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Proto-West Altaic': Difference between revisions

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==[[Proto-Altaic']] to Erly Proto-West Altaic'==
==[[Proto-Altaic']] to Erly Proto-West Altaic'==
*/s ʂ/ → [ts tʂ] and /ɽ/ → [ɖ] when initial or prenasal
*/s ʂ/ → [ts tʂ] and /ɽ/ → [ɖ] when initial or prenasalized
*Lenition of dorsal stops to fricativs in vicinity of other stops
*Lenition of dorsal stops to fricativs in vicinity of other stops
*Retroflexes (but not the palato-alveolar sibilant allophones) acquire velarization
*Retroflexes (but not the palato-alveolar sibilant allophones) acquire velarization
*/w/ is also possibly alreddy [βˠ] by this stage (areal influence? CF [[Proto-Betamax]])
*/w/ is also possibly alreddy [βˠ] by this stage (areal influence? CF [[Proto-Betamax]])
*/N/ drops before affricates and [ɖ], phonemicizing 'em
*/N/ drops before affricates and [ɖ], phonemicizing 'em
*Lengthening of stress'd nonclose vowels; /a/ attracts stress from a close vowel
*Reduction of /ɛ ɔ a/ to [ə] when unstress'd (also aj aw → əj əw)


==Erly to mid PWA'==
==Erly to mid PWA'==
ca. -3ka
Till ca. -3ka.


Middle PWA' had three main dialects: [[Northern Altaic'|Northern]], spoken in the vicinity of the Aral Sea; and Southern, spoken across a wide area south of this, further broken down to West proper just south of the Caspian Sea, and [[Proto-Sadabax]], spoken around where Samarkand exists in reality.
Middle PWA' had two main dialects: [[Northern Altaic'|Northern]], spoken in the vicinity of the Aral Sea; and Southern, spoken as a continuum across a wide area south of this, with the most important subdialects being West proper just south of the Caspian Sea, and [[Proto-Sadabax]], spoken around where Samarkand exists in reality.
*/x xʷ Nx Nxʷ χ χʷ Nχ Nχʷ/ → /h f ŋh ŋʷh ħ fˤ ŋħ ŋʷħ/
*/ɪ ʊ/ → /e o/, phonemicizing length
*Fronting /u/ → /ʉ/
*Before uvulars, /ei ai/ smooth to /eː ɛː/
*General difthong raising
**/ə əi əu/ → /ʌ ɪi ʊu/
**/ai au ou/ → /əi ou əu/.
**(There may be some confusion between *əi, *ai and *əu, *ou however, will hafta wait for stress details)
*/x xʷ Nx Nxʷ χ χʷ Nχ Nχʷ/ → /h f ŋh mh ħ fˤ ŋħ mħ/
*Retroflex stops (but generally not affricates) → velars before front vowels, emphatics elsewhere; [ɽˠ] → /ɡ/ consistently
*Retroflex stops (but generally not affricates) → velars before front vowels, emphatics elsewhere; [ɽˠ] → /ɡ/ consistently
*POA chain shift involving labials. The results differ a bit by the dialect:
 
**1) /kʷ ŋʷ qʷ/ → /p m pˤ/ (South), /pˠ m kʴ/ (North)
From here on, dialect divisions appear:
**2) /p f fˤ/ → /t̻ θ ??/ (South), /pʲ fʲ fˠ/ (North) (/m/ is not pushed due to distributional differences)
 
