Proto-Uralic/Ä: Difference between revisions
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m (→*ä_a, etc.) |
(→*ä_a, etc.: macrons, *täktä, *täplä) |
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! Comments | ! Comments | ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0" | |- style="background:#A0FFA0" | ||
! colspan="10"| F. *ä_a, S. * | ! colspan="10"| F. *ä_a, S. *ā_ē | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to breathe" | | "to breathe" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| "friend" | | "friend" | ||
| - || * | | - || *lāvē || - || - || - || - || N. ''leekʷ''|| style="color:red"| *ɬöɣ || - | ||
| Ms. transfer of labzn? S. ← ObU? | | Ms. transfer of labzn? S. ← ObU? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "flap" | | "flap" | ||
| *läppä || '''* | | *läppä || '''*lēpɤ''' || - || style="color:red"| *leweða || *leep <!-- U. ĺip ~ K. lep-->|| lep || '''*liip''' || - || - | ||
| Mari cf. F. *lewedä "wide" | | Mari cf. F. *lewedä "wide" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| "paw" | | "paw" | ||
| *käppä || - || käpä || - || - || - || - || - || - | | *käppä || - || käpä || - || - || - || - || - || - | ||
| Cf. prev. | | Cf. prev, also F. käpälä | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "this" | | "this" | ||
| *tä-mä || * | | *tä-mä || *tā || tä || Hi. '''ti''' ~ Me. '''tɤ''' || *ta || te- || '''*ti''' || '''*te''' ? || '''*tê-''' | ||
| East *tê, if not rel. to "that" | | East *tê, if not rel. to "that" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "these" | | "these" | ||
| *nä-mä || * | | *nä-mä || *nā || nä || Hi. '''ni''' ~ Me. '''tɤ''' || K. na || ''-ni'', -ne || *-nää || ''*-nä'' || *nä | ||
| Ugr. lativ | | Ugr. lativ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "needle" | | "needle" | ||
| *äjmä || * | | *äjmä || *ājmē || - || *imə || K. jem || - || - || - || *ejmä | ||
| Ma. *ej → *i | | Ma. *ej → *i | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "tongue" | | "tongue" | ||
| - || * | | - || *ńālmē || - || '''*ńəlmə''' || - || ńelv, ńeev || '''*ńiiləm''' || '''*ńääləm''' || style="color:red"| '''*nåjmå'''<!--Ne. næmu --> | ||
| *ńälma ~ *ńElm ~ *nalma | | *ńälma ~ *ńElm ~ *nalma | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "spleen" | | "spleen" | ||
| - || * | | - || *ðāpðē || - || *lepə || '''*loop''' || leep || - || *leepət || Ne. ''rapseä'' | ||
| *-pð- ?? | | *-pð- ?? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "branch" | | "branch" | ||
| - || * | | - || *sārē || - || šer ? || U. -ser || eer || *täär || *ɬeer || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "woman; weasel" | | "woman; weasel" | ||
| - || * | | - || *kāðvē || - || - || - || style="color:red"| ''hölɟ'' || *kääĺ || *kööjəɣ || *kejwä | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to annoy" | | "to annoy" | ||
| - || * | | - || *ārē- || - || - || - || - || *äärt- || *eerət- || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to load" | | "to load" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| "to cut" | | "to cut" | ||
| *sälä || * | | *sälä || *čālē- || - || *šela- || *ćaal- || sel- || '''*sil-''' || '''*süül-''' || *selä- | ||
| P. *aa / _l | | P. *aa / _l | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "side" | | "side" | ||
| '''*peeli''' || '''* | | '''*peeli''' || '''*pealē''' || päĺ || *pel || *paal || feel || *pääl || *peelək || *pelä | ||
| P. *aa / _l, BF length by analogy of *veeri, *pooli? | | P. *aa / _l, BF length by analogy of *veeri, *pooli? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "water" | | "water" | ||
| - || * | | - || *čācē || - || - || - || - || - || *seeč- || Ne. ''sada'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "big, mother" | | "big, mother" | ||
