Nordaþ noun cases: Difference between revisions

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[[Nordaþ language|Nordaþ]] uses 50 different noun inflections. There are 22 cases named in English - the rest are formed with affixed postpositions. As how in English prepositions can become adverbs, so too can affixed postpositions in Nordaþ. The singular neuter form is always taken and the suffix "lïïs" is attached to it. As an adverb, it stands alone.
{{wip}}
 
[[Nordaþ language|Nordaþ]] uses 50 different noun inflections. There are 22 cases named in English - the rest are formed with affixed postpositions. As how in English prepositions can become adverbs, so too can affixed postpositions in Nordaþ. The singular neuter form is always taken and the suffix "lis" is attached to it. As an adverb, it stands alone.


{| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="1" align="right" style="margin-left: 0.5em"
{| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="1" align="right" style="margin-left: 0.5em"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Postposition
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Example
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''anmï''||''änme''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''anma''||''änma''
|-
|-
|Singular Neuter||''anmïï''||''änmi''
|''änmi''||Mäg nän kyne su-änmi leibän.
|-
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''anmïn''||''änmen
|||I can't live without you.
|}
|}


=== Ablative ===
=== Ablative ===
The ablative case marks "from off of". It is applied as follows:
The ablative case marks "from off of" or "away from". It is applied as follows:


{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Postposition
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Example
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''altï''||''älte''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''alta''||''ältä''
|-
|-
|Singular Neuter||''altïï''||''älti''
|''älti''||Hus-älti de-drive þe ilkarapaan.
|-
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''altïn''||''älten''
|||The car drove away from the house.
|}
|}


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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Postposition
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Example
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''ïïtï''||''eite''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''ïïta''||''eitä''
|-
|-
|Singular Neuter||''ïïtïï''||''eiti''
|''tei''||Mäg äte Krysli-tei.
|-
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''ïïtïn''||''eiten''
|||I eat Krysli.
|}
|}


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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Postposition
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Example
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|-
|Singular Feminine||''anï''||''äne''
|''äni''||E lene þe käütš-äni.
|-
|-
|Singular Masculine||''ana''||''änä''
|||It's on the couch.
|-
|Singular Neuter||''anïï''||''äni''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''anïn''||''änen''
|}
|}


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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Postposition
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Example
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''antï''||''änte''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''anta''||''äntä''
|-
|-
|Singular Neuter||''antïï''||''änti''
|''änti''||Þe käütš-änti þe kägi-tei re-pyte, betlis.
|-
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''antïn''||''änten''
|||Please put the keys on the couch.
|}
|}


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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Postposition
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Example
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|-
|Singular Feminine||''frumï''||''fryme''
|''frymi''||Þes lene allis su-frymi.
|-
|-
|Singular Masculine||''fruma''||''frymä''
|||This is all because of you.
|-
|Singular Neuter||''frumïï''||''frymi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''frumïn''||''frymen''
|}
|}


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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Postposition
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Example
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|-
|Singular Feminine||''ansï''||''änse''
|''änsi''||De-lainate raha-tei ne hus-änsi.
|-
|-
|Singular Masculine||''ansa''||''änsä''
|||I borrowed money for a house.
|-
|Singular Neuter||''ansïï''||''änsi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''ansïn''||''änsen''
|}
|}


=== Comitative/Sociative ===
=== Comitative/Sociative ===
The comitative/sociative case replaces "with". It is the opposite of the abessive case. If there is an 'm' preceeding this suffix, it is dropped.
The comitative/sociative case replaces "with". It is the opposite of the abessive case.


{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Postposition
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Example
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|-
|Singular Feminine||''mïdï''||''mide''
|''midi''||Þe ilkarapaan lene klangsystem-midi fe-salje.
|-
|-
|Singular Masculine||''mïda''||''midä''
|||The car is sold with a sound system.
|-
|Singular Neuter||''mïdïï''||''midi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''mïdïn''||''miden''
|}
|}


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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Postposition
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Example
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''atï''||''äte''
|-
|-
|Singular Masculine||''ata''||''ätä''
|''äti''||Re-gehe iei þe hus-äti järvu-äeti.
|-
|-
|Singular Neuter||''atïï''||''äti''
|||Let's go to the lake house.
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''atïn''||''äten''
|}
|}


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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Postposition
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Example
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|-
|Singular Feminine||''pïrï''||''pere''
|''peri''||E lene penkesi euro-peri.
|-
|-
|Singular Masculine||''pïra''||''perä''
|||It's five for a Euro.
|-
|Singular Neuter||''pïrïï''||''peri''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''pïrïn''||''peren''
|}
|}


