Telefax: Difference between revisions
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'''Consonants''' | '''Consonants''' | ||
{| | {| | ||
| pʰ || | | pʰ || tʰ || || kʰ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| p || ts ~ ʧ || k || ʔ | | p || t || ts ~ ʧ || k || ʔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || ɬ || s ~ ʃ || x || h | | || ɬ || s ~ ʃ || x || h | ||
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*[tʰ ʔ h l] occur only initially. | *[tʰ ʔ h l] occur only initially. | ||
*[t n ɗ ɠ x] occur only medially. | *[t n ɗ ɠ x] occur only medially. | ||
*Occurring alternation pairs: t~tʰ; n~h, n~l; ɓ~pʰ; ɗ~∅, ɗ~l, ɗ~tʰ; ɠ~j, ɠ~w, ɠ~m, ɠ~kʰ; x~h | *Occurring alternation pairs (productive in bold): '''t~tʰ'''; '''n~h''', '''n~l'''; '''ɓ~pʰ'''; ɗ~∅, ɗ~l, '''ɗ~tʰ'''; ɠ~j, ɠ~w, ɠ~m, '''ɠ~kʰ'''; '''x~h''' | ||
**Old strata: n~h, conditionally ɓ~p, ɗ~t, ɠ~k | **Old strata: n~h, conditionally ɓ~p, ɗ~t, ɠ~k | ||
**Step 1: remaining initial ɓ ɗ ɠ → w ɹ ɰ ''or'' m n ŋ (modulo vowel nasality), initial voiceless stops aspirated | **Step 1: remaining initial ɓ ɗ ɠ → w ɹ ɰ ''or'' m n ŋ (modulo vowel nasality), initial voiceless stops aspirated | ||
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**Step 3: ɹ ɰ → ∅ j/w, n x → l h / #_, l → ɾ → ɗ / V_V | **Step 3: ɹ ɰ → ∅ j/w, n x → l h / #_, l → ɾ → ɗ / V_V | ||
**Step 4: Development of new marginal initial ɓ from *u+vowel (presumably via *ʔw-) | **Step 4: Development of new marginal initial ɓ from *u+vowel (presumably via *ʔw-) | ||
<!-- so what has happened to other initial glottal stops?!--> | <!-- so what has happened to other initial glottal stops?! --> | ||
**Synchronically, [tʰ] is clearly an allophone of /t/ and [ʔ] epenthetic, [h] is probably best interpreted as an allophone of /x/, and /ɠ/ as an independant phoneme. The voiced coronal situation seems less clear. | **Synchronically, [tʰ] is clearly an allophone of /t/ and [ʔ] epenthetic, [h] is probably best interpreted as an allophone of /x/, and /ɠ/ as an independant phoneme. The voiced coronal situation seems less clear. | ||
*[ʧ ʃ] may be used before a front vowel. | *[ʧ ʃ] may be used before a front vowel. | ||
We'll use ''c'' for the affricate, ''b d g'' for implosivs, ''ł'' for /ɬ/ or ''ad hoc' ASCIIfied as ''f''. | |||
'''Vowels''' | '''Vowels''' | ||
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Difthongs consist of /ə a/+/j w/ (oral only). | Difthongs consist of /ə a/+/j w/ (oral only). | ||
Tone?? | |||
/ə/ harmonizes with /a/, with the latter dominating. | /ə/ harmonizes with /a/, with the latter dominating. | ||
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===Example vocabulary=== | ===Example vocabulary=== | ||
* ''phudi wakiyaw kəmecə'' | * ''phudi wakiyaw kəmecə'' 'to slowly digest' (consume=INF stomach.SUBST ('bile') slowly) | ||
* ''podan wenophu lumonki'' | * ''podan wenophu lumonki'' | ||
* '' | * ''thuxawante kuyoken acimay''<!-- | ||
* ''heyo igaten mubun thapu'' | ? 'herd of reddish-skin'd gazelles' (GENER.red-skinned gazelle_species herd) - what does the preclitic ''thu'' signify? --> | ||
* ''heyo igaten mubun thapu''<!-- | |||
''i-'' is a TAM prefix of sorts, -n some other marker, ''mubu'' an auxiliary or 2nd verb; is ''heyo'' still in the VP?--> | |||
* ''soba losan ka wate annophu'' <!-- | |||
''ka'' begins a prepositional phrase, ''an-'' is probably a case or possessiv prefix (or maybe a participle?)--> | |||
* ''kisgətəme khanayon'' 'misty bog' (mist.ADJ bog) | |||
Alternation examples: the *augmentativ prefix ''o-'' | Alternation examples: the *augmentativ prefix ''o-'' | ||
* ''lopu'' 'water' <> ''odopu'' 'lake, sea, ocean' | * ''lopu'' 'water' <> ''odopu'' 'lake, sea, ocean' | ||
* ''huca'' 'child' <> ''onuca'' 'teenager' | * ''huca'' 'child' <> ''onuca'' 'teenager' | ||
* ''yawdi'' 'dog' <> ''ogawdi'' 'wolf' | * ''yawdi'' 'dog' <> ''ogawdi'' 'wolf' | ||
Modal prefixes | |||
* ''phefa'' 'rush' <> ''mebefa'' 'have to rush' | |||
* ''thaca'' 'drop' <> ''yexidaca'' 'sprinkle' | |||
* ''khəto'' 'hang' <> ''asgato'' 'keep hanging' | |||
* ''yuga'' 'sail' <> ''ayuga'' 'keep sailing' | |||
==Telefax B== | ==Telefax B== | ||
Revision as of 16:04, 7 January 2010
Telefax A
Consonants
| pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||
| p | t | ts ~ ʧ | k | ʔ |
| ɬ | s ~ ʃ | x | h | |
| ɓ | ɗ | ɠ | ||
| m | n | |||
| w | l | j |
- [tʰ ʔ h l] occur only initially.
