User:Bukkia/sandboxVI: Difference between revisions
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==Pronouns== | ==Pronouns== | ||
===Personal=== | |||
{| | |||
|<center>'''English'''</center>||colspan=2|<center>'''Nominative'''</center>||colspan=2|<center>'''Genitive'''</center>||colspan=2|<center>'''Dative'''</center>||colspan=2|<center>'''Accusative'''</center>|| | |||
|- | |||
| ||''Ancient form''||''Modern form''||''Ancient form''||''Modern form''||''Ancient form''||''Modern form''||''Ancient form''||''Modern form''|| | |||
|- | |||
| ''I'' || GA || gë || GOS || go || GOSIA || goşë || GAMO || gëm | |||
|- | |||
| ''Thou'' || DA || dë || DOS || do || DOSIA || doşë || DAMO || dëm | |||
|- | |||
| ''He'' || LO || le || LU || lë || LUIA || lëjë || LUMO || lëm | |||
|- | |||
| ''She'' || SO || se || SA || së || SAIA || sëjë || SAMO || sëm | |||
|- | |||
| ''It'' || NA || në || NES || në || NESIA || nëşë || NAMO || nëm | |||
|- | |||
| ''We'' || MAN || ma || MANES || manh || MANESIA || manheşë || MANEMO || manhëm | |||
|- | |||
| ''You'' || TEL || t'e || TELOS || t'eł || TELOSIA || t'ełëşë || TELOMO || t'ełëm | |||
|- | |||
| ''They'' || KOD || ke || KODOS || koð || KODOSIA || koðëşë || KODOMO || koðëm | |||
|} | |||
===Possessive=== | ===Possessive=== | ||
{| | {| | ||
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| ''Its'' || NES || në || nhë | | ''Its'' || NES || në || nhë | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''Our'' || MANES || | | ''Our'' || MANES || manh || μanh | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''Your'' || TELOS || | | ''Your'' || TELOS || teł || θeł | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''Their'' || KODOS || | | ''Their'' || KODOS || koð || xoð | ||
|} | |} | ||
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* ''to her daughter'': ë vad' zë | * ''to her daughter'': ë vad' zë | ||
* ''we see their daughter'': lo kat e vad'u | * ''we see their daughter'': lo kat e vad'u xoð | ||
==Verb morphology== | ==Verb morphology== |
Revision as of 06:07, 5 February 2010
Every consonant comes with a lenited and palatalized counterpart. They are basic for declinantion and conjugation:
Lenited form | bh | dh | fh | gh | kh | lh | mh | nh | ph | qh | rh | z | th | vh |
Alternative lenited form | ð | ɸ | ɣ | x | ł | μ | θ | β | ||||||
Full form | b | d | f | g | k | l | m | n | p | q | r | s | t | v |
Palatalized form | b' | d' | f' | ż | c | l' | m' | ň | p' | q' | r' | ş | t' | v' |
Morphology
VOS - Shape
Article
There is both indefinite and definite article
Definite article
Ancient form | Modern form | Ancient form | Modern form | |
Nominative | EN | ë | EMI | en |
Genitive | ENI | ë | EMOS | en |
Dative | EHO | e | EMIA | eņa |
Accusative | EH | ë | EMO | en |
Ancient form | Modern form | Ancient form | Modern form | |
Nominative | ENA | e | ENI | e |
Genitive | ENAS | en | ENOS | enu |
Dative | EHA | e | ENIA | eňa |
Accusative | ENA | e | ENIO | eň |
Noun morphology
- 1st declension - Nouns starting in consonant and ending in consonant - Masculine
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | VADOM | VADE | ë vad | en βad' |
Genitive | VADI | VADOS | ë βad' | enu vad |
Dative | VADON | VADIA | e βad | eňa βad'a |
Accusative | VADIU | VADO | ë vad'u | en βad |
- 1st declension - Nouns starting in consonant and ending in vowel - Feminine
