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Rajadom of Kashmir: Difference between revisions

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After Gulab Singh's death in 1857, his son, [[Wikipedia:Ranbir Singh|Ranbir Singh]], added the emirates of Astore, Hunza-Nagar, and Gilgit to the rajadom.
After Gulab Singh's death in 1857, his son, [[Wikipedia:Ranbir Singh|Ranbir Singh]], added the emirates of Astore, Hunza-Nagar, and Gilgit to the rajadom.


[[Wikipedia:Partab Singh|Partab Singh]] (1830-1885) succeeded his father in 1848.
[[Wikipedia:Partab Singh|Partab Singh]] (1830-1885) succeeded his father in 1885.


[[Wikipedia:Hari Singh|Hari Singh]] (1895-1961), the son of Partab Singh's brother Amar, succeeded to the throne in 1925.  He abdicated in 1949.
[[Wikipedia:Hari Singh|Hari Singh]] (1895-1961), the son of Partab Singh's brother Amar, succeeded to the throne in 1925.  He abdicated in 1949.
Line 135: Line 135:
Dates in ''italics'' print are points of departure.
Dates in ''italics'' print are points of departure.


==Dynasties==
===The Dogra Rajas of Kashmir===
===Karkota Dynasty, 596-857===
{| border = 1 rules = rows width = 75%
{| border = 1 rules = rows width = 75%
|-
|-
| colspan = 5 align = left |  
| colspan = 5 align = center |  
|-
|-
| '''Order'''
| '''Name'''
| '''Name'''
| '''Date(s)'''
| '''Relationship'''
| '''Relationship'''
| '''Reign'''
| '''Died'''
| '''Notes'''
| '''Notes'''
|-
|-
| 1)
| 1) Gulab Singh
| Durlabhavardhana
| 596
|
|
| Hindu religion restored; great Chinese pilgrim, Hien-Tsang visits.
| 1846
|-
| 2)
| Durlabhaka
| 632
|
|
|-
| 3)
| Chandrapida
| 682
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
| 4)
| 2) Ranbir Singh
| Tarapida
| son of 1)
| 682
| 1857
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
| 5)
| 3) Partab Singh
| Muktapida Lalitaditya
| son of 2)
| 695
| 1885
|  
|  
| Conquers the Punjab, Kanuj, Tibet, Ladhak, Badakshan, Iran, Bihar, Gauda (Bengal) Kalinga (Orissa), South India, Gujarat, Malwa, Marwar and Sindh.
|-
| 6)
| Kuvalayapida
| 732
| Son of 5)
|  
|  
|-
|-
| 7)  
| 4) Hari Singh
| Vajraditya Bappiyaka
| nephew of 3)
| 733
| 1925-52
| Son of 5)
|
|-
| 8)
| Prithivyapida I
| 740
| Son of 7)
|
|-
| 9)
| Sangramapida
| 744
| Son of 7)
|
|-
| 10)
| Jayapida
| 751
| Son of 7)
|-
| 11)
| Jajja
| 782
|
|
|
|-
| 12)
| Lalitapida
| 785
| Son of 10)
|
|-
| 13)
| Prithivyapida II
| 797
| Son of 10)
|
|-
| 14)
| Chippatajayapida
| 804
|
|
|-
| 15)
| Ajitapida
| 816
| Grandson of 7) through a son
|
|-
| 16)
| Anangapida
| ''831''
| Son of 13)
|
|-
| 17)
| Utpalapida
| ''848''-857
| Son of 15)
| All conquered lands regain independence.
|}
===Utpala Dynasty, 857-939===
{| border = 1 rules = rows width = 75%
|-
| colspan = 5 align = left |
|-
| '''Order'''
| '''Name'''
| '''Date(s)'''
| '''Relationship'''
| '''Notes'''
|-
| 18)
| Avantivarman
| 857
|
|
|-
| 19)
| Shankaravarman
| 884
| Son of 18)
| Conquers Kingdom of Kabul
|-
| 20)
| Gopalavarman
| 903
| Son of 19)
|
|-
| 21)
| Samkatavarman
| 905
| Son of 19)
| Beginning of decline of dynasty
|-
| 22)
| Sugandha
| 905
| Wife of 19)
|
|-
| 23)
| Nirjitavarman (1)
| 907
| Grandson of brother 18) through a son
|
|-
| 24)
| Partha (1)
| 907
| Son of 23)
|
|-
|
| Nirjitavarman (2)
| 923
|
|
|-
| 25)
| Chakravarman (1)
| 924
| Son of 23)
|
|-
| 26)
| Suravarman I
| 935
| Son of 23)
|
|-
|
| Partha II
| 936
|
|
|-
|
| Chakravarman (2)
| 936
|
|
|-
| 27)
| Sambhuvardhana
| 936
|
|
|-
| 28)
| Unmattavanti
| 938
|
|
|-
| 29)
| Suravarman II
| 939.
|
|  
|  
|}
|}


