Proto-Samic: Difference between revisions
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'''a-umlaut''' | '''a-umlaut''' | ||
* eː äː oː → ea | * eː äː oː → ea aː oa / _C{aː, oː} (note that this *aː is distinct from *ɑː!) | ||
2nd syllable vowel changes go around here… | 2nd syllable vowel changes go around here… | ||
* x, ŋ → w / _t (*xt only occurring in newer derivativs) | * x, ