Olivarian: Difference between revisions
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! colspan="9"| IPA !! colspan=2 | Consonants | ! colspan="9"| IPA !! colspan=2 | Consonants | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Standard !! Dòssia !! Lenòmia !! Ucòsia !! | ! Standard !! Dòssia !! Lenòmia !! Ucòsia !! S. Telcapòlia !! N. Telcapòlia !! Pecesamia !! W. Hurtòmia !! E. Hurtòmia !! Examples | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align=center rowspan=2|b | |||
|align=center colspan=8|b | |||
|'''b'''occa | |||
|- | |||
|align=center colspan=3|b, v | |||
|align=center rowspan=3|v | |||
|align=center rowspan=2|β, v | |||
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=3|β | |||
|tra'''b'''alho | |||
|- | |||
|align=center rowspan=2|v | |||
|align=center rowspan=3|v | |||
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=2|v | |||
|le'''v'''are | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|b, v | |||
|align=center colspan=3|b | |||
|'''v'''acca | |||
|- | |||
|align=center rowspan=2|p | |||
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=2|p | |||
|align=center|b | |||
|align=center colspan=4|β | |||
|sa'''p'''ere | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|p | |||
|align=center colspan=5|p | |||
|'''p'''atre | |||
|- | |||
|align=center rowspan=2|d | |||
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=3|d | |||
|align=center rowspan=3|d | |||
|align=center colspan=4|d | |||
|'''d'''ulce | |||
|- | |||
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=4|ð | |||
|ni'''d'''o | |||
|- | |||
|align=center rowspan=2|t | |||
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=3|t | |||
|vi'''t'''a | |||
|- | |||
|align=center colspan=5|t | |||
|'''t'''ec'''t'''o | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|f | |||
|align=center colspan=8|f | |||
|'''f'''ícato | |||
|- | |||
|align=center rowspan=2|k | |||
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=3|k | |||
|align=center colspan=5|k | |||
|'''c'''ane | |||
|- | |||
|align=center rowspan=3|g | |||
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=4|ɣ | |||
|la'''c'''o | |||
|- | |||
|align=center rowspan=2|g | |||
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=3|g | |||
|peda'''g'''o'''g'''o | |||
|- | |||
|align=center colspan=4|g | |||
|'''g'''allo | |||
|- | |||
|align=center rowspan=3|l | |||
|align=center rowspan=3 colspan=3|l | |||
|align=center rowspan=2|l | |||
|align=center colspan=2|l | |||
|align=center rowspan=3 colspan=2|l | |||
|'''l'''una | |||
|- | |||
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=2|ɫ | |||
|so'''l'''e | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|l, ɫ | |||
|pa'''l'''ma | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|ʎ | |||
|align=center rowspan=3 colspan=2|j | |||
|align=center colspan=4|ʎ | |||
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=2|ʝ | |||
|pa'''lh'''acio | |||
|- | |||
|align=center rowspan=2|j | |||
|align=center colspan=4 rowspan=2|j | |||
|'''i'''ate | |||
|- | |||
|align=center colspan=2|j | |||
|acţ'''i'''one | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|m | |||
|align=center colspan=8|m | |||
|'''m'''atre | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|n | |||
|align=center colspan=8|n | |||
|'''n'''òstro | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|ɲ | |||
|align=center|ɲ | |||
|align=center|nj | |||
|align=center colspan=6|ɲ | |||
|ba'''nh'''o | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|r | |||
|align=center rowspan=3|ʀ, ʁ, r | |||
|align=center rowspan=3|ɾ | |||
|align=center|r | |||
|align=center colspan=2|r, ʁ, x, h | |||
|align=center colspan=3|r | |||
|'''r'''atto | |||
|- | |||
|align=center rowspan=2|ɾ | |||
|align=center rowspan=2|ɾ | |||
|align=center colspan=2|ɾ | |||