===Hindu Kings, 939-1338===
 
{| border = 1 rules = rows width = 75%
 
|-
 
| colspan = 5 align = left |
|-
| '''Order'''
| '''Name'''
| '''Date(s)'''
| '''Relationship'''
| '''Notes'''
|-
| 30)
| Yahakaradeva
| 939
|
|
|-
| 31)
| Samgramadeva I
| 948
| Son of 30)
|
|
|-
| 32)
| Parvagupta
| 949
|
|
|-
| 33)
| Kshemagupta
| 950
| Son of 32)
| Marries Didda, daughter of King Bhimdeva of Kabul.
|-
| 34)
| Abhimanyu
| 958
| Son of 33)
|
|-
| 35)
| Nandigupta
| 972
| Son of 34)
|
|-
| 36)
| Tribhuvana
| 973
| Son of 34)
|
|-
| 37)
| Bhimagupta
| 975
| Son of 34)
|
|-
| 38)
| Didda
| 980
| Wife of 33)
| she transmitted the crown to Sangramraj, son of her brother Udairaj, the King of Lohara.
|-
| 39)
| Samgramaraja
| 1003
| Son of 38)'s brother
|
|-
| 40)
| Hariraja
| 1028
| Son of 39)
|
|-
| 41)
| Ananta
| 1028
| Son of 39)
|
|-
| 42)
| Kalasa
| 1063
| Son of 41)
|
|-
| 43)
| Utkarsha
| 1089
| Son of 42)
|
|-
| 44)
| Harsha
| 1089
| Son of 42)
| He and his son Bhoja murdered.
|-
| 45)
| Uchchala
| 1101-1112
|
|
|-
| 46)
| Salhana
| 1111-1112
| Brother of 45)
|
|-
| 47)
| Sussala (1)
| 1112
| Brother of 45)
|
|-
| 48)
| Bhikshachara
| 1120
| Grandson of 44) through a son
|
|-
|
| Sussala (2)
| 1121-1128
|
|
|-
| 49)
| Jayasimha (1)
| 1123-1131
| Son of 47)
|
|-
| 50)
| Lothana
| 1131
| Brother of 45)
|
|-
| 51)
| Mallarjuna
| 1131
| Son of 47)
|
|-
|
| Jayasimha (2)
| 1132
|
|
|-
| 52)
| Paramanuka
| 1155
| Son of 49)
| From 1155 on, the Kashmir rulers remained busy only in intrigues, debauchery, and mutual quarrels which greatly weakened Hindu domination of Kashmir. The valley soon fell a prey to Mongol and Turkish raiders. Quite naturally, the boundaries of the Kingdom shrank and sovereignty was reduced to the Valley only. Jammu and Ladhak threw off their allegiance to Kashmir.
|-
| 53)
| Vantideva
| 1165
| Son of 52)
|
|-
| 54)
| Vuppadeva
| 1172
|
|
|-
| 55)
| Jassaka
| 1181
| Brother of 54)
|
|-
| 56)
| Jagadeva
| 1199
| Son of 55)
|
|-
| 57)
| Rajadeva
| 1213
| Son of 56)
|
|-
| 58)
| Samgramadeva II
|
| Son of 57)
|
|-
| 59)
| Ramadeva
| 1252
| S58
|
|-
| 60)
| Lakshmanadeva
| 1273
| Son of 59)
|
|-
| 61)
| Simhadeva
| 1286
|
|
|-
| 62)
| Suhadeva
| 1301
| Brother of 61)
|
|-
| 63)
| Rinchan
| 1320
| Husband of 65)
| Tibetan.
|-
| 64)
| Udyanadeva
| 1323
| Husband of 65)
|
|-
| 65)
| Kotadevi
| 1338.
| Daughter of 62)
| The Valley is again invaded by the Mongol invader Achalla, but the Queen defeated him and drove away all the foreign troops. In the confusion Rinchin, the Ladhaki prince, whom the Hindu religious leaders of the time refused to admit into their fold, organised an internal rising and seized the throne. Finally, another rising defeated the queen at Jayapur (modern Sumbal). The defeat upset her and she stabbed herself to death.
|}