| '''*emä''' || '''* | | '''*emä''' || '''*eamē''' || - || - || - || eme || - || - || *emä | ||
| F & S. with analogy from *ena? Cf. F. <font color="red">*ämmä</font> | | F & S. with analogy from *ena? Cf. F. <font color="red">*ämmä</font> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "bone" | | "bone" | ||
| *tähteh || * | | *tähteh || *tāktē || - || - || - || tetem || - || - || - | ||
| F. "leftovers" | | F. "leftovers" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "bog" | | "bog" | ||
| (*jäŋkä) || '''* | | (*jäŋkä) || '''*jeaŋkē''' || - || - || K. jeg || - || *jääŋk || *jeeŋk || - | ||
| F. ← S. | | F. ← S. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "sun" | | "sun" | ||
| *päjvä || '''* | | *päjvä || '''*peajvē''' || - || - || K. ''bi'' || - || - || - || *pejwä | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "lichen" | | "lichen" | ||
| *jäkälä || '''* | | *jäkälä || '''*jeakēl''' || - || - || K. '''jal''' || - || - || - || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "old man" | | "old man" | ||
| *äjjä || * | | *äjjä || *ājjē || - || - || '''*aj''' || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *ejsä | ||
| Contam. of *äjjä + *iśä in Smy? | | Contam. of *äjjä + *iśä in Smy? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "lasso" | | "lasso" | ||
| *lämsä || * | | *lämsä || *lāmčē || - || - || K. leć || - || '''*liis''' || '''*liis''' || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to wade" | | "to wade" | ||
| ''*kaalat-'' || * | | ''*kaalat-'' || *kālē- || käĺe- || *kela-, *kelðə- || '''*köl-''', *kaalt- || kel- || style="color:red"| *kʷääl- || '''*küül-''' || - | ||
| F. ← S.? Ma & P. #2 "to fish with a pull-net", P. *aa / _l | | F. ← S.? Ma & P. #2 "to fish with a pull-net", P. *aa / _l | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| "power" | | "power" | ||
| '''*tarmo''', F. tärmä || * | | '''*tarmo''', F. tärmä || *tārmō || - || - || - || - || '''*tiiriŋ''' || '''*täärəm''' || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "board" | | "board" | ||
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| '''*ase-''' || - || äźem || - || - || - || - || - || Se. esɯ ~ Ne. ŋäso | | '''*ase-''' || - || äźem || - || - || - || - || - || Se. esɯ ~ Ne. ŋäso | ||
| But also Mk. '''eźem''', Er. '''iźim''' | | But also Mk. '''eźem''', Er. '''iźim''' | ||
|- | |||
| "star" | |||
| ''*tähti'' || *tāstē || *ťäšťe || *tištə || - || - || - || - || - | |||
| Or -i? | |||
|- | |||
| "spot" | |||
| *täplä || *tāplē || - || - || - || - || - || - || - | |||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0" | |- style="background:#A0FFA0" | ||
! colspan="10"| With Mo. *i, Permic ɨ~o | ! colspan="10"| With Mo. *i, Permic ɨ~o | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "beaver" | | "beaver" | ||
| '''*majaka''' || * | | '''*majaka''' || *mājēkē || mijav || - || U. mɨj ~ K. moj || - || - || - || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to depart" | | "to depart" | ||
| *läkte- || * | | *läkte- || *lēktɤ- || *ĺiɣte- || ''*lääkta-'' || U. lɨkt- ~ K. lokt- || - || || style="color:red"| '''*ɬüüɣət-''' || - | ||
- | - | ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0" | |- style="background:#A0FFA0" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| "gall" | | "gall" | ||
| '''*sappi'''? || * | | '''*sappi'''? || *sāppē || säpä || - || U. sep ~ K. sɤp || epe || *tääp || - || - | ||
| F. cf. Gmc. *sap | | F. cf. Gmc. *sap | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| "to prepare" | | "to prepare" | ||
