Proto-Eteonoric

Proto-Noric is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Noric languages. It was probably spoken about 3000 years ago in central Austria, somewhere between Vienna and Salzburg.

An essential part of the project is the Proto-Noric Dictionary and Root Generator.

Phonology

Consonants

	Labial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Stops, voiceless	*p	*t			*k	*q
Stops, voiced	*b	*d			*g
Stops, aspirated	*ph [pʰ]	*th [tʰ]			*kh [kʰ]	*qh [qʰ]
Affricates, voiceless		*ts	*tc [tʃ]
Affricates, voiced		*dz	*dx [dʒ]
Affricates, aspirated		*tsh [tsʰ]	*tch [tʃʰ]
Fricatives, voiceless		*s	*c [ʃ]				*h
Fricatives, voiced		*z	*x [ʒ]
Nasals	*m	*n
Liquids		*l,*r
Glides	*w			*j

Vowels

• Short: *a, *e, *i, *o, *u, *y [ɨ]
• Long: *â, *ê, *î, *ô, *û

Root structure

C(R)VC or CV(R)C

Words however are minimally C(R)VCV or CV(R)CV and must end in a vowel (or vowel + sonant?)

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns do not inflect much. The plural marker is *-my; the topic marker is *-tâ (which attracts stress). The plural topic marker is *-myta. The genitive relation is expressed by the particle *nu placed between possessum and possessor, e.g. *a`tega nu ba`bâ (house GEN father) 'the father's house'. (Open question: where does the topic marker go when such a NP is topicalized?)

Pronouns

• 1st person: singular *a’tê, plural *’kimy (or ’korymy?)
• 2nd person: singular *iw’ka, plural *ka’kymy
• 3rd person masculine: singular *‘jaca, plural ‘jacamy
• 3rd person feminine: singular *‘jaci, plural *‘jacimy
• 3rd person neuter: singularr *a’tâ, plural *atâmy

Verbs

(to be filled in)

Syntax

(to be filled in)

Vocabulary

• `abî Num twelve
• `abîdxa Num twelfth
• a`cu Num ten
• a`cudxa Num tenth
• a`mâ N mother
• `anta Num five
• `antadxa Num fifth
• a`tê pron I (1st pers.sing.)
• a`tega N house, dwelling
• ba`bâ N father
• `badi Adj yellow
• `banki N hill
• bne`gâ adj big, large
• `cerka N ox
• `côli V heal
• `côphê N human being
• cu`ju Num four
• cu`judxa Num fourth
• `daqû Num nine
• `daqûdxa Num ninth
• `dawno N river
• -dxa suffix derives ordinal numbers from cardinals
• dxê`lê N red deer
• `gwîno N wine >
• `gyrdy N enclosure, courtyard
• `hatû Num seven
• `hatûdxa Num seventh
• -ima suffix denotes inhabitant of X
• `ipe N partridge
• î`qha Num one
• î`qhadxa Num first
• iw`ka pron (2nd pers.sing.) thou
• `îwsi N garden, field
• `jûlthê N cow
• `kantu V hold
• `khorja N star; a constellation?
• khrê`tha N roe deer
• `kôri N tree bark
• `korpi N forest
• `kûrdo Adj deaf
• `kyrsa N bread
• `laki N fish
• `lintu N bird
• lî`tcu N fox
• `methu N mead
• `mîtho N badger
• `muto V cut
• `nola N wood
• no`ltcî N tree
• ô`jtsi Num one thousand
• ô`jtsidxa Num one thousandth
• `pali N mountain
• `pâre V show
• `pasa N anger
• `pasima N barbarian
• `phloka N cloth
• `qimâ N sky
• `qûnâ N mountain
• `qy- prefix place for X, place with X
• `qylaki N pond
• `qynoltcî N coppice, grove, forest
• `qytshima N valley dweller
• `qytsho N valley
• `rêsi N grain, cereal
• ri`wgu N marmot
• `riwma N squirrel
• `runthu `N child
• `selta N bridge
• ta`ndu N ibex
• `tchâqho N chamois
• `tcholtsî N marten
• tcî`by N Alpine cough
• `têrzo N tree
• `tôci N rope
• `tsâhu Num two
• `tsâhudxa Num second
• `tsho adposition down
• twa`tâ Num eight
• twa`tâdxa Num eighth
• `tylpa Adj mute
• `ûba Num three
• `ûbadxa Num third
• u`do Num twenty
• u`dodxa Num twentieth
• `ukhi Num one hundred
• `ukhidxa Num one hundredth
• `urnô N man
• `warda N clan-house
• `wewga ADJ wide
• xu`lê N pheasant
• `ytce Num eleven
• `ytcedxa Num eleventh
• `yto Num six
• `ytodxa Num sixth
• `ziwy N hare
• zu`lkâ N aurochs

Semantic Spaces

(Paul Bennett)

Do we need to discuss the partitioning of semantic space? It is obvious that the Noric people were subjected to and survived several waves of outside dominant cultures (by my eye Italo-Celtic, Italic, Germanic, Ugric and/or Turkic and Germanic again, more or less). That cultural overlay is going to lead to loan-words and the loaning of which things are culturally significant enough to have special terms for them. For instance, Noric people are likely to have grown wheat and barley, driven goats or sheep, drunk wine and mead --knowledge of both probably came with IE speakers (wine in turn probably came from Caucasian people (something like /ɣwinja/ IIRC)), and beer came later (around 1AD?) from the Romans (Latin cerevisia), who got it from the Egyptians. They would have known about horses but probably not donkeys (knowledge of the horse (PIE *ek^uo) probably came with IE speakers), and had a concept of a home consisting of an entrance area and an inner area with a hearth. They would probably have had separate words for a village and a town (actually, the PIE word for "town" (cf. Greek polis) was apparently borrowed from an unknown source -- might be worth thinking about). Plausibly, they traded in slaves (with a word for "slave" distinct to "man", and a word for "buy/sell slave(s)" distinct from the general "buy/sell"). Plausibly they would draw a line between a libation and a "regular" drink, and maybe between sacrificial killing, killing in battle/"slaying", and "regular" killing.

Would they really have "towns" as opposed to "villages". BTW Greek polis may well be from Pelasgian -- that would be my first hypothesis lacking other evidence. BPJ 13:35, 2 Jun 2005 (PDT)

At some point, yes they would. I'm not sure of the age of the polis words, but we're talking about a culture from the Copper or Bronze age all the way through to modern times. At some point, I suspect they'd have need of a distinction. Pb 08:25, 3 Jun 2005 (PDT)

Wouldn't they take up whatever word the dominant culture used, be it civitas, Stadt or város or whatever? BPJ 12:55, 3 Jun 2005 (PDT)

Possibly. Probably, in fact. However, the question is going to be at what point in time did the borrowing occur, and what was the dominant language at that time? Would there have been a *bherg^h-/polis term as well as something in the Stadt range? I beleive *bherg^hs developed somewhere between villages and true cities, and indeed that's what they are. I think Stadt would make a perfectly servicable borrowing c. X to XV century (ish), when true cities became a reality. I think *bherg^h- would be borrowed to describe, well, a *bherg^h- Pb 15:02, 3 Jun 2005 (PDT)

Agree. Real towns would come only with the Romans, probably. BPJ 00:03, 4 Jun 2005 (PDT)