==Toponymy==
==Toponymy==

Revision as of 17:56, 7 October 2010

The Rajadom of Kashmir
???
[[]] [[]]
state flag coat of arms
[[]]
map of Kashmir
Capital Srinigar
Government constitutional monarchy
Head of State His Royal Highness ???
Head of Government ???
Demonym Kashmiri
Religions
Official Hinduism
Other Buddhism
Islam
Languages
Official Kashmiri
Other Nepali
Founding 596
Independence 1820
Area 121,586 km²
46,945 mi²
Population 6,000,000
Ethnicities
Currency 1 Himalayan Rupee (Rs) = 20 sukaa (?) = 240 paisa (?)
Time zone CET UTC+6:00
Telephone Code ?
Registration
Aviation KSH
Amateur radio KSH
Radio prefix KSH
Organizations Himalayan Confederacy
Sports
Official ???
Other ???

History

Text in bold print indicates PoD.

Pre-Islam

Kashmir was one of the major centers of Sanskrit scholarship. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojas ruled Kashmir during the epic period with a republican system of government from the capital city of Rajapura. Later, the Panchalas established their sway and their king Pravarasena II founded the city of Parvasenpur. Asoka, the great ruler of the Mauryan Empire introduced Buddhism to the region. The new religion co-existed peacefully with the dominant Hindu culture.

Kashmir became an important seat of Buddhist learning, dominated by the Sarvastivadan school. Monks from eastern and central Asia visited the kingdom. In the late fourth century A.D., the famous Kuchanese monk Kumarajiva, born to an Indian noble family, studied in Kashmir under the great scholar Bandhudatta. He later became a prolific translator who helped introduce Buddhism to China. Vimalaksa, a Sarvastivadan Buddhist monk, travelled from Kashmir to Kucha and there instructed Kumarajiva in the Vinayapitaka. Although Buddhism was widespread in Kashmir long before the time of Asoka, it enjoyed his patronage, as well as that not only of the Buddhist rulers but of Hindu and early Muslim rulers as well. From Kashmir, it spread to the neighboring Ladakh.

Muslim rule

The Abbasid Caliphate, during their stay in Persia, expanded into Afghanopakistan and northern India, but the new religion had little impact on the mass of the people and remained the religion of the ruling elite only.

In 1339, in the vacuum left by the fall of the Abassid Caliphate, Shams-ud-Din Shah Mir became the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Miri dynasty. He came from Swat, a tribal territory on the eastern border of Afghanistan. Until his death in 1342, he played a notable role in the political history of the valley.

Shah Mir was succeeded by his eldest son Jamshid, but he was deposed by his brother Ali Sher five months later. Ali Sher ascended the throne assuming the royal name Alauddin.

The Muslim rulers lived in relative harmony with their Hindu and Buddhist subjects, due partly to the similarity of the Sufi way of life of the rulers to the Rishi tradition of the Kashmiri Hindus. This led to a syncretic culture in some areas where Hindus and Muslims revered the same local saints and prayed at the same shrines.

Most of the Kashmiri rulers, such as Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin, were tolerant of the religions of their subjects. However, several were intolerant, of whom Sultan Sikandar Butshikan (1389-1413) and his (former Brahmin) minister Saif ud-Din were the worst. Historians have recorded many of the atrocities carried out in his persecution of the Hindus and Buddhists. He even went so far as to proscribe the residence of anyone other than a Muslim in Kashmir.

Sikh/Hindu rule

In 1780, after the death of Ranjit Deo, the Raja of Jammu, the Kingdom of Jammu (to the south of the Kashmir Valley) was captured by the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh of Lahore and became tributary to the Sikh R.S. until 1846.