| - || * | | - || *lāčē- || - || '''*lɪšte-''' || U. leśal- ~ K. lɤśal- || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "hemp" | | "hemp" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| "winter" | | "winter" | ||
| '''*talvi''' || * | | '''*talvi''' || *tālvē || Er. tele, Mk. '''ƭala''' || *tel || *tol || teel || *tääl || '''*teləɣ''' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to order" | | "to order" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| "to fill" | | "to fill" | ||
| *täwti || style="color:red"| * | | *täwti || style="color:red"| *tēvtɤ || - || style="color:red"| ''*tić'' || *dol- || tel- || *tääɣəl || *teel || style="color:red"| *terə | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "scab" | | "scab" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| "to ruminate" | | "to ruminate" | ||
| *mär-ehti- || style="color:red"| ''* | | *mär-ehti- || style="color:red"| ''*smērēcē-'' || - || - || *roməćtɨ-<!--U. -s´t- --> || - || - || - || | ||
| Looks substratal, P. metathesis? | | Looks substratal, P. metathesis? | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| "crust" | | "crust" | ||
| *kärnä || ''* | | *kärnä || ''*kearnē'' || style="color:red"| '''kšńat'''<!--Who the hell comes up with these comparisions?--> || - || - || - || || '''*käärńə-''' || | ||
| F & S. ← Gmc. *herna | | F & S. ← Gmc. *herna | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| "cambium" | | "cambium" | ||
| - || * | | - || *ālē || - || - || - || - || '''*iiĺ''' ? || *öɬ || *ilə | ||
| East *i | | East *i | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to chop" | | "to chop" | ||
| - || * | | - || *āktē- || - || - || U. ''oktɨ-'' ~ K. ''oktɨ-'' || üt- || '''*jäkt-''' || *ööɣət- || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "father" | | "father" | ||
| *isä || * | | *isä || *ɤččē || '''oće''' || *ɪža || - || öös || *äś || - || ''*ejsä'' | ||
| *i_a | | *i_a | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| "to choke" | | "to choke" | ||
| - || * | | - || *lɤppɤsē- || ĺäpija- || - || - || - || - || - || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "valley" | | "valley" | ||
| - || * | | - || *leakē || ĺäj || - || - || - || - || - || - | ||
| Cf. *lakc'i | | Cf. *lakc'i | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| "lake" | | "lake" | ||
| ''*järvi'' || * | | ''*järvi'' || *jāvrē || style="color:red"| järkä || *jäär || - || - || - || - || - | ||
| ← B. | | ← B. | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| "son-in-law" | | "son-in-law" | ||
| *vävü || '''* | | *vävü || '''*vīvɤ''' || '''ov''' || Hi. wiŋgə ~ Me. '''weŋə''' || - || ''vöö'' || - || *wööŋ || '''*wiŋə''' | ||
| Something else (*i?) with analogy in F? | | Something else (*i?) with analogy in F? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "an animal" | | "an animal" | ||
| - || * | | - || *vāðōk || style="color:red"| '''vedraš''' || '''*wʏĺə''' || *vaal || - || - || '''*welə''' || - | ||
| S&M "cow", Ma&P "horse", Kh. "reindeer". P. *aa / _l. Looks like several roots | | S&M "cow", Ma&P "horse", Kh. "reindeer". P. *aa / _l. Looks like several roots | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "juniper" | | "juniper" | ||
| *kataka || *kɤsŋɤs; * | | *kataka || *kɤsŋɤs; *koaccēvē "needle" || - || "MRS" kož || K. kač || - || *kääš- || - || - | ||
| F. from *kača "resin" (vs. S. *kássé "wax" < G?), or B.? | | F. from *kača "resin" (vs. S. *kássé "wax" < G?), or B.? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "blood" | | "blood" | ||
| - || * | | - || *kēlō- || - || - || - || - || ''*kiil(ə)p'' || *käɬə- ? || Ne. śelw- | ||
| NS also | | NS also kīlu- | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "bay, moor" | | "bay, moor" |
Revision as of 12:37, 15 July 2010
