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| == moj ==
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| == Thematic Lexicon ==
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| === time ===
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| * moment, instant - '''imahi'''
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| * occasion | present, now (yet) - '''ima'''
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| * hour, period - '''imaha'''
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| * day - '''yoma'''
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| * week (7 days) - '''sema'''
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| * month (~30 days) - '''huama'''
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| * season - '''amahi'''
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| * time, year (~365 days) - '''ama'''
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| * era - '''amaha'''
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| * past - '''amaye'''
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| * future - '''amatli'''
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| * always, forever - '''kuama'''
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| * never - '''amak'''
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|
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| = borrowings =
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|
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| ==== syllable structure ====
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|
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| * (C)V(k, l, m, n)
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| ==== syllable stress ====
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| *'''Kala''' stress is penultimate; that is, the next-to-last syllable of the word is stressed.
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| === Grammar ===
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| === word order ===
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| * The usual, declarative formal word order is ''subject noun phrase - (object noun phrase) - verb phrase''.
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| :Example : He/She is preparing food.
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| ::'''[[ha]] [[ke]] [[ina]] [[yaso]]'''
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| :::''3sg food/eat prepare/ready''
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|
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| * The "indirect object" exists only in the form of a prepositional phrase, and follows the object noun phrase.
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| :Example : The woman gives the house to me.
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| ::'''[[naka]] [[ke]] [[tsaka]] [[ika]] [[na]] [[yeta]]'''
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| :::''woman the/a house to/at 1sg give''
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| :* This construction changes when both the subject (agent) and (indirect)/object (patient) are personal pronouns. In this case, the preposition/al (phrase) is unnecessary.
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| :Example : She gives the house to me.
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| ::'''[[ha]]'[[ena]] [[ke]] [[tsaka]] [[yeta]]'''
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| :::''3sg-TR-part-1sg the/a house give''
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| * A chart of the agent-patient transitivity constructions;
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| {| class="wikitable" border=1
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| |+ '''A-P''' ''construction''
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| ! !! ''1<sup>st</sup> sing'' !! ''2<sup>nd</sup> sing'' !! ''3<sup>rd</sup> sing'' !! ''1<sup>st</sup> plu'' !! ''2<sup>nd</sup> plu'' !! ''3<sup>rd</sup> plu''
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| |- align=center
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| ! ''1<sup>st</sup> sing''
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| || '''-''' || na'eta || na'eha || '''-''' || na'etam || na'ekam
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| |- align=center
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| ! ''2<sup>nd</sup> sing''
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| || ta'ena || '''-''' || ta'eha || ta'enam || '''-''' || ta'ekam
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| |- align=center
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| ! ''3<sup>rd</sup> sing''
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| || ha'ena || ha'eta || '''-''' || ha'enam || ha'etam || ha'ekam
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| |- align=center
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| ! ''1<sup>st</sup> plu''
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| || '''-''' || nameta || nameha || '''-''' || nametam || namekam
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| |- align=center
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| ! ''2<sup>nd</sup> plu''
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| || tamena || '''-''' || tameha || tamenam || '''-''' || tamekam
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| |- align=center
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| ! ''3<sup>rd</sup> plu''
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| || kamena || kameta || kameha || kamenam || kametam || '''-'''
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| |-
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| |}
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| === verbs ===
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| ==== tense ====
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| *The present tense is indicated by the basic form.
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| :'''[[ha]] [[apua]]'''
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| ::''3SG sing''
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| :::He/She sings.
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| *The simple past tense is indicated by the suffix '''-ye'''.
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| :'''[[ha]] [[apua]][[-ye|ye]]'''
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| ::''3SG sing-PAST''
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| :::He/She sang.
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| *The simple future tense is indicated by the suffix '''-tli'''.
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| :'''[[ha]] [[apua]][[-tli|tli]]'''
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| ::''3SG sing-FUT''
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| :::He/She will sing.
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| *The tense may be left out if it is clearly indicated by another word in the same sentence, or when telling a story (the "historical" tense).
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| :'''[[ha]] [[yoma]][[-tli|tli]] [[apua]]'''
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| ::''3SG day-FUT sing''
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| :::He/She will sing tomorrow.
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| :'''[[ha]] [[sema]][[-ye|ye]] [[apua]]'''
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| ::''3SG week-PAST sing''
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| :::He/She sang last week.
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| ==== mood ====
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| *The negative mood is indicated by the suffix '''-[[k]]''', it is affixed in all tenses.
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| :'''[[kam]] [[ina]][[-k|k]]'''
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| ::''3PL eat-NEG''
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| :::They are not eating. / They do not eat.
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| :'''[[kam]] [[ina]][[-ye|ye]][[-k|k]]'''
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| ::''3PL eat-PAST-NEG''
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| :::They did not eat.
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| :'''[[kam]] [[ina]][[-tli|tli]][[-k|k]]'''
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| ::''3PL eat-FUT-NEG''
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| :::They will not eat.
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|
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| === nouns ===
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| ==== degree ====
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| * The diminutive is formed with '''[[hi]]-''' and '''[[hi|hy-]]''' when the word is vowel initial, unless the vowel is '''i''' or '''u''', then it is placed as the suffix '''-[[hi]]''', and the augmentative with '''-[[ha]]'''.
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| :Example : '''ina''' - food, meal | '''inahi''' - snack, morsel | '''inaha''' - feast, banquet
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| :Example : '''haya''' - animal | '''hi'aya''' - cub, kitten...etc. | '''hayaha''' - beast, giant animal
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| :Example : '''tsaka''' - house, home, dwelling | '''hitsaka''' - shack, hut, cabin | '''tsakaha''' - palace, mansion
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| * These are also used to differentiate hue, or shade.