=== Elative ===
=== Elative ===
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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Postposition
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Example
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''asafï''||''äsäfe''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''asafa''||''äsäfä''
|-
|-
|Singular Neuter||''asafïï''||''äsäfi''
|''esvi''||Hus-esvi de-rääne lä.
|-
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''asafïn''||''äsäfen''
|||He walked out of the house.
|}
|}


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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Postposition
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Example
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''ïvï''||''ive''
|-
|-
|Singular Masculine||''ïva''||''ivä''
|''ivi''||Kilt-ivi me-ride þe bus-tai.
|-
|-
|Singular Neuter||''ïvïï''||''ivi''
|||As a child, I rode the bus.
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''ïvïn''||''iven''
|}
|}


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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Postposition
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Example
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|-
|Singular Feminine||''ïsï''||''ise''
|''isi''||Mäg-isi lene!
|-
|-
|Singular Masculine||''ïsa''||''isä''
|||It's mine!
|-
|Singular Neuter||''ïsïï''||''isi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''ïsïn''||''isen''
|}
|}


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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Postposition
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Example
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|-
|Singular Feminine||''amï''||''äme''
|''ämi''||Lä gehei þe tunele-ämi Kyväni-Mjot, lopu.
|-
|-
|Singular Masculine||''ama''||''ämä''
|||He's going into the Kyväni-Mjot tunnel, over.
|-
|Singular Neuter||''amïï''||''ämi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''amïn''||''ämen''
|}
|}


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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Postposition
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Example
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''ïnanï''||''inäne''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''ïnana''||''inänä''
|-
|-
|Singular Neuter||''ïnanïï''||''inäni''
|''inäni''||Þe gerektrym-inäni lene þe kilt.
|-
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''ïnanïn''||''inänen''
|||The child is in the courtroom.
|}
|}


=== Instrumental ===
=== Instrumental ===
The instrumental case marks "by means of". This is not to be confused with "via", which means "by way of".
The instrumental case marks "by means of". This is not to be confused with "via", which means "by way of".
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Postposition
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Example
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|-
|Singular Feminine||''þairï''||''þaire''
|''þairi''||Gehe luda-ändi bylgang-þairi.
|-
|-
|Singular Masculine||''þaira''||''þairä''
|||I go to school by subway.
|-
|Singular Neuter||''þairïï''||''þairi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''þairïn''||''þairen''
|}
|}


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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Postposition
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Example
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''andï''||''ände''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''anda''||''ändä''
|-
|-
|Singular Neuter||''andïï''||''ändi''
|''ändi''||Re-gehe nän lukta-ändi!
|-
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''andïn''||''änden''
|||Don't walk towards the light!
|}
|}


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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Postposition
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Example
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''aatï''||''ääte''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''aata''||''äätä''
|-
|-
|Singular Neuter||''aatïï''||''ääti''
|''äeti''||Mäges libliest kafeïkyf lene 99-äeti ja H-äeti.
|-
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''aatïn''||''ääten''
|||My favourite coffee shop is at 99th and H.
|}
|}


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The nominative case marks the subject of a verb.
The nominative case marks the subject of a verb.


{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
The nominative case is unmarked; however, nouns in the nominative often end in -e.
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''ï''||''e''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''a''||''ä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''ïï''||''i''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''ïn''||''en''
|}


=== Prolative ===
=== Prolative ===
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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Postposition
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Example
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''vïï''||''vie''
|-
|-
|Singular Masculine||''vïa''||''viä''
|''vii''||Mäg sekle veklis Stukse Flus-vii.
|-
|-
|Singular Neuter||''vïï''||''vii''
|||I'm sailing away on the River Styx.
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''vïïn''||''vien''
|}
|}


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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Postposition
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Example
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''otï''||''yte''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''ota''||''ytä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''otïï''||''yti''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''otïn''||''yten''
|}
 
=== Vocative ===
Vocative is used to address somebody without otherwise fitting their name into the sentence properly. It is perhaps best known in the Latin phrase, "Et tu, Brute?", wherein Brute is the vocative form, but Brutus the standard nominative.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Gender/Number
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''oï''||''ye''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''ota''||''yä''
|-
|-
|Singular Neuter||''oïï''||''yi''
|''yti''||Mäg ja lä bortwek-yti de-rääne.
|-
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''oïn''||''yen''
|||She and I walked along the boardwalk.
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 15:23, 16 May 2010

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Nordaþ uses 50 different noun inflections. There are 22 cases named in English - the rest are formed with affixed postpositions. As how in English prepositions can become adverbs, so too can affixed postpositions in Nordaþ. The singular neuter form is always taken and the suffix "lis" is attached to it. As an adverb, it stands alone.

