Olivarian

Vulgariano
Pronunciation:	[vulgaɾiˈano]
Spoken in:	Vulgaria, Sea of Sardinia
Total speakers:	80,000
Language family:	Romance language
Distribution:

Vulgarian (or lingua vulgariana) is a Romance language spoken as a native language by about 80 thousand people in the Island of Vulgaria, in the Sea of Sardinia.

Vulgarian derives diachronically from Latin and is very conservative in its standard form. As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive.

Phonology

In this section, the phonology of the standard dialect is described.

Vowels

	Front	Back
Close	i	u
Close-mid	e	o
Open-mid	ɛ	ɔ
Open	a

1. While Vulgarian contrasts close-mid (/e o/) and open-mid (/ɛ ɔ/) vowels in stressed syllables, they are in free variation when unstressed.

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental/ Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m		n		ɲ
Plosive	p b		t d			k g
Fricative		f v	s z
Affricate			(t)s (d)z	(t)ʃ (d)ʒ
Approximant					j	w
Trill			r
Tap			ɾ
Lateral			l		ʎ

1. Nasals assimilate to the point of articulation of whatever consonant they precede. For example, /nɡ/ is realized as [ŋɡ].

Dialects

IPA									Consonants
Standard	Dòssia	Lenòmia	Ucòsia	S. Telcapòlia	N. Telcapòlia	Pecesamia	W. Hurtòmia	E. Hurtòmia	Examples
b	b								bocca
	b, v			v	β, v	β			trabalho
v	v	v							levare
					b, v	b			vacca
p		p		b	β				sapere
	p			p					patre
d	d			d	d				dulce
					ð				nido
t	t								vita
				t					tecto
f	f								fícato
k	k			k					câne
				g	ɣ				laco
g	g								pedagogo
					g				gallo
l	l			l	l		l		luna
					ɫ				sole
				l, ɫ					palma
ʎ	j		ʎ				ʝ		palhacio
j			j						iate
							j		acţione
m	m								matre
n	n								nòstro
ɲ	ɲ	nj	ɲ						banho
r	ʀ, ʁ, r	ɾ	r	r, ʁ, x, h		r			ratto
ɾ			ɾ	ɾ		ɾ			puro
				ɾ, ɹ, ʁ, x, h					pòrta
s	s			s, ʃ	ʃ	s	s, h		pasta
				s			s		sèmpre
z	z	s, z	z	z					casa
		z		z, ʒ	ʒ	z, ʒ	z, h		metesmo
ʒ	ʒ	dʒ		ʒ		ʒ	x, h		generale
(t)ʃ	z	tʃ		z			s	θ	dícere
	s	ʃtʃ	ʃ	s, ʃ	ʃs, ʃ	s, ʃ			pesce
		tʃ		s					cèlo
(t)s		ts							cânţione
(d)z	z		dz	z		dz, z			zelare
w	Ø	v, Ø	w, Ø						qüestione

IPA								Vowels
Standard	Ucòsia	S. Telcapòlia	N. Telcapòlia	Pecesamia	Dòssia	Lenòmia	Hurtòmia	Examples
a	a	a		a	a		a	mama
		ɐ̃			ɑ̃	ɨ		ângelo
		a, ə	ə		a, ə			gallina
ɛ	jɛ	ɛ		ɛ	jɛ	je		pède
	ɛ				ɛ			tèrra
		ẽ						tèmpo
e	e			e		e		censo
		e			e, ɛ			erro
		e, i	ɨ	ə				gente
i	i, e	i		i	i, ə	i, e	i	primario
						ɨ		înterrrogare
	i	i		i				amico
		ĩ						cinqüe
ɔ	wɔ	ɔ		ɔ	ɔ, ø, œ	wo		scòla
	ɔ							còsta
		õ			ɔ̃			cònta
o	o			o		o		ponto
		o			o, ɔ, ø			pollo
		o, u	u	u, ə	o, u, ə	o, u	o	voluto
u	u	u		u	u, y	u		cubo
		ũ			u			un

Grammar

Verbs

Every Vulgarian verb belongs to one of three form classes, characterized by the infinitive ending: -are, -ere, or -ire— sometimes called the first, second, third and the fourth "conjugations", respectively.