*Associated approximant drift
*POA chain shift involving labials. The results differ a bit by the dialect - West proper develops an emphasis contrast, while North shifts this further to a palatalization / velarization contrast (in some cases with a third dimension too). This all may have been brought about from contact with the [[Transcaspian']] family.
** /kʷ qʷ/ → /p pˤ/ (South), /pˠ kʴ/ (North)
** /p f fˤ/ → /t̻ s̻ s̻ˤ/ (South), /pʲ fʲ fˠ/ (North)
** Note that this dedorsalization is later than the one affecting spirants, since their reflexes behave here as labials!
*Approximant drift
**/l/ → /n̻/
**/l/ → /n̻/
**/j/ → /ɟ/ → /dʲ/ (North), → /d̻/ (South)
**/j/ → /ɟ/ → /dʲ/ (North), → /d̻/ (South)
**/w/ → /βˠ/ → /bˠ/ (North), → /bˤ/ (South)
**/w/ → /βˠ/ → /bˠ/ (North), → /bˤ/ (South)
*/ts/ → /θ/ (only in West)
*/q/ → /kˤ/ [qˤ] (South), /kʴ/ (North)
*/q/ → /ʔ/ (South), /kʴ/ (North)
*/s̻/ → /sʲ/ (North and Sadabax)
*/θ/ → /s̻/ (→ /sʲ/ in North and Sadabax)
** --hang on, where does North get this /s̻/? Is there a split development of *f or *h?
*/ts/ → /s̻/ (only in West)
*/ɪi ʊu/ → /i u/ (remember, these are unstress'd only)
*/i e ə/ → /ʉ/ [ɵ] /ɔ/ when before /u/ etc. (in North, only the last of these seems to occur)
*Unrounding /ʉ/ → /ɨ/
*/aː/ → /oa/ → /ua/, leaving the dialects without an open vowel at all and prompting different repair strategies:
**In West proper, /o ɔː/ → /a(ː)/, triggering a chain shift: /oː/ → /ɔː/, /ou/ → /oː/
**In North, /ɨ/ → /a/
*More difthong raising:
**/ei/ → /iː/ (general)
**/ou/ → /uː/ (North and Sadabax; West cf. prev.)
**/əi əu/ → /ɨi ɨu/ (South), furthermore /ɨi/ → /ɨː/ (West only)
**/əi əu/ → /iː uː/ (North, but without palatalization/velarization)
* Southern /kˤ/ → West /ʔ/
** in Sadabax, all non-emphatic stops lenited (may be late): /p b t̻ d̻ t ts k g/ → /f v θ ð ɾ s x ɣ/, /pˤ bˤ tˤ dˤ kˤ/ → /p b t d k/


==Mid to late PWA'==
==Mid to late PWA'==
ca. -1.5ka
ca. -1.5ka
*/t tʂ s n/ → /ṯ ṯ s̱ ṉ/ (with the [ʧ] allophone also generalized to both stops)
*/t tʂ s n/ → /ṯ ṯ s̱ ṉ/ (with the [ʧ] allophone also generalized to both stops)
*Fricativ voicing
*Voicing processes (or maybe later? NB /h ħ/ will not voice)
*Velar rounding (maybe not with vowel elision but mergers / harmony?)
*Introduce /ɬ̻ ɬˤ/, whence /l̻ ɫ/ (cf. [[East Persian']]!)
*/d̻ ḏ ḏˤ/ → /l̻ ḻ ɫ/ conditionally (pretonic intervocalic maybe?)
*/θˤ/ → /ħ/, /ɫ/
*Velar rounding before /ua/, which itself returns to /aː/ (& elsewhere?)
**also hʷ → xʷ
* Short vowels lengthen before _CLASS (short sonorants?); also /i/ → /iə/
**[ɵ] returns to /e/; however [ɵː] breiks → [eɔ]
* Insertion of shwa before _CLASS (pharyngeals?), with length and /ee ɛɛ/, /oo ɔɔ/ contrasts neutralized
**/iə ɨə uə/ remain difthongs; the last of these attracts remaining /ua/
*[ə] renormalizes to [ɔ] outside of difthongs
**[eɔ aɔ] → [ɛː ɔː]
*Pharyngeal harmony (spills over into vowels too)
*Pharyngeal harmony (spills over into vowels too)
 
**Emphasis spreds thru a word unless blocked by a velar obstruent or nasal.
<!-- m?\ revittäneen assimilatorisesti (muist. myös vokaaliefektit), f?\ huitsinnevadaan kthxbye; mistä hitosta d- tulee??-->
**The laminal/apical distinction in coronals is neutralized when emphatic.