Ranjit Deo's grandnephew, Gulab Singh, subsequently sought service at the court of Ranjit Singh, distinguished himself in later campaigns, especially in the conquest of the Kashmir Valley in 1819, which ended a thousand years of Muslim rule. For his services, he was created the first Mahararaja of Jammu in 1820 beginning the Dogra Dynasty. With the help of his officer, Zorawar Singh, Gulab Singh soon captured Kashmir, and the Buddhist kingdoms of Ladakh and Baltistan.

To emphasize his break from the Sikh R.S. in 1846, Gulab Singh embraced the Hindu faith.

After Gulab Singh's death in 1857, his son, Ranbir Singh, added the emirates of Astore, Hunza-Nagar, and Gilgit to the rajadom.

Partab Singh (1830-1885) succeeded his father in 1885.

Hari Singh (1895-1961), the son of Partab Singh's brother Amar, succeeded to the throne in 1925. He abdicated in 1949.

Karan Singh (1931-) succeeded upon the abdication of his father in 1949. He was married to Yasho Rajya Lakshmi (1939-2009), the granddaughter of Mohan Rana, the last Rana prime minister of Nepal.

Karan Singh's eldest son, Vikramaditya, is the yuvraj, crown prince. Kashmir's rules of succession are based on male primogeniture so his older sister will not succeed. Dates in italics print are points of departure.

The Dogra Rajas of Kashmir

Name Relationship Reign Died Notes
1) Gulab Singh 1846
2) Ranbir Singh son of 1) 1857
3) Partab Singh son of 2) 1885
4) Hari Singh nephew of 3) 1925-52



Toponymy

The Nilamata Purana describes the origin of Kashmir as coming from का ka (water) + शिमिरि shimir (to desiccate). Hence, Kashmir denotes “a land desiccated from water”. An alternative etymology proposes that Kashmir is a contraction of either Kashyap-mir(a) or Kashyapmeru, denoting the “sea of Kashyapa” or the “mountain of Kashyapa”, eponyms of the sage Rishi Kashyapa, the sage being credited with having drained the primordial Satisar Lake that occupied the Kashmir Valley before he reclaimed it from the water.

Government

Provinces

Province (anchal) Capital Area Population Prefectures (jilla) Notes
Anantnag Anantnag 3,984 km²
1,538 mi²
Baramulla Baramulla 4,588 km²
1,771 mi²
Budgam Budgam 1,371 km²
529 mi²
Kupwara Kupwara 2,379 km²
919 mi²
Pulwama Pulwama 1,370 km²
529 mi²
Srinagar Srinagar 2,228 km²
860 mi²
Muzaffarab Muzaffarab 9,738 km²
3,760 mi²
Gilgit Gilgit 39,300 km²
15,172 mi²
Astore Astore 8,657 km²
3,342 mi²
Diamir Chilas 10,936 km²
4,233 mi²
Ghizar Gakuch 9,635 km²
3,720 mi²
Ghanche Khaplu 9,400 km²
3,629 mi²
Skardu Skardu 18,000 km²
6,950 mi²
  • Thus, the total area of the rajadom is 121,586 km², slightly larger than *here's* North Korea.

Geography

Borders

Kashmir is bordered by on the:

Northeast: Tibet
East: Ladakh
South: Jammu
West: Sikh RS
Northwest: Moghul National Realm

The Rajadom of Kashmir is contiguous with *here's* Kashmir portion of the Indian state of Kashmir and Jammu, and the Pakistani states of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.

Climate

Economy

Demographics

Culture

National symbols

Kashmiri holidays

Date Name Notes
13 January Lohri (2010 only)
20 January Vasant Panchami
14 February The Queen's Birthday Mothers' Day
1 March Holi (2010 only)
14 April Navavarsha Kashmiri New Year (2010 only)
24 May The King's Coronation
4 July The King's Birthday Fathers' Day
24 August Raksha Bandan (2010 only)
1 September Krishna Janmashtami (2010 only)
8 October Navratri (2010 only)
1 October Lakshmi Puja (2010 only)
4 November Diwali (2010 only)

Infrastructure

Education

Flora and fauna

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