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| :Example : '''hiyana''' - light yellow, '''kuyaha''' - dark green
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| ==== plurals ====
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| * To make a noun plural, add '''-m''' to the end.
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| :Example : '''[[kono]]''' - stone | '''[[kono]]m''' - stones
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| :Example : '''[[hi]][[suka]]''' - piglet | '''[[hi]][[suka]]m''' - piglets
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| * Nouns need not be marked plural if a number is used to show quantity.
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| :Example : '''[[sahi]]''' - color, '''[[sahi]]m''' - colors, '''[[sahi]] [[ya'o]]''' - five color(s)
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| *Adjectives do not change when they are plural. However, when an adjective is used in place of a noun, it can be pluralized.
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| :Example : '''[[nyeli]]''' - pink | '''[[nyeli]]m''' - (the) pink (ones)
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| ==== gender ====
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| *In general, nouns do not indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, one can use the adjectival endings '''-ta''' and '''-na'''.
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| :Example : '''nikata''' "a male dog", '''nikana''' "a female dog".
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| ==== articles ====
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| *There is only one article in '''Kala''', '''ke'''. It is used primarily as a "noun marker".
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| *It is ambi-definite, meaning it can be either definite or indefinite. The distinction is made through context.
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| :Example : '''kama''' "village", '''ke kama''' "the/a village", '''ke kamam''' "the villages"
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| :Example : '''inal''' "snack", '''ke inal''' "the/a snack", '''ke inalim''' "the snacks"
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| === questions ===
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| *When asking questions in '''Kala''', the idea, or concept, is the ''subject'', and the entire construction is followed by the interrogative particle '''ka'''.
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| *'''ama...ka''' - when, lit: ''time...INT''
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| *'''ko...ka''' - who, lit: ''person [Agentive]...INT''
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| *'''nye...ka''' - why, lit: ''reason...INT''
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| *'''to...ka''' - what, lit: ''thing [Instrument]...INT''
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| *'''koyo...ka''' - whose, lit: ''person-POSS...INT''
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| *'''mo...ka''' - where, lit: ''place...INT''
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| *'''no...ka''' - how, what manner, lit: ''manner/method...INT''
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| *'''ko'o...ka''' - how much/many, lit: ''number/amount...INT''
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| === pronouns ===
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| {| class="wikitable" border=1
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| |-
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| ! !! ''Nominative'' !! ''Accusative'' !! ''Possessive'' !! ''Reflexive'' !! ''Reciprocal''
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| |- align=center
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| ! ''1<sup>st</sup> sing''
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| || na || ena || nayo || na'i || ''' '''
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| |- align=center
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| ! ''2<sup>nd</sup> sing''
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| || ta || eta ||tayo || ta'i || ''' '''
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| |- align=center
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| ! ''3<sup>rd</sup> sing''
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| || ha || eha || hayo || ha'i || ''' '''
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| |- align=center
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| ! ''1<sup>st</sup> plu''
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| || nam || enam || namyo || nami || nanku
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| |- align=center
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| ! ''2<sup>nd</sup> plu''
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| || tam || etam || tamyo || tami || tanku
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| |- align=center
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| ! ''3<sup>rd</sup> plu''
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| || kam || ekam || kamyo || kami || kanku
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| |-
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| |}
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| ==== examples ====
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| *'''namyo ina'''
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| :''1PL-POSS food''
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| ::Our food.
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| *'''kami itsa'''
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| :''3PL-REFL love''
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| ::They love themselves.
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| *'''tanku moto ka'''
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| :''2PL-RECP remember/familiar INT''
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| ::Do you remember each other?
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| *'''eha unyatlik'''
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| :''ACC-3SG understand-FUT-NEG''
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| ::He/She will not be understood.
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| === Thematic Lexicon ===
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| === colors ===
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| * red - '''ketla'''
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| * orange - '''tliyo'''
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| * yellow - '''yana'''
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| * green - '''kuya'''
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| * blue - '''tsuku'''
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| * indigo, violet, purple - '''tlaku'''
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| * white, pale - '''nyahi'''
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| * black, dark - '''oya'''
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| * clear - '''yehi'''
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| === time ===
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| * moment, instant - '''imal'''
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| * occasion | present, now (yet) - '''ima'''
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| * hour, period - '''imat'''
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| * day - '''yoma'''
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| * week (7 days) - '''sema'''
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| * month (~30 days) - '''huama'''
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| * season - '''amal'''
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| * time, year (~365 days) - '''ama'''
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| * era - '''amat'''
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| * past - '''amaye'''
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| * future - '''amatli'''
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| * always, forever - '''kuama'''
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| * never - '''amak'''
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| === Examples ===
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| * '''mo ta yala ka'''
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| :''place/locale 2sg go/walk/travel INT-part''
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| ::Where are you going?
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| * '''nam tsala inaye'''
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| :''1pl sauce/paste eat-PAST''
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| ::We ate the sauce.
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| * '''ko tayo onatam ka'''
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| :''person 2sg-POSS parent-PL INT-part''
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| ::Who are your parents?
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| * '''na yalaye nye ta talaye'''
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| :''1SG go-PAST because 2SG return-PAST''
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| ::I left because you returned.
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| == sayoma ==
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| {| class="wikitable" border="1"
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| |+ '''ke sayoma'''
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| ! yoma !! sayo !! anyo
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| |- align=center
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| || ''ya'o'' || ''pa'o'' || ''uema'o''
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| |-
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| |}
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