Nordaþ language

Pronunciation
Writing system
Grammar

Named cases

There are 31 named cases in Nordaþ. This section describes them in detail as well as gives samples.

Abessive

The abessive case marks "without". It is the opposite of the comitative/sociative case. It is applied as follows:

Postposition Example
änmi Mäg nän kyne su-änmi leibän.
I can't live without you.

Ablative

The ablative case marks "from off of" or "away from". It is applied as follows:

Postposition Example
älti Hus-älti de-drive þe ilkarapaan.
The car drove away from the house.

Accusative

The accusative case marks the direct object of a verb. If there is a preceeding ï in front of this suffix, it is eliminated (but only for the back-vowel form). It is applied as follows:

Postposition Example
tei Mäg äte Krysli-tei.
I eat Krysli.

Addesive

The addessive case replaces the preposition "on". It is applied as follows:

Postposition Example
äni E lene þe käütš-äni.
It's on the couch.

Allative

The allative case replaces in many languages what is the preposition for "onto". It is attached to the noun as follows:

Postposition Example
änti Þe käütš-änti þe kägi-tei re-pyte, betlis.
Please put the keys on the couch.

Causal

The causal case marks "because of". If there is a preceeding 'f' in front of this suffix, that letter will be dropped.

Postposition Example
frymi Þes lene allis su-frymi.
This is all because of you.

Causal-Final

The causal-final case marks "for" or "in order to have a".

Postposition Example
änsi De-lainate raha-tei ne hus-änsi.
I borrowed money for a house.

Comitative/Sociative

The comitative/sociative case replaces "with". It is the opposite of the abessive case.

Postposition Example
midi Þe ilkarapaan lene klangsystem-midi fe-salje.
The car is sold with a sound system.

Dative

This case replaces the "to the" (direction) prepositional phrase.

Postposition Example
äti Re-gehe iei þe hus-äti järvu-äeti.
Let's go to the lake house.

Distributive

The distributive case is the equivalent of English's "per".

Postposition Example
peri E lene penkesi euro-peri.
It's five for a Euro.


Elative

Elative replaces the "out of" prepositional phrase in English. It is used as follows:

Postposition Example
esvi Hus-esvi de-rääne lä.
He walked out of the house.

Essive

The essive case marks "as the", a temporary state of being.

Postposition Example
ivi Kilt-ivi me-ride þe bus-tai.
As a child, I rode the bus.

Genitive

The genitive case marks possession. In English, it is usually "'s" or "of the".

Postposition Example
isi Mäg-isi lene!
It's mine!

Illative

The illative case replaces "into".

Postposition Example
ämi Lä gehei þe tunele-ämi Kyväni-Mjot, lopu.
He's going into the Kyväni-Mjot tunnel, over.

Inessive

The inessive case marks "inside of".

Postposition Example
inäni Þe gerektrym-inäni lene þe kilt.
The child is in the courtroom.

Instrumental

The instrumental case marks "by means of". This is not to be confused with "via", which means "by way of".

Postposition Example
þairi Gehe luda-ändi bylgang-þairi.
I go to school by subway.

Lative

The lative case is used where English would use "towards".

Postposition Example
ändi Re-gehe nän lukta-ändi!
Don't walk towards the light!

Locative

The locative case is used where English would use "at".

Postposition Example
äeti Mäges libliest kafeïkyf lene 99-äeti ja H-äeti.
My favourite coffee shop is at 99th and H.

Nominative

The nominative case marks the subject of a verb.

The nominative case is unmarked; however, nouns in the nominative often end in -e.

Prolative

The prolative case is used for "via" - by way of.

Postposition Example
vii Mäg sekle veklis Stukse Flus-vii.
I'm sailing away on the River Styx.

Prosecutive

The prosecutive case marks "along".

Postposition Example
yti Mäg ja lä bortwek-yti de-rääne.
She and I walked along the boardwalk.

Postpositions

The untitled inflections are self-explanatory. They replace postpositions.

About

About is not used for "near", but as a descriptor.