→ Finnic *ä, Moksha ä, Mari *e, Mansi *ää, Khanty *ee (/ *öö next to a velar), Smy. *e
Std. PU *ä_i
Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F. *ä_i, S. *é_ɤ | ||||||||||
"" | ||||||||||
"mound" | *mättäs | *mékt | - | - | - | - | - | - | *mektə | |
"to hide" | *kätke- | - | *käkše- | |||||||
"cradle" | *kätküt | *kétkɤ- | - | - | U. kɤkɯ | - | - | - | *ketə- | Cf. prev. |
"string" | *jänti | - | - | - | - | ideg | *jääntəɣ ? | *jöntəɣ | *jentə | |
"a bird" | E. ähk | - | šäkši | *ćećkem | K. čakčej | - | - | - | - | |
"hand" | *käti | *kétɤ | käď | *kit | *ki | keez | *käät | *kööt | - | |
"power" | *väki | *vékɤ | vij | *vij | *vi | vele- ? | *wääɣ | *wööɣ | - | Ma. *ej → *ij |
"ice" | *jää | *jéŋɤ | *jäŋ | *ij | *jɤɤ | jeeg | *jääŋk | *jööŋk | *jaŋ | *jäŋi. Ma. *ej → *ij |
"to become cold" | *jäähty- | *jéŋsó- | jäkše- | *jükše- | - | - | - | *jöɣɬi- | - | *jäŋ-(k)šti-; non-West *jükši- ?? |
"to freeze" | (*jääty-) | - | - | - | K. jɤd- | - | *jäänt- | *jentəl- | *jäŋ-ta | |
"thigh" | *sääri | - | śäjäŕ | - | K. ćɤr | - | - | - | - | maybe rather *śäxiri than *śäjiri |
"head" | *pää | *péŋɤ | pe | - | *pooŋ | fej | *pääŋk | - | - | NMs puŋk? |
"louse" | *täi | - | - | *tij | U. täj ~ K. toj | tetüü | *tääkmə | *tööɣtəm | - | S. *tíkɤ ← Gmc? Ma. *ej → *ij |
"to see" | *näke- | *nékɤ- | näj- | - | U. naal- ? | neez- | *näɣəl-, *niiɣəl- | *nii- | - | |
"to wrap" | *keer-tä-, *kääri- | *kérɤ- | *käärɤk | *keerää | *ker- | Cf. "to bind", *kêri | ||||
"sister-in-law" | *kälü | *kálój | kel | - | U. kaĺi ~ K. kel | - | - | *köölə | *kelə | P. *aa / _l with K. *-ëĺ > el? |
"bit, to cut" | *säŋki | *čéŋkɤ- | śive- | - | *ćeeg- | seg- | *sääŋk- | *sööŋk- | - | |
"breast" | - | *mélkɤ | mälkä | *mel | U. mɤl | mell | *määɣəl | *mööɣəl | - | F. *mälvi "bird breast? |
"rope" | *kewti | *kévðɤ | - | Hi. kəl ~ Me. kɤl | *kaal | - | *kʷääləɣ | *kööləɣ | *kürə | P. *aa / _l, Smy *äw → *ü ? West *e? |
"lung" | *tävü | - | ťevlav | - | *tɯ | tüdöö | - | - | *tejwä ? | Cf. "to fill" |
"woodpecker" | *kärki | - | kärgä | *kerɣə | *kɯr | - | - | - | - | |
"nose" | - | *nérɤ | *ńäŕ | *ner | *nɯr | - | - | *niir | *ńärə | *näxri? |
"near" | *lähe- | - | - | *lišnə | - | - | - | - | *jet- | Cf. next |
"to suffer" | *kärsi- | *kértɤ- | kiŕđe- | *kerða-, *kerta- | - | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc. *hardja- |
"warm" | *lämpe- | - | ĺämbä | *leewə | - | - | - | *jempə- | Smy. "clothes" | |
"trace" | *jälki | - | - | - | - | jel | - | *jääɣəl | *je | Smy. "foot" |
"horse ~ herd" | - | - | - | - | - | meen | - | *määnəŋ | - | Suspicious |
"heavy" | *läülV | *lévlɤ | - | *lelə | - | - | - | - | - | Ms. *ĺuuĺ "weak", Kh. *ɬöɬ "cold" prob. don't belong |
"to trust" | - | - | - | - | - | mer- | *määr- | - | - | |
"to dive" | - | - | - | - | - | meriit- | *määrəkt- | *merət- | - | |
"net" | - | - | - | - | - | meet | *määkt | *mööɣət | - | |
"warm" | - | - | - | - | - | meleg | *määli | *meelək | - | |
"to bind" | - | - | - | - | - | ńeek | *niiɣ- | *neeɣəj- | - | |
"saddle" | - | - | - | - | - | ńerëg | *ńäɣər | *nööɣər | - | |
std. PU *äx_i | ||||||||||
"tongue" | *keeli | *kélɤ | *käĺ | *kəl | *kɯl | - | *kääl | *kööl | *keəj | |
"broth" | *leemi | *lémɤ | *ĺäm | *lem | U. lɯm ~ K. ĺem | lee | *lääm | - | - | |
"prop" | - | - | - | - | U. mɯdž ~ K. meč | - | *määš | *meeč | - | |
"mind" | *meeli | *mélɤ | *mäĺ | - | *mɯl | - | - | - | - | |
"side" | *veeri | *vérɤ | *väŕä | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
"to swallo" | *neele- | *ńélɤ- | ńiĺe- | *nela- | *ńɯl(ɯ)- | ńel- | *ńääl- | *ńeel- | *nɤl- | West *ńeeli, East *ńäl |
"fine, thin" | *heeno | - | - | - | K. dženɯt | - | - | - | - | Weak; ambiguous. |
*ä_a, etc.
Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F. *ä_a, S. *ā_ē | ||||||||||
"to breathe" | *läkähtä- | - | läka- | - | - | - | - | - | - | NB no palz. in Mo? |
"friend" | - | *lāvē | - | - | - | - | N. leekʷ | *ɬöɣ | - | Ms. transfer of labzn? S. ← ObU? |
"flap" | *läppä | *lēpɤ | - | *leweða | *leep | lep | *liip | - | - | Mari cf. F. *lewedä "wide" |
"paw" | *käpsä | - | - | *küpš | U. kus- ~ K. kɨs, køs | - | *kʷäät | *kööpəɬ | - | |
"paw" | *käppä | - | käpä | - | - | - | - | - | - | Cf. prev, also F. käpälä |
"this" | *tä-mä | *tā | tä | Hi. ti ~ Me. tɤ | *ta | te- | *ti | *te ? | *tê- | East *tê, if not rel. to "that" |
"these" | *nä-mä | *nā | nä | Hi. ni ~ Me. tɤ | K. na | -ni, -ne | *-nää | *-nä | *nä | Ugr. lativ |
"needle" | *äjmä | *ājmē | - | *imə | K. jem | - | - | - | *ejmä | Ma. *ej → *i |
"tongue" | - | *ńālmē | - | *ńəlmə | - | ńelv, ńeev | *ńiiləm | *ńääləm | *nåjmå | *ńälma ~ *ńElm ~ *nalma |
"spleen" | - | *ðāpðē | - | *lepə | *loop | leep | - | *leepət | Ne. rapseä | *-pð- ?? |
"branch" | - | *sārē | - | šer ? | U. -ser | eer | *täär | *ɬeer | - | |
"woman; weasel" | - | *kāðvē | - | - | - | hölɟ | *kääĺ | *kööjəɣ | *kejwä | |
"to annoy" | - | *ārē- | - | - | - | - | *äärt- | *eerət- | ||
"to load" | *sälyttä- | - | - | *tääl- | *ɬeel- | *tij- | ||||
"to cut" | *sälä | *čālē- | - | *šela- | *ćaal- | sel- | *sil- | *süül- | *selä- | P. *aa / _l |
"side" | *peeli | *pealē | päĺ | *pel | *paal | feel | *pääl | *peelək | *pelä | P. *aa / _l, BF length by analogy of *veeri, *pooli? |
"water" | - | *čācē | - | - | - | - | - | *seeč- | Ne. sada | |
"big, mother" | *emä | *eamē | - | - | - | eme | - | - | *emä | F & S. with analogy from *ena? Cf. F. *ämmä |
"bone" | *tähteh | *tāktē | - | - | - | tetem | - | - | - | F. "leftovers" |
"bog" | (*jäŋkä) | *jeaŋkē | - | - | K. jeg | - | *jääŋk | *jeeŋk | - | F. ← S. |
"sun" | *päjvä | *peajvē | - | - | K. bi | - | - | - | *pejwä | |
"lichen" | *jäkälä | *jeakēl | - | - | K. jal | - | - | - | - | |
"old man" | *äjjä | *ājjē | - | - | *aj | - | - | - | *ejsä | Contam. of *äjjä + *iśä in Smy? |
"lasso" | *lämsä | *lāmčē | - | - | K. leć | - | *liis | *liis | - | |
"to wade" | *kaalat- | *kālē- | käĺe- | *kela-, *kelðə- | *köl-, *kaalt- | kel- | *kʷääl- | *küül- | - | F. ← S.? Ma & P. #2 "to fish with a pull-net", P. *aa / _l |
"worm" | - | - | - | - | K. perk | feerëg | *päärk | - | - | *a-stem per no rk-metathesis |
"to fly" | - | - | - | - | *löb- | lebëg-, libëg- | - | - | - | Rather *e. Cf. F. *lentä- ?? |
"elm" | - | - | śäĺi | *šol | - | sil | - | - | - | F. *salaka, *halaka "willow" ← Gmc. |
"power" | *tarmo, F. tärmä | *tārmō | - | - | - | - | *tiiriŋ | *täärəm | - | |
"board" | *parti | - | - | - | *päärt | *peert | - | |||
"place" | *ase- | - | äźem | - | - | - | - | - | Se. esɯ ~ Ne. ŋäso | But also Mk. eźem, Er. iźim |
