Tsakxa pronouns: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
 
(5 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Pronouns''' in '''[[Tsakxa]]''' mark case and number regularly.  
'''Pronouns''' in '''[[Tsakxa]]''' decline irregularly. Personal pronouns decline for three persons, three numbers and may take case suffixes and other clitics. Demonstrative pronouns decline by number and case. There are no relative pronouns.


== Personal pronouns ==
== Personal pronouns ==
Line 47: Line 47:
| a-su
| a-su
| a-s-ef
| a-s-ef
| a-swa
| as-wa
|-
|-
!Second person
!Second person
Line 57: Line 57:
| as-aʔ
| as-aʔ
| as-af
| as-af
| a-swa
| as-wa
|}
|}


Line 94: Line 94:
!'''yonder'''
!'''yonder'''
|-
|-
|rowspan=3|<br>'''Case''' || '''Ergative''' || nxu || ep || e
!rowspan=3|<br>'''Case'''  
! '''Ergative'''  
| nxu  
| ep  
| e
|-
|-
|'''Absolutive''' || nxa || a || ate
!'''Absolutive'''  
| nxa  
| a  
| ate
|-
|-
|'''Adverbial''' || (s-)u- || (s-)a- || (s-)e-
!'''Adverbial'''  
| (s-)u-  
| (s-)a-  
| (s-)e-
|}
|}


The ergative and absolutive demonstratives are used as would be expected, whilst the adverbial demonstratives are used as a base for locative and other case markings.  
The ergative and absolutive demonstratives are used as would be expected, whilst the adverbial demonstratives are used as a base for locative and other case markings. Dual is expressed regularly by the suffix -f, plural likewise by -t.


: ''Ep'' - That thing
: ''Ep'' - That thing
Line 109: Line 119:
The prefix ''s-'' + adverbial + locative suffix creates pronouns with the meaning of 'the thing (preposition) that thing':
The prefix ''s-'' + adverbial + locative suffix creates pronouns with the meaning of 'the thing (preposition) that thing':


: ''Su-atqe'' - the thing under that thing
: ''S-u-atqe'' - the thing under that thing
 
== Interrogative pronouns ==
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" class="wikitable"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| || colspan=4 | Distance from speaker
|-
!'''Animate'''
!'''Inanimate'''
|-
!rowspan=3|<br>'''Case'''
! '''Ergative'''
| fu
| fe
|-
!'''Absolutive'''
| fam
| fa
|-
!'''Adverbial'''
| fu-
| fa-
|}
 
The interrogative pronouns are divided into animate and inanimate pronouns. The inanimates roughly equate to 'what' or 'which' and the animates to 'who'. The ergative and absolutive are used as the typical cases, the adverbials take the normal adverbial case suffixes.
 
: ''Nxa fu se-sha-nxa-l?'' - Who did this? (this.ABS who.ERG ABS<sup>-3</sup>-do<sup>0</sup>-PERF<sup>1</sup>-DUB<sup>2</sup>)
 
Interrogative pronouns are not fronted except where focussed:
 
: ''Fa uʔ wa-wa ut-ak?'' - Where are you coming from? (what 2ps go<sup>0</sup>~IMPERF<sup>1</sup> ABL<sup>3</sup>-go<sup>0</sup>)
 
In non-focus contexts, they may be deleted:
 
: ''Nxa se-sha-nxa-l?'' - Who/what did this? (this.ABS ABS<sup>-3</sup>-do<sup>0</sup>-PERF<sup>1</sup>-DUB<sup>2</sup>)
[[Category:Tsakxa]]

Latest revision as of 12:00, 2 December 2010

Pronouns in Tsakxa decline irregularly. Personal pronouns decline for three persons, three numbers and may take case suffixes and other clitics. Demonstrative pronouns decline by number and case. There are no relative pronouns.

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns do not change for gender, but have emphatic and vocative forms, in addition to taking the same case clitics as nouns.

Basic forms

These forms are used in all contexts in which the other pronouns cannot be used. They are used when the pronoun is an argument of a verb, except when the pronoun is serving as topic or focus:

Singular Dual Plural
First person su su-f su-wa
Second person uʔ-ef u-wa
Third person aʔ-ef aʔ-uwa

These pronouns can then have the case suffixes applicable to Tsakxa nouns attached to them, as in u-wa-kxa (we deliberately), u-wa-ta (with us).

Emphatic pronouns

These pronouns are used in topical (i.e. initial) position:

Singular Dual Plural
First person a-su a-s-ef as-wa
Second person as-uʔ as-uf a-wa
Third person as-aʔ as-af as-wa

For example:

A-su-ø se-pesh-as - if I were a rich man
A-swa tas-tas-el ta-ma - he's definitely looking at us

Vocative forms

Singular Dual Plural
Second person et-uʔ et-uf et-wa

The vocative forms are used to call attention to the speaker. For example:

Et-uf! - You two!

Demonstrative pronouns

Distance from speaker
this that yonder

Case
Ergative nxu ep e
Absolutive nxa a ate
Adverbial (s-)u- (s-)a- (s-)e-

The ergative and absolutive demonstratives are used as would be expected, whilst the adverbial demonstratives are used as a base for locative and other case markings. Dual is expressed regularly by the suffix -f, plural likewise by -t.

Ep - That thing
U-atqe - Under that thing

The prefix s- + adverbial + locative suffix creates pronouns with the meaning of 'the thing (preposition) that thing':

S-u-atqe - the thing under that thing

Interrogative pronouns

Distance from speaker
Animate Inanimate

Case
Ergative fu fe
Absolutive fam fa
Adverbial fu- fa-

The interrogative pronouns are divided into animate and inanimate pronouns. The inanimates roughly equate to 'what' or 'which' and the animates to 'who'. The ergative and absolutive are used as the typical cases, the adverbials take the normal adverbial case suffixes.

Nxa fu se-sha-nxa-l? - Who did this? (this.ABS who.ERG ABS-3-do0-PERF1-DUB2)

Interrogative pronouns are not fronted except where focussed:

Fa uʔ wa-wa ut-ak? - Where are you coming from? (what 2ps go0~IMPERF1 ABL3-go0)

In non-focus contexts, they may be deleted:

Nxa se-sha-nxa-l? - Who/what did this? (this.ABS ABS-3-do0-PERF1-DUB2)