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine bï be
Singular Masculine bïa biä
Singular Neuter bïï bi
Plural (Neuter) bïn ben

Above

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine ubï ybe
Singular Masculine uba ybä
Singular Neuter ubïï ybi
Plural (Neuter) ubïn yben

Across

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine apï äpe
Singular Masculine apa äpä
Singular Neuter apïï äpi
Plural (Neuter) apïn äpen

After

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine avï äve
Singular Masculine ava ävä
Singular Neuter avïï ävi
Plural (Neuter) avïn även

Against

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine agï äge
Singular Masculine aga ägä
Singular Neuter agïï ägi
Plural (Neuter) agïn ägen

Among

Preceeding m's are dropped.

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine mangï mänge
Singular Masculine manga mängä
Singular Neuter mangïï mängi
Plural (Neuter) mangïn mängen

Around

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine unbï ynbe
Singular Masculine unba ynbä
Singular Neuter unbïï ynbi
Plural (Neuter) unbïn ynben

As

In the condition or role of. Preceeding g's are dropped.

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine gïkï geke
Singular Masculine gïka gekä
Singular Neuter gïkïï geki
Plural (Neuter) gïkïn geken

Before

Preceeding in time.

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine airï aire
Singular Masculine aira airä
Singular Neuter airïï airi
Plural (Neuter) airïn airen

Below

Preceeding d's are dropped.

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine dïþï deþe
Singular Masculine dïþa deþä
Singular Neuter dïþïï deþi
Plural (Neuter) dïþïn deþen

Beneath

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine afï äfe
Singular Masculine afa äfä
Singular Neuter afïï äfi
Plural (Neuter) afïn äfen

Beside

Preceeding n's are dropped.

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine nïkï nike
Singular Masculine nïka nikä
Singular Neuter nïkïï niki
Plural (Neuter) nïkïn niken

Between

Preceeding t's are dropped.

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine tïkï tike
Singular Masculine tïka tikä
Singular Neuter tïkïï tiki
Plural (Neuter) tïkïn tiken

Beyond

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine ïþï iþe
Singular Masculine ïþa iþä
Singular Neuter ïþïï iþi
Plural (Neuter) ïþïn iþen

Despite

Preceeding b's are dropped.

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine baidï baide
Singular Masculine baida baidä
Singular Neuter baidïï baidi
Plural (Neuter) baidïn baiden

During

Preceeding m's are dropped.

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine mïþï mïþe
Singular Masculine mïþa mïþä
Singular Neuter mïþïï mïþi
Plural (Neuter) mïþïn mïþen

For

Intended for.

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine aivï aive
Singular Masculine aiva aivä
Singular Neuter aivïï aivi
Plural (Neuter) aivïn aiven

For

On behalf of, concerning, or representing.

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine jïnï jene
Singular Masculine jïna jenä
Singular Neuter jïnïï jeni
Plural (Neuter) jïnïn jenen

For

In favour of.

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine unï yne
Singular Masculine una ynä
Singular Neuter unïï yni
Plural (Neuter) unïn ynen

For

Because of.

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine danï däne
Singular Masculine dana dänä
Singular Neuter danïï däni
Plural (Neuter) danïn dänen

For

In exchange for. Preceeding p's are dropped.

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine prï pre
Singular Masculine pra prä
Singular Neuter prïï pri
Plural (Neuter) prïn pren

For

Indicating distance.

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine ïkï ïke
Singular Masculine ïka ïkä
Singular Neuter ïkïï ïki
Plural (Neuter) ïkïn ïken

From

Preceeding f's are dropped.

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine famï fäme
Singular Masculine fama fämä
Singular Neuter famïï fämi
Plural (Neuter) famïn fämen

Outside

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine asï äse
Singular Masculine asa äsä
Singular Neuter asïï äsi
Plural (Neuter) asïn äsen

Over

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine ïvï ive
Singular Masculine ïva ivä
Singular Neuter ïvïï ivi
Plural (Neuter) ïvïn iven

Unlike

Preceeding v's are dropped.

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine vïrï vere
Singular Masculine vïra virä
Singular Neuter vïrïï viri
Plural (Neuter) vïrïn viren

Until

Preceeding v's are dropped.

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine untï ynte
Singular Masculine unta yntä
Singular Neuter untïï ynti
Plural (Neuter) untïn ynten

Up

Gender/Number Back-Vowel Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine abï äbe
Singular Masculine aba äbä
Singular Neuter abïï äbi
Plural (Neuter) abïn äben
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