Proto-Samoyedic: Difference between revisions

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* *ü → *i (feeds the next)
* *ü → *i (feeds the next)
* *u → *ə / _C(C)a
* *u → *ə / _C(C)a
** also / _ŋ? ''*suŋi'' → *təŋ  
** and / _ŋ? ''*suŋi'' → *təŋ; also ''*kurki'' → *kərə
* *i → *ə / _Ca (block'd by an original cluster, possible exception ''*kurki'' → *kərö, check relation to initial *l-!)
* *i → *ə / _C(C?)a (check relation to initial *l-!)
* *u → *o / _Ci (counterfeeds *o → *a, block'd by an original cluster, exception ''*kulki-'' → *kəj-)
* *u → *o / _Ci (counterfeeds *o → *a, block'd by an original cluster, exception ''*kulki-'' → *kəj-)
(an inefficiently asymmetric set of sound changes!)
(an inefficiently asymmetric set of sound changes!)
* *l → *lʲ / _C, _#_, _i(C)#
* *l → *lʲ / _C, #_, _i(C)#
** Word-initial development is clear, tho exceptions happen (''*lëmpi, *lëmti, *lëpa, *lëpsi'', ''*luwi'' → *lë - all back unrounded?)
** Word-initial development is clear, tho exceptions happen (''*lëmpi, *lëmti, *lëpa, *lëpsi'', ''*luwi'' → *lë - all back unrounded?)
** *-lw- → *-jw- is clear
** *-lw- → *-jw- is clear

Revision as of 15:50, 11 June 2010

Soundchanges from Proto-Uralic:

Proto-Uralic to Proto-Ugric

It appears that all of the shared Ugric innovations are also applicable to Samoyedic.

  • *ðʲ → *lʲ (further shared with Permic; possibly a pseudo-sound change, the case for PU *lʲ is weak, and this may point to *ðʲ being [lʲ])
  • *k, *x, *w → ɣ / V_i (all eventually lost in Smy; Permic is similar here, too)
  • *s, *š → *θ (= [ɬ] per Khanty?)
  • *sʲ → *s
  • *Ck, kC → *ɣC? / C = *θ, *s (no direct evidence of this belonging together due to later loss in Smy)
  • *Ck → *C / C = *t, *č (check! ought to be later per open/close issues)
  • *ɤ → *ɯ / _C(C)a (most general condition; also in *ëni, *lëmpi; exceptions *tëka, *lëpa (FSM vs. Smy only), *ëńa)
  • perhaps some other vowel splits? (if not rather Finno-Permic mergers)

Proto-Ugric to Proto-Samoyedic

  • *x → *ə (probably common Uralic, but tends to disappear elsewhere)
  • *e → *i / _C(C)a (shared with Mansi)
  • *ŋ → *n / _θ (*jOŋsi only)
  • *m → *p / _θ ? (*pImsimi only; fairly ad hoc cluster)
  • *θ → *t (counterbleeds the previous two — *mt *ŋt remain)
  • *tsʲ → *s
  • *o → *a (feeds fronting to *ä in some cases; *tolwa → *tälwä, *tåjwä both)
  • *ü → *i (feeds the next)
  • *u → *ə / _C(C)a
    • and / _ŋ? *suŋi → *təŋ; also *kurki → *kərə
  • *i → *ə / _C(C?)a (check relation to initial *l-!)
  • *u → *o / _Ci (counterfeeds *o → *a, block'd by an original cluster, exception *kulki- → *kəj-)

(an inefficiently asymmetric set of sound changes!)

  • *l → *lʲ / _C, #_, _i(C)#
    • Word-initial development is clear, tho exceptions happen (*lëmpi, *lëmti, *lëpa, *lëpsi, *luwi → *lë - all back unrounded?)
    • *-lw- → *-jw- is clear
    • *-lt-, *-alm- unchanged (*kulta-, *kalma; both potential derivativs!)
    • *-ilm- → *-əjm-, *-lki → *-j and *-li → *-j may be due to coda position or palatalization
  • possibly: *e → *ɪ / _C(C)i (no phonemical significance)
  • *ä → *e ([ɛ] or [e]? depends on the previous)
  • *a → *ä [æ]? / before a coda palatal (sometimes elsewhere); is fed by palatalization of *l
  • Unstress'd (generally, final) vowels:
    • *a → *a [ɑ]? / after front vowels or a lateral (sometimes elsewhere)
      • not in *muðʲa → *məjå, *su(w)ðʲa → *səjå
    • *a → *ə / sometimes (*jupta, *konta, *kuma, *sʲala, *sʲoðʲa, *tora)
    • *a → *å [ɒ] / elsewhere
    • *i → *ə / _# (perhaps not feasible as PUg per palatalization of *l)
  • *lʲ → *j (counterbleeds *a → *a, feeds the next two)
  • *i → *ə / _j
  • *j → ∅ / aə_ (*kaxli-, *ńäxli- → *kåə-, *ńåə-?)
  • Word-finally *ə → ∅ / VC_# (fed by vocalization of *x *lʲ, counterfed by ɣ-loss, exceptions *juri, *sʲüðʲi)
  • *ð → *r (could be dated about anywhere)
  • *e → *ü / _Cw (*käwði, *jäwji - but not in *täwði?)
  • *w → *m / _lʲ ? (*käðʲwa only - apparently South Smy. only)
  • *ɣ → ∅; or *k → ∅ / _C_ (except *-ŋk-) (counterbleeds *ə → ∅, cf. next)
  • *w → ∅ / in a 2nd syllable (counterbleeds *ə → ∅; *jäwji, *käliw, *täwði, etc. Remains *täwiw → *tiwə, also in *-jw- of either origin (suggesting interm. *ɣ?))

Later development

Vowels

Nganasan

  • "Umlaut loss": *ï *ë *ä *ö → i a a *o
    • *ü ([y]) remains
  • Back raising: *o *å → u o
  • ɪ → ɨ (very late; oldest record still render this as <e>)
  • Difthongs in -j develop per components

Tundra Nenets

  • *å → *a
  • *ü → *ö
  • High laxing/Lo tensing (Shared with Samic!!)
    • *i *ï *u *ə → *ɪ *ɪ̈ *ʊ *a
    • all other monofthongs → long
  • Front/back contrast shifts from vowels to consonants:
    • *ɪ *eː *äː *öː → ʲɪ ʲeː ʲaː ʲoː
    • *ɪ̈ *ëː → ɪ eː
  • ~Monofthongization
    • *äj *ej → both iː
    • *aj → æː [ae]