- [t n ɗ ɠ x] occur only medially.
- Occurring alternation pairs (productive in bold): t~tʰ; n~h, n~l; ɓ~pʰ; ɗ~∅, ɗ~l, ɗ~tʰ; ɠ~j, ɠ~w, ɠ~m, ɠ~kʰ; x~h
- Old strata: n~h, conditionally ɓ~p, ɗ~t, ɠ~k
- Step 1: remaining initial ɓ ɗ ɠ → w ɹ ɰ or m n ŋ (modulo vowel nasality), initial voiceless stops aspirated
- Step 2: ŋ → m / _{õ ũ}, → ∅ / _{ĩ ẽ ã}, → ɰ or nasality elsewhere (might imply the existence of m~w)
- Step 3: ɹ ɰ → ∅ j/w, n x → l h / #_, l → ɾ → ɗ / V_V
- Step 4: Development of new marginal initial ɓ from *u+vowel (presumably via *ʔw-)
- Synchronically, [tʰ] is clearly an allophone of /t/ and [ʔ] epenthetic, [h] is probably best interpreted as an allophone of /x/, and /ɠ/ as an independant phoneme. The voiced coronal situation seems less clear.
- [ʧ ʃ] may be used before a front vowel.
We'll use c for the affricate, b d g for implosivs, ł for /ɬ/ or ad hoc' ASCIIfied as f.
Vowels
| i | ĩ | u | ũ | |
| e | ẽ | ə | o | õ |
| a ã | ||||
Difthongs consist of /ə a/+/j w/ (oral only).
Tone??
/ə/ harmonizes with /a/, with the latter dominating.
Syllable structure CV, medially (F)CV with valid 2nd cluster members including voiceless stops, implosivs & /m/.
| 1st ↓ · 2nd → | p | t | c | k | ɓ | ɗ | ɠ | m |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s | sp | st | sk | sɓ | sɗ | sɠ | sm | |
| x | xt | xc | (xɗ) | xm |
Pronouns
| 1p | 2p | 3pA | 3pB | Prox | DistA | DistB | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S | khudi | than | yoso | leso | banni | exa | mo |
| P | yaninna | lomi | cəso | wawka | lasda | cesi | cəmo |
The 3 singular forms are female/male. The 3p plural & distal are definit/indefinit (or collectiv/paucal).
Example vocabulary
- phudi wakiyaw kəmecə 'to slowly digest' (consume=INF stomach.SUBST ('bile') slowly)
- podan wenophu lumonki
- thuxawante kuyoken acimay
- heyo igaten mubun thapu
- soba losan ka wate annophu
- kisgətəme khanayon 'misty bog' (mist.ADJ bog)
Alternation examples: the *augmentativ prefix o-
- lopu 'water' <> odopu 'lake, sea, ocean'
- huca 'child' <> onuca 'teenager'
- yawdi 'dog' <> ogawdi 'wolf'
Modal prefixes
- phefa 'rush' <> mebefa 'have to rush'
- thaca 'drop' <> yexidaca 'sprinkle'
- khəto 'hang' <> asgato 'keep hanging'
- yuga 'sail' <> ayuga 'keep sailing'
Telefax B
Phonology
Consonants
| pʰ | tʰ | ʧʰ | kʰ |
| p | t | ʧ | k |
| tɬ | x | ||
| ɓ | ɗ | ||
| m | n | ŋ | |
| w | ɾ | j |
Step 2 abov doesn't take place, insted *ɠ → ɣ or ŋ in all positions. Not sure where /s/ has gone. Into aspiration maybe?
(C)V(C). More freedom with clusters here I think — but still not much. Need to include /tw tɬw kw/ ← *Cow-. Geminates: /pː tː ʧː kː/, possibly /mː nː ŋː/.
Vowels
| i | ĩ | u | ũ |
| e | ẽ | o | õ |
| æ | ã | ɑ |
[ə] occurs in unstressed syllables, contrasting chiefly with [i u], rarely [e].
Difthongs: /æi ɑu ju jũ jʌ jʌ̃/
Pronouns
| 1p | 2p | 3p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| S | kawrə | tawrə | awrə |
| P | wanni | nanni | awxi |
