Tsakxa: Difference between revisions
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'''Tsakxa''' ( | {{Language| | ||
| English = Tsakxa | |||
| native = Qunusu <br>щунусу | |||
| country = Russia | |||
| nativecountry = Русэйa - ''Ruseya'' | |||
| universe = Earth | |||
| speakers = ~300 | |||
| family = | |||
| branch = | |||
| subbranch = | |||
| wordorder = SOV | |||
| type = Agglutinative | |||
| alignment = Fluid-S saliency-based | |||
| author = Welshy | |||
| date = 2010 C.E. | |||
| background = white | |||
| headingbg = #B5EAAA | |||
| width = 50% | |||
}}'''Tsakxa''' (''Qunusu'', щунусу) is a language isolate, or dialect continuum, spoken by the [[Tsakxa people]] of eastern Siberia. Although typically written using Bokanovsky's Cyrillic alphabet, this and related articles will use Dawkins' romanised writing system. | |||
== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
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| align="center" style="font-size:120%" | | | align="center" style="font-size:120%" | | ||
| align="center" style="font-size:120%" | | | align="center" style="font-size:120%" | | ||
| align="center" style="font-size:120%" | {{IPA|u}} | | align="center" style="font-size:120%" | {{IPA|[u] <nowiki><u у></nowiki>}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="left" | Mid | ! align="left" | Mid | ||
| align="center" style="font-size:120%" | {{IPA|e}} | | align="center" style="font-size:120%" | {{IPA|[e] <e э>}} | ||
|align="center" style="font-size:120%" | | |align="center" style="font-size:120%" | | ||
| align="center" style="font-size:120%" | | | align="center" style="font-size:120%" | | ||
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! align="left" | Open | ! align="left" | Open | ||
| | | | ||
| align="center" style="font-size:120%" | {{IPA|a}} | | align="center" style="font-size:120%" | {{IPA|[a] <a>}} | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 29: | Line 47: | ||
=== Allophony === | === Allophony === | ||
Vowel allophony is not very advanced in most Tsakxa dialects. Before the | Vowel allophony is not very advanced in most Tsakxa dialects. Before the dental click, /e/ is usually realised as allophonic [ɤ] in stressed syllables or [ɘ] in unstressed syllables and /a/ as, almost universally, [ɑ]. | ||
== Consonants == | == Consonants == | ||
| Line 45: | Line 63: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nasal | ! Nasal | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[m] < | | style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[m] <m м>}} | ||
| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|[n] <n> [nǀ] <nx>}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|[n] <n н> [nǀ] <nx нъ>}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[ŋ] <ng> [ŋǃ] <ngx> [ŋǀ] <ngq>}} | | style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[ŋ] <ng ң> [ŋǃ] <ngx ңъ> [ŋǀ] <ngq ңь>}} | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Plosive | !Plosive | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[p] <nowiki><p></nowiki>}} | | style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[p] <nowiki><p п></nowiki>}} | ||
| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|[t] <t>}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|[t] <t т>}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[k] <k> [kǃ] <kx> [ǀk] <kq>}} | | style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[k] <k к> [kǃ] <kx къ> [ǀk] <kq кь>}} | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[ʔ] <ʔ>}} | | style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[ʔ] <ʔ ъ>}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Fricative | !Fricative | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[ | | style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[ɸ] <f ф>}} | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[s] <nowiki><s></nowiki>}} | | style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[s] <nowiki><s с></nowiki>}} | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[ʃ] <sh>}} | | style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[ʃ] <sh ш>}} | ||
| | | | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[ç] <q>}} | | style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[ç] <q щ>}} | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[h] <h>}} | | style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[h] <h x>}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Approximant | !Approximant | ||
| | | | ||
| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|[l] <l>}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|[l] <l л>}} | ||
| | | | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[j] <y>}} | | style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[j] <y й>}} | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[w] <w>}} | | style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|[w] <w в>}} | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|[r] <r>}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|[r] <r р>}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 88: | Line 106: | ||
Tsakxa is an agglutinative, topic-prominent language with active alignment. | Tsakxa is an agglutinative, topic-prominent language with active alignment. | ||
=== Pronouns === | |||
{{Main|Tsakxa pronouns}} | |||
=== Nouns === | === Nouns === | ||
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Tsakxa verbs are inflected for aspect and mood. Certain verbs can also inflect, to a very restricted degree, to show person, but this is non-productive, erratic and irregular. | Tsakxa verbs are inflected for aspect and mood. Certain verbs can also inflect, to a very restricted degree, to show person, but this is non-productive, erratic and irregular. | ||
=== Syntax === | |||
{{Main|Tsakxa syntax}} | |||
=== Animacy === | |||
{{Main|Tsakxa animacy}} | |||
=== Lexicon and derivative morphology === | === Lexicon and derivative morphology === | ||
{{Main|Tsakxa lexicon}} | {{Main|Tsakxa lexicon}} | ||
[[Category:Tsakxa]] | |||
Latest revision as of 15:22, 8 December 2010
| Tsakxa Qunusu щунусу | |
| Spoken in: | Russia (Русэйa - Ruseya) |
| Conworld: | Earth |
| Total speakers: | ~300 |
| Genealogical classification: |
|
| Basic word order: | SOV |
| Morphological type: | Agglutinative |
| Morphosyntactic alignment: | Fluid-S saliency-based |
| Writing system: | |
| Created by: | |
| Welshy | 2010 C.E. |
Tsakxa (Qunusu, щунусу) is a language isolate, or dialect continuum, spoken by the Tsakxa people of eastern Siberia. Although typically written using Bokanovsky's Cyrillic alphabet, this and related articles will use Dawkins' romanised writing system.
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | [u] <u у> | ||
| Mid | [e] <e э> | ||
| Open | [a] <a> |
Allophony
Vowel allophony is not very advanced in most Tsakxa dialects. Before the dental click, /e/ is usually realised as allophonic [ɤ] in stressed syllables or [ɘ] in unstressed syllables and /a/ as, almost universally, [ɑ].
Consonants
Tsakxa is most notable for its system of clicks, which are otherwise unknown outside of the continent of Africa and the ritual languages of Australia. Its click system is not particularly advanced, however.
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | [m] <m м> | [n] <n н> [nǀ] <nx нъ> | [ŋ] <ng ң> [ŋǃ] <ngx ңъ> [ŋǀ] <ngq ңь> | |||
| Plosive | [p] <p п> | [t] <t т> | [k] <k к> [kǃ] <kx къ> [ǀk] <kq кь> | [ʔ] <ʔ ъ> | ||
| Fricative | [ɸ] <f ф> | [s] <s с> | [ʃ] <sh ш> | [ç] | [h] <h x> | |
| Approximant | [l] <l л> | [j] <y й> | [w] <w в> | |||
| Trill | [r] <r р> |
Grammar
Tsakxa is an agglutinative, topic-prominent language with active alignment.
Pronouns
- Main article: Tsakxa pronouns
Nouns
- Main article: Tsakxa nouns
Tsakxa nouns are inflected by number into singular, dual and plural and, it is sometimes argued, for case (there are a large number of morphemes analysed variously as clitics and case inflection).
Verbs
- Main article: Tsakxa verbs
Tsakxa verbs are inflected for aspect and mood. Certain verbs can also inflect, to a very restricted degree, to show person, but this is non-productive, erratic and irregular.
Syntax
- Main article: Tsakxa syntax
Animacy
- Main article: Tsakxa animacy
Lexicon and derivative morphology
- Main article: Tsakxa lexicon