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=3|ɾ | |||
|pu'''r'''o | |||
|- | |||
|align=center colspan=2|ɾ, ɹ, ʁ, x, h | |||
|pò'''r'''ta | |||
|- | |||
|align=center rowspan=2|s | |||
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=3|s | |||
|align=center|s, ʃ | |||
|align=center|ʃ | |||
|align=center rowspan=2|s | |||
|align=center colspan=2|s, h | |||
|pa'''s'''ta | |||
|- | |||
|align=center colspan=2|s | |||
|align=center colspan=2 rowspan=2|s | |||
|'''s'''èmpre | |||
|- | |||
|align=center rowspan=2|z | |||
|align=center rowspan=2|z | |||
|align=center|s, z | |||
|align=center rowspan=2|z | |||
|align=center colspan=3|z | |||
|ca'''s'''a | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|z | |||
|align=center|z, ʒ | |||
|align=center rowspan=2|ʒ | |||
|align=center|z, ʒ | |||
|align=center colspan=2|z, h | |||
|mete'''s'''mo | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|ʒ | |||
|align=center|ʒ | |||
|align=center colspan=2|dʒ | |||
|align=center|ʒ | |||
|align=center|ʒ | |||
|align=center colspan=2|x, h | |||
|'''g'''enerale | |||
|- | |||
|align=center rowspan=3|(t)ʃ | |||
|align=center|z | |||
|align=center colspan=2|tʃ | |||
|align=center colspan=3|z | |||
|align=center rowspan=5|s | |||
|align=center rowspan=5|θ | |||
|dí'''c'''ere | |||
|- | |||
|align=center rowspan=3|s | |||
|align=center|ʃtʃ | |||
|align=center|ʃ | |||
|align=center|s, ʃ | |||
|align=center|ʃs, ʃ | |||
|align=center|s, ʃ | |||
|pe'''sc'''e | |||
|- | |||
|align=center colspan=2|tʃ | |||
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=3|s | |||
|'''c'''èlo | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|t(s) | |||
|align=center colspan=2|ts | |||
|can'''ţ'''ione | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|(d)z | |||
|align=center colspan=2|z | |||
|align=center|dz | |||
|align=center colspan=2|z | |||
|align=center|dz, z | |||
|'''z'''elare | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|w | |||
|align=center colspan=2|Ø | |||
|align=center colspan=6|w, Ø | |||
|q'''ü'''estione | |||
|} | |} | ||
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! colspan="8"| IPA !! colspan=2 | Vowels | ! colspan="8"| IPA !! colspan=2 | Vowels | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Standard !! Ucòsia !! | ! Standard !! Ucòsia !! S. Telcapòlia !! N. Telcapòlia !! Pecesamia !! Dòssia !! Lenòmia !! Hurtòmia !! Examples | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align=center rowspan=3|a | |align=center rowspan=3|a |
Revision as of 05:58, 2 December 2010
Vulgariano | |
Pronunciation: | [vulgaɾiˈano] |
Spoken in: | Vulgaria, Sea of Sardinia |
Total speakers: | 80,000 |
Language family: | Romance language |
Distribution: |
Vulgarian (or lingua vulgariana) is a Romance language spoken as a native language by about 80 thousand people in the Island of Vulgaria, in the Sea of Sardinia.
Vulgarian derives diachronically from Latin and is very conservative in its standard form. As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive.
Writing system
Phonology
In this section, the phonology of the standard dialect is described.
Vowels
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Close | i | u |
Close-mid | e | o |
Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ |
Open | a |
- While Vulgarian contrasts close-mid (/e o/) and open-mid (/ɛ ɔ/) vowels in stressed syllables, they are in free variation when unstressed.
Consonants
Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||
Plosive | p b | t d | k g | |||
Fricative | f v | s z | ||||
Affricate | (t)s (d)z | (t)ʃ (d)ʒ | ||||
Approximant | j | w | ||||
Trill | r | |||||
Tap | ɾ | |||||
Lateral | l | ʎ |
- Nasals assimilate to the point of articulation of whatever consonant they precede. For example, /nɡ/ is realized as [ŋɡ].
Dialects
IPA | Consonants | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standard | Dòssia | Lenòmia | Ucòsia | S. Telcapòlia | N. Telcapòlia | Pecesamia | W. Hurtòmia | E. Hurtòmia | Examples | |
b | b | bocca | ||||||||
b, v | v | β, v | β | trabalho | ||||||
v | v | v | levare | |||||||
b, v | b | vacca | ||||||||
p | p | b | β | sapere | ||||||
p | p | patre | ||||||||
d | d | d | d | dulce | ||||||
ð | nido | |||||||||
t | t | vita | ||||||||
t | tecto | |||||||||
f | f | fícato | ||||||||
k | k | k | cane | |||||||
g | ɣ | laco | ||||||||
g | g | pedagogo | ||||||||
g | gallo | |||||||||
l | l | l | l | l | luna | |||||
ɫ | sole | |||||||||
l, ɫ | palma | |||||||||
ʎ | j | ʎ | ʝ | palhacio | ||||||
j | j | iate | ||||||||
j | acţione | |||||||||
m | m | matre | ||||||||
n | n | nòstro | ||||||||
ɲ | ɲ | nj | ɲ | banho | ||||||
r | ʀ, ʁ, r | ɾ | r | r, ʁ, x, h | r | ratto | ||||
ɾ | ɾ | ɾ | ɾ | puro | ||||||
ɾ, ɹ, ʁ, x, h | pòrta | |||||||||
s | s | s, ʃ | ʃ | s | s, h | pasta | ||||
s | s | sèmpre | ||||||||
z | z | s, z | z | z | casa | |||||
z | z, ʒ | ʒ | z, ʒ | z, h | metesmo | |||||
ʒ | ʒ | dʒ | ʒ | ʒ | x, h | generale | ||||
(t)ʃ | z | tʃ | z | s | θ | dícere | ||||
s | ʃtʃ | ʃ | s, ʃ | ʃs, ʃ | s, ʃ | pesce | ||||
tʃ | s | cèlo | ||||||||
t(s) | ts | canţione | ||||||||
(d)z | z | dz | z | dz, z | zelare | |||||
w | Ø | w, Ø | qüestione |
IPA | Vowels | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standard | Ucòsia | S. Telcapòlia | N. Telcapòlia | Pecesamia | Dòssia | Lenòmia | Hurtòmia | Examples | |
a | a | a | a | a | a | mama | |||
ɐ̃ | ɑ̃ | ɨ | ângelo | ||||||
a, ə | ə | a, ə | gallina | ||||||
ɛ | jɛ | ɛ | ɛ | jɛ | je | pède | |||
ɛ | ɛ | tèrra | |||||||
ẽ | tèmpo | ||||||||
e | e | e | e | censo | |||||
e | e, ɛ | erro | |||||||
e, i | ɨ | ə | gente | ||||||
i | i, e | i | i | i, ə | i, e | i | primario | ||
ɨ | înterrrogare | ||||||||
i | i | i | amico | ||||||
ĩ | cinqüe | ||||||||
ɔ | wɔ | ɔ | ɔ | ɔ, ø, œ | wo | scòla | |||
ɔ | còsta | ||||||||
õ | ɔ̃ | cònta | |||||||
o | o | o | o | ponto | |||||
o | o, ɔ, ø | pollo | |||||||
o, u | u | u, ə | o, u, ə | o, u | o | voluto | |||
u | u | u | u | u, y | u | cubo | |||
ũ | u | un |
Grammar
Sentences and word order
Verbs
Every Vulgarian verb belongs to one of three form classes, characterized by the infinitive ending: -are, -ere, or -ire— sometimes called the first, second, third and the fourth "conjugations", respectively.