{|
{|
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
! colspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2" | Lamino-<br/>dental
! rowspan="2"| Lamino-<br/>dental
! colspan="2" | Apico-<br/>postalveolar
! colspan="2"| Apico-<br/>postalveolar
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2"| Velar
! colspan="2" | Glottal
! colspan="2"| Laryngeal
|-
|-
!<small>Plain</small>
!<small>Plain</small>
Line 50: Line 85:
!<small>Plain</small>
!<small>Plain</small>
!<small>Emphatic</small>
!<small>Emphatic</small>
|-
|- align="center"
! Voiceless stops
! align="left" rowspan="2"| Stops
| align="center" | p
! align="left"| <small>Voiceless</small>
| align="center" | pˤ
| p
| align="center" | t̻
| pˤ
| align="center" | ṯ
| t̻
| align="center" | ṯˤ
| ṯ
| align="center" | k
| ṯˤ
| align="center" | kʷ
| k
| align="center" | ʔ
| kʷ
|
| (ʔ ~ ∅)
|-
! Voiced stops
| align="center" | b
| align="center" | bˤ
| align="center" | d̻
| align="center" | ḏ
| align="center" | ḏˤ
| align="center" | ɡ
| align="center" | ɡʷ
|-
! Voiceless fricativs
|
|
|- align="center"
! align="left"| <small>Voiced</small>
| b
| bˤ
| d̻
| ḏ
| ḏˤ
| ɡ
| ɡʷ
|- align="center"
! align="left" rowspan="2"| Fricatives
! align="left"| <small>Voiceless</small>
|
|
| align="center" | s̻
| align="center" | s̱
| align="center" | ʂˣ
|
|
| align="center" | xʷ
| s̻
| align="center" | h
| s̱
| align="center" | ħ
| ʂˣ
|-
! Voiced fricativs
|
|
| xʷ
| h
| ħ
|- align="center"
! align="left"| (<small>Voiced</small>
|
|
| align="center" | z̻
| align="center" | ẕ
| align="center" | ʐˠ
|
|
| align="center" | (ɣʷ)
| z̻
|-
| ẕ
! Nasals
| ʐˠ
| align="center" | m
| align="center" | mˤ
| align="center" | n̻
| align="center" | ṉ
|
|
| align="center" | ŋ
| (ɣʷ))
|-
|- align="center"
! Laterals
! align="left" colspan="2"| Nasals
| m
| mˤ
| n̻
| ṉ
| ṉˤ
| ŋ
|- align="center"
! align="left" colspan="2"| Laterals
| ||
| ||
| align="center" | l̻
| l̻
| align="center" | ḻ
| (ḻ)
| align="center" | ɫ
| ɫ
|-
|- align="center"
! Semivowels
! align="left" colspan="2"| Semivowels
| || || ||
| || || ||
| align="center" | ɻˠ
| ɻˠ
| align="left" | j
| align="left" | j
| align="center" | w
| w
|}
|}


(Depending on the font, the laminality signs (subsc. square) may look like dentality sings (subsc. bridge), but since they're dental anyway, that's no problem.)
(Depending on the font, the laminality signs (subsc. square) may look like dentality sings (subsc. bridge), but since they're dental anyway, that's no problem.)
[[Category:Earth']]

Latest revision as of 20:54, 26 October 2010

Proto-Altaic' to Erly Proto-West Altaic'

  • /s ʂ/ → [ts tʂ] and /ɽ/ → [ɖ] when initial or prenasalized
  • Lenition of dorsal stops to fricativs in vicinity of other stops
  • Retroflexes (but not the palato-alveolar sibilant allophones) acquire velarization
  • /w/ is also possibly alreddy [βˠ] by this stage (areal influence? CF Proto-Betamax)
  • /N/ drops before affricates and [ɖ], phonemicizing 'em
  • Lengthening of stress'd nonclose vowels; /a/ attracts stress from a close vowel
  • Reduction of /ɛ ɔ a/ to [ə] when unstress'd (also aj aw → əj əw)

Erly to mid PWA'

Till ca. -3ka.

Middle PWA' had two main dialects: Northern, spoken in the vicinity of the Aral Sea; and Southern, spoken as a continuum across a wide area south of this, with the most important subdialects being West proper just south of the Caspian Sea, and Proto-Sadabax, spoken around where Samarkand exists in reality.

  • /ɪ ʊ/ → /e o/, phonemicizing length
  • Fronting /u/ → /ʉ/
  • Before uvulars, /ei ai/ smooth to /eː ɛː/
  • General difthong raising
    • /ə əi əu/ → /ʌ ɪi ʊu/
    • /ai au ou/ → /əi ou əu/.
    • (There may be some confusion between *əi, *ai and *əu, *ou however, will hafta wait for stress details)
  • /x xʷ Nx Nxʷ χ χʷ Nχ Nχʷ/ → /h f ŋh mh ħ fˤ ŋħ mħ/
  • Retroflex stops (but generally not affricates) → velars before front vowels, emphatics elsewhere; [ɽˠ] → /ɡ/ consistently

From here on, dialect divisions appear:

  • POA chain shift involving labials. The results differ a bit by the dialect - West proper develops an emphasis contrast, while North shifts this further to a palatalization / velarization contrast (in some cases with a third dimension too). This all may have been brought about from contact with the Transcaspian' family.
    • /kʷ qʷ/ → /p pˤ/ (South), /pˠ kʴ/ (North)
    • /p f fˤ/ → /t̻ s̻ s̻ˤ/ (South), /pʲ fʲ fˠ/ (North)
    • Note that this dedorsalization is later than the one affecting spirants, since their reflexes behave here as labials!
  • Approximant drift
    • /l/ → /n̻/
    • /j/ → /ɟ/ → /dʲ/ (North), → /d̻/ (South)
    • /w/ → /βˠ/ → /bˠ/ (North), → /bˤ/ (South)
  • /q/ → /kˤ/ [qˤ] (South), /kʴ/ (North)
  • /s̻/ → /sʲ/ (North and Sadabax)
    • --hang on, where does North get this /s̻/? Is there a split development of *f or *h?
  • /ts/ → /s̻/ (only in West)
  • /ɪi ʊu/ → /i u/ (remember, these are unstress'd only)
  • /i e ə/ → /ʉ/ [ɵ] /ɔ/ when before /u/ etc. (in North, only the last of these seems to occur)
  • Unrounding /ʉ/ → /ɨ/
  • /aː/ → /oa/ → /ua/, leaving the dialects without an open vowel at all and prompting different repair strategies:
    • In West proper, /o ɔː/ → /a(ː)/, triggering a chain shift: /oː/ → /ɔː/, /ou/ → /oː/
    • In North, /ɨ/ → /a/
  • More difthong raising:
    • /ei/ → /iː/ (general)
    • /ou/ → /uː/ (North and Sadabax; West cf. prev.)
    • /əi əu/ → /ɨi ɨu/ (South), furthermore /ɨi/ → /ɨː/ (West only)
    • /əi əu/ → /iː uː/ (North, but without palatalization/velarization)
  • Southern /kˤ/ → West /ʔ/
    • in Sadabax, all non-emphatic stops lenited (may be late): /p b t̻ d̻ t ts k g/ → /f v θ ð ɾ s x ɣ/, /pˤ bˤ tˤ dˤ kˤ/ → /p b t d k/

Mid to late PWA'

ca. -1.5ka

  • /t tʂ s n/ → /ṯ ṯ s̱ ṉ/ (with the [ʧ] allophone also generalized to both stops)
  • Voicing processes (or maybe later? NB /h ħ/ will not voice)
  • Introduce /ɬ̻ ɬˤ/, whence /l̻ ɫ/ (cf. East Persian'!)
  • /θˤ/ → /ħ/, /ɫ/
  • Velar rounding before /ua/, which itself returns to /aː/ (& elsewhere?)
    • also hʷ → xʷ
  • Short vowels lengthen before _CLASS (short sonorants?); also /i/ → /iə/
    • [ɵ] returns to /e/; however [ɵː] breiks → [eɔ]
  • Insertion of shwa before _CLASS (pharyngeals?), with length and /ee ɛɛ/, /oo ɔɔ/ contrasts neutralized
    • /iə ɨə uə/ remain difthongs; the last of these attracts remaining /ua/
  • [ə] renormalizes to [ɔ] outside of difthongs
    • [eɔ aɔ] → [ɛː ɔː]
  • Pharyngeal harmony (spills over into vowels too)
    • Emphasis spreds thru a word unless blocked by a velar obstruent or nasal.
    • The laminal/apical distinction in coronals is neutralized when emphatic.
Labial Lamino-
dental 		Apico-
postalveolar 		Velar Laryngeal
Plain Emphatic Plain Emphatic Plain Labial Plain Emphatic
Stops Voiceless p pˤ t̻ ṯ ṯˤ k kʷ (ʔ ~ ∅)
Voiced b bˤ d̻ ḏ ḏˤ ɡ ɡʷ
Fricatives Voiceless s̻ s̱ ʂˣ xʷ h ħ
(Voiced z̻ ẕ ʐˠ (ɣʷ))
Nasals m mˤ n̻ ṉ ṉˤ ŋ
Laterals l̻ (ḻ) ɫ
Semivowels ɻˠ j w

(Depending on the font, the laminality signs (subsc. square) may look like dentality sings (subsc. bridge), but since they're dental anyway, that's no problem.)

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