]] [[Voiced laminal alveolar stop|d̻]]
| ʰ || Aspirated tʰ dʰ ||  ̼ || Linguolabial [[Voiceless linguolabial stop|t̼]] [[Voiced linguolabial stop|d̼]] ||  ̻ || Laminal t̻ d̻
|-
|-
| ˒ || More rounded ɔ̜ || ʷ || Labialized [[Voiceless labialized alveolar stop|tʷ]] [[Voiced labialized alveolar stop|dʷ]] || ~ || Nasalized [[Nasalized close-mid front vowel|ẽ]]
| ˒ || More rounded ɔ̜ || ʷ || Labialized tʷ dʷ || ~ || Nasalized ẽ
|-
|-
| ˓ || Less rounded ɔ̹ || ʲ || Palatalized [[Voiceless palatalized alveolar stop|tʲ]] [[Voiced palatalized alveolar stop|dʲ]]
| ˓ || Less rounded ɔ̹ || ʲ || Palatalized tʲ dʲ
|-
|-
| ˖ || Advanced [[Close back-central rounded vowel|u̟]] || ˠ || Velarized [[Voiceless velarized alveolar stop|tˠ]] [[Voiced velarized alveolar stop||dˠ]] || ˡ || Lateral release [[Voiced lateral alveolar stop|dˡ]]
| ˖ || Advanced [[Close back-central rounded vowel|u̟]] || ˠ || Velarized tˠ dˠ || ˡ || [[Lateral release]] dˡ
|-
|-
| ˗ || Retracted [[Close front-central vowel|i̠]] || ˤ || Pharyngealized [[Voiceless pharyngealized alveolar stop|tˤ]] [[Voiced pharyngealized alveolar stop|dˤ]] ||  ̚ || No audible release [[Unreleased voiced alveolar stop|d̚]]
| ˗ || Retracted [[Close front-central vowel|i̠]] || ˤ || Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ ||  ̚ || No audible release d̚
|-
|-
| ¨ || Centralized ë ||  ̴ || Velarized or pharyngealized [[ɫ]]
| ¨ || Centralized ë ||  ̴ || Velarized or pharyngealized [[ɫ]]
|-
|-
| ̽ || Mid-centralized e̽ || ˔ || Raised e̝ ([[Voiced alveolar fricative|ɹ̝]] = Voiced alveolar fricative)
| ̽ || Mid-centralized e̽ || ˔ || Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = [[Voiced alveolar fricative]])
|}
|}
[[Category:Phonetic alphabets]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]

Latest revision as of 07:29, 26 January 2011

The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages. See Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet.

Consonants

Pulmonic Consonants

Labial Coronal Dorsal Radical
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Epiglottal Glottal
Nasal m ɱ n̪ n n̠ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ N/A
Plosive p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d t̠ d̠ ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ N/A ʡ ʔ
Affricate pɸ bβ pf bv tθ dð ts dz ʧ ʤ ʈʂ ɖʐ cç ɟʝ kx   qχ  
Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ
Approximant β̞ ʋ ɹ̪ ɹ ɹ̠ ɻ j ɰ ʁ̞ ʕ̞
Trill ʙ r̪ r r̠ N/A ʀ
Tap or Flap ɾ̪ ɾ ɾ̠ ɽ
Lateral affricate N/A tɬ dɮ N/A
Lateral fricative ɬ̪ ɮ̪ ɬ ɮ ɬ̠ ɮ̠ ɭ̝ ʎ̝ ʟ̝
Lateral approximant l̪ l l̠ ɭ ʎ ʟ

Coarticulated pulmonic consonants

ʍ Voiceless labial-velar fricative (approximant)
w Labial-velar approximant (semivowel)
ɥ Labial-palatal approximant (semivowel)
ɕ ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives
ɺ Alveolar lateral flap
ɧ Supposedly, simultaneous ʃ and x. In practice, mostly used for a macrophoneme of Swedish varying from [fʷ] to [ʂ] to [χ].
Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.

k͡p t͡s

Non-pulmonic Consonants

Clicks Voiced Implosives Ejectives
ʘ Bilabial ɓ Bilabial ʼ as in:
ǀ Dental ɗ Dental/alveolar pʼ Bilabial
ǃ (Post)alveolar ʄ Palatal tʼ Dental/alveolar
ǂ Palatoalveolar ɠ Velar kʼ Velar
ǁ Lateral alveolar ʛ Uvular sʼ Alveolar fricative

Unicode symbols for voiceless implosives exist (ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ) but these are considered depreciated.

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i · y ɨ · ʉ ɯ · u
ɪ · ʏ ʊ
Close-mid e · ø ɘ · ɵ ɤ · o
ə
Open-mid ɛ · œ ɜ · ɞ ʌ · ɔ
æ ɐ
Open a · ɶ ɑ · ɒ


Suprasegmentals

ˈ Primary stress ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən
ˌ Secondary stress
ː Long eː
ˑ Half-long eˑ
˘ Extra short ĕ
. Syllable break ɹi.ækt
Minor (foot) group
Major (intonation) group
‿ Linking (absence of a break)

Tones & Word Accents

Level Contour
e̋ or ˥
é ˦
ē ˧
è ˨
ȅ ˩

Diacritics

◌̥ Voiceless n̥ d̥ ◌̤ Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ ◌̪ Dental t̪ d̪
̬ Voiced s̬ t̬ ̰ Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ ̺ Apical t̺ d̺
ʰ Aspirated tʰ dʰ ̼ Linguolabial t̼ d̼ ̻ Laminal t̻ d̻
˒ More rounded ɔ̜ ʷ Labialized tʷ dʷ ~ Nasalized ẽ
˓ Less rounded ɔ̹ ʲ Palatalized tʲ dʲ
˖ Advanced u̟ ˠ Velarized tˠ dˠ ˡ Lateral release dˡ
˗ Retracted i̠ ˤ Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ ̚ No audible release d̚
¨ Centralized ë ̴ Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ
̽ Mid-centralized e̽ ˔ Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = Voiced alveolar fricative)
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