Proto-Samoyedic: Difference between revisions
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* *ü → *i (feeds the next) | * *ü → *i (feeds the next) | ||
* *u → *ə / _C(C)a | * *u → *ə / _C(C)a | ||
** | ** and / _ŋ? ''*suŋi'' → *təŋ; also ''*kurki'' → *kərə | ||
* *i → *ə / | * *i → *ə / _C(C?)a (check relation to initial *l-!) | ||
* *u → *o / _Ci (counterfeeds *o → *a, block'd by an original cluster, exception ''*kulki-'' → *kəj-) | * *u → *o / _Ci (counterfeeds *o → *a, block'd by an original cluster, exception ''*kulki-'' → *kəj-) | ||
(an inefficiently asymmetric set of sound changes!) | (an inefficiently asymmetric set of sound changes!) | ||
* *l → *lʲ / _C, | * *l → *lʲ / _C, #_, _i(C)# | ||
** Word-initial development is clear, tho exceptions happen (''*lëmpi, *lëmti, *lëpa, *lëpsi'', ''*luwi'' → *lë - all back unrounded?) | ** Word-initial development is clear, tho exceptions happen (''*lëmpi, *lëmti, *lëpa, *lëpsi'', ''*luwi'' → *lë - all back unrounded?) | ||
** *-lw- → *-jw- is clear | ** *-lw- → *-jw- is clear |
Revision as of 15:50, 11 June 2010
Soundchanges from Proto-Uralic:
Proto-Uralic to Proto-Ugric
It appears that all of the shared Ugric innovations are also applicable to Samoyedic.
- *ðʲ → *lʲ (further shared with Permic; possibly a pseudo-sound change, the case for PU *lʲ is weak, and this may point to *ðʲ being [lʲ])
- *k, *x, *w → ɣ / V_i (all eventually lost in Smy; Permic is similar here, too)
- *s, *š → *θ (= [ɬ] per Khanty?)
- *sʲ → *s
- *Ck, kC → *ɣC? / C = *θ, *s (no direct evidence of this belonging together due to later loss in Smy)
- *Ck → *C / C = *t, *č (check! ought to be later per open/close issues)
- *ɤ → *ɯ / _C(C)a (most general condition; also in *ëni, *lëmpi; exceptions *tëka, *lëpa (FSM vs. Smy only), *ëńa)
- perhaps some other vowel splits? (if not rather Finno-Permic mergers)
Proto-Ugric to Proto-Samoyedic
- *x → *ə (probably common Uralic, but tends to disappear elsewhere)
- *e → *i / _C(C)a (shared with Mansi)
- *ŋ → *n / _θ (*jOŋsi only)
- *m → *p / _θ ? (*pImsimi only; fairly ad hoc cluster)
- *θ → *t (counterbleeds the previous two — *mt *ŋt remain)
- *tsʲ → *s
- *o → *a (feeds fronting to *ä in some cases; *tolwa → *tälwä, *tåjwä both)
- *ü → *i (feeds the next)
- *u → *ə / _C(C)a
- and / _ŋ? *suŋi → *təŋ; also *kurki → *kərə
- *i → *ə / _C(C?)a (check relation to initial *l-!)
- *u → *o / _Ci (counterfeeds *o → *a, block'd by an original cluster, exception *kulki- → *kəj-)
(an inefficiently asymmetric set of sound changes!)
- *l → *lʲ / _C, #_, _i(C)#
- Word-initial development is clear, tho exceptions happen (*lëmpi, *lëmti, *lëpa, *lëpsi, *luwi → *lë - all back unrounded?)
- *-lw- → *-jw- is clear
- *-lt-, *-alm- unchanged (*kulta-, *kalma; both potential derivativs!)
- *-ilm- → *-əjm-, *-lki → *-j and *-li → *-j may be due to coda position or palatalization
- possibly: *e → *ɪ / _C(C)i (no phonemical significance)
- *ä → *e ([ɛ] or [e]? depends on the previous)
- *a → *ä [æ]? / before a coda palatal (sometimes elsewhere); is fed by palatalization of *l
- Unstress'd (generally, final) vowels:
- *a → *a [ɑ]? / after front vowels or a lateral (sometimes elsewhere)
- not in *muðʲa → *məjå, *su(w)ðʲa → *səjå
- *a → *ə / sometimes (*jupta, *konta, *kuma, *sʲala, *sʲoðʲa, *tora)
- *a → *å [ɒ] / elsewhere
- *i → *ə / _# (perhaps not feasible as PUg per palatalization of *l)
- *a → *a [ɑ]? / after front vowels or a lateral (sometimes elsewhere)
- *lʲ → *j (counterbleeds *a → *a, feeds the next two)
- *i → *ə / _j
- *j → ∅ / aə_ (*kaxli-, *ńäxli- → *kåə-, *ńåə-?)
- Word-finally *ə → ∅ / VC_# (fed by vocalization of *x *lʲ, counterfed by ɣ-loss, exceptions *juri, *sʲüðʲi)
- *ð → *r (could be dated about anywhere)
- *e → *ü / _Cw (*käwði, *jäwji - but not in *täwði?)
- *w → *m / _lʲ ? (*käðʲwa only - apparently South Smy. only)
- *ɣ → ∅; or *k → ∅ / _C_ (except *-ŋk-) (counterbleeds *ə → ∅, cf. next)
- *w → ∅ / in a 2nd syllable (counterbleeds *ə → ∅; *jäwji, *käliw, *täwði, etc. Remains *täwiw → *tiwə, also in *-jw- of either origin (suggesting interm. *ɣ?))
Later development
Vowels
Nganasan
- "Umlaut loss": *ï *ë *ä *ö → i a a *o
- *ü ([y]) remains
- Back raising: *o *å → u o
- ɪ → ɨ (very late; oldest record still render this as <e>)
- Difthongs in -j develop per components
Tundra Nenets
- *å → *a
- *ü → *ö
- High laxing/Lo tensing (Shared with Samic!!)
- *i *ï *u *ə → *ɪ *ɪ̈ *ʊ *a
- all other monofthongs → long
- Front/back contrast shifts from vowels to consonants:
- *ɪ *eː *äː *öː → ʲɪ ʲeː ʲaː ʲoː
- *ɪ̈ *ëː → ɪ eː
- ~Monofthongization
- *äj *ej → both iː
- *aj → æː [ae]