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | VADO | VADI | e vad | e βad' |
Genitive | VADAS | VADOS | en vad | enu vad |
Dative | VADIO | VADIA | e vad' | eňa βad'a |
Accusative | VADIU | VADIO | e vad'u | eň βad' |
- 2nd declension - Nouns starting in vowel and ending in consonant - Masculine
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | ETENOS | ETENE | ënh eθen | eμ eθeň |
Genitive | ETENI | ETENOS | ëň eθeň | eμëz eθen |
Dative | ETENON | ETENIA | e-eθen | em'-eθeňa |
Accusative | ETENIU | ETENO | ë-eθeňu | eμ eθen |
- 2nd declension - Nouns starting in vowel and ending in vowel - Feminine
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | UMO | UMI | enh um | eň um' |
Genitive | UMAS | UMOS | enhëz um | enhëz um |
Dative | UMIO | UMIA | e-um' | eň-um'a |
Accusative | UMIU | UMIO | enh um'u | eň-um'o |
- 3rd declension - Nouns starting in consonant and ending in consonant
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | DAK | DAKI | ë da | e ðac |
Genitive | DAKI | DAKOS | ë ðac | enu dak |
Dative | DAKON | DAKIA | e ðak | eňa ðaca |
Accusative | DAKIU | DAKIO | ë dacu | eň ðac |
Pronouns
Personal
Ancient form | Modern form | Ancient form | Modern form | Ancient form | Modern form | Ancient form | Modern form | ||
I | GA | gë | GOS | go | GOSIA | goşë | GAMO | gëm | |
Thou | DA | dë | DOS | do | DOSIA | doşë | DAMO | dëm | |
He | LO | le | LU | lë | LUIA | lëjë | LUMO | lëm | |
She | SO | se | SA | së | SAIA | sëjë | SAMO | sëm | |
It | NA | në | NES | në | NESIA | nëşë | NAMO | nëm | |
We | MAN | ma | MANES | manh | MANESIA | manheşë | MANEMO | manhëm | |
You | TEL | t'e | TELOS | t'eł | TELOSIA | t'ełëşë | TELOMO | t'ełëm | |
They | KOD | ke | KODOS | koð | KODOSIA | koðëşë | KODOMO | koðëm |
Possessive
English | Ancient form | Modern form | Modern lenited form |
My | GOS | go | ɣo |
Your (thou) | DOS | do | ðo |
His | LU | lë | łë |
Her | SA | së | zë |
Its | NES | në | nhë |
Our | MANES | manh | μanh |
Your | TELOS | teł | θeł |
Their | KODOS | koð | xoð |
Possessive pronouns (a genitive form of personal pronouns) come after their nouns and endure lenition, if required. Examples:
- my house: ë da go
- of my house: ë ðac ɣo
- to her daughter: ë vad' zë
- we see their daughter: lo kat e vad'u xoð
Verb morphology
Verbs conjugate according to person, number and aspect. They do not conjugate according to tense.
- 1st conjugation - Verbs starting in consonant
Ancient form | Modern form | Ancient form | Modern form | ||
I | LA KATE | lë xac | OLAS KATE | olë kac | |
Thou | LEM KATEN | lë kat | OLEM KATEN | ol kac | |
He/She/It | LO KAT | le xa | OLO KATO | ol xat | |
We | LUV KATOM | lo kat | OLU KATOM | olë xat | |
You | LUS KATI | lo kac | OLU KATIS | olë xac | |
They | LI KATUN | l'ë xatu | OLI KATUN | ol' xatu |
- 2nd conjugation - Verbs starting in vowel
Ancient form | Modern form | Ancient form | Modern form | ||
I | LA ASE | l-aş | OLAS ASE | olëz aş | |
Thou | LEM ASEN | lëμ as | OLEM ASEN | olëμ aş | |
He/She/It | LO AS | l-a | OLO ASO | ol-as | |
We | LUV ASOM | loβ as | OLU ASOM | olë as | |
You | LUS ASI | loz aş | OLU ASIS | olë aş | |
They | LI ASUN | l'-asu | OLI ASUN | ol'-asu |
The meaning of past is expressed by an adverbial particle, placed after the verb:
- DA → dë (lenited form: ðe)
Examples:
- Did you see my house?: ol kac dë po ë dacu ɣo?
- My name is Marco: le bhe Marco ë sefo go
- He was eating your apple: l-a dë e galoňu ðo