"star" | *tähti | *tāstē | *ťäšťe | *tištə | - | - | - | - | - | Or -i? |
"spot" | *täplä | *tāplē | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
With Mo. *i, Permic ɨ~o | ||||||||||
"beaver" | *majaka | *mājēkē | mijav | - | U. mɨj ~ K. moj | - | - | - | - | |
"to depart" | *läkte- | *lēktɤ- | *ĺiɣte- | *lääkta- | U. lɨkt- ~ K. lokt- | - | *ɬüüɣət- | -
- | ||
With Permic e~ɤ (all a-stems? quite irregular) | ||||||||||
"back" | F. perä ~ E. pära | - | *pŕa | - | U. ber ~ K. bɤr | - | *pärəɣ | *pertaɣ | - | ObU *pira > *per-əɣ |
"gall" | *sappi? | *sāppē | säpä | - | U. sep ~ K. sɤp | epe | *tääp | - | - | F. cf. Gmc. *sap |
"to bind" | - | - | kärks | *kera- | U. gerd, kert- ~ K. gɤrd, kɤrt- | kür-, küür- | *kiir- | *kiir- | Cf. "to wrap" | |
"to prepare" | - | *lāčē- | - | *lɪšte- | U. leśal- ~ K. lɤśal- | |||||
"hemp" | - | - | - | Hi. kəńe ~ Me. kɤńe | U. ken ~ K. kɤn | - | - | - | - | Wanderwort. |
"to freeze" | - | - | - | Hi. kiže- | U. kedź- ~ K. kɤdź- | - | - | - | - | |
With Permic *o (all very irregular) | ||||||||||
"winter" | *talvi | *tālvē | Er. tele, Mk. ƭala | *tel | *tol | teel | *tääl | *teləɣ | ||
"to order" | *käske- | - | - | *küštə- | *kos | |||||
"joint" | *jäsen | - | jäźńä | Hi. ježəŋ ~ Me. jɤžəŋ | *joz | iiz | - | - | - | |
"to turn" | *kääntä- | - | - | - | *kož- | - | - | - | - | |
"to fill" | *täwti | *tēvtɤ | - | *tić | *dol- | tel- | *tääɣəl | *teel | *terə | |
"scab" | - | - | E. ĺeme | Hi. lim ~ Me. lümö | *lom | - | - | - | - | |
"to ruminate" | *mär-ehti- | *smērēcē- | - | - | *roməćtɨ- | - | - | - | Looks substratal, P. metathesis? | |
"iron" | - | - | kšńi | *kʏrtńe | *kort | - | - | - | - | ← Ir. *kaart- |
"moment" | F. hetki ~ Ka. hätki | - | ška | - | *čož | - | - | - | - | WTF? |
"breath; heat" | *heŋki | - | - | - | U. džog | - | *sääŋk | *čeŋk, säŋk? | - | Better here than at *ê. U. cf. "to choke"! |
"ring" | - | - | - | *jɤr | *jor | - | - | - | *jorka ? | |
With Ob-Ugric *ää~*ää (all spotty) | ||||||||||
"soft" | - | SS nemok | - | - | - | - | *ńäämkəm | *ńäämək | ||
"lap" | - | - | äĺ | Hi. el- ~ Me. öl- | *åål | - | *ääl | *ääɬ | - | |
"to choke" | - | - | - | - | *čök-, U. džok- ~ K. džag- |
- | *šääk- | *čääk- | - | |
"tail" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *määnśək | *määsəɣ | Sk. mäča | |
"to feel" | - | - | - | - | K. mal- | - | *määl- | *määɬ- | - | F. *mä(h)le- "to remember" probably doesn't belong |
"honey" | - | - | - | *mü(j) | - | - | maɣ- | *määɣ | Newer II loans? | |
"to ambush" | - | - | - | - | - | les- | *lääć- | *lääśi- | ||
Rather loans in part | ||||||||||
"crust" | *kärnä | *kearnē | kšńat | - | - | - | *käärńə- | F & S. ← Gmc. *herna | ||
"to go" | *käve- | - | - | Hi. kej ~ Me. kaj | - | - | - | - | - | F. ← Gmc. *skeewjan |
- väsi- "tired" in F. & S. ← Gmc.
- väšä- "small" in FSM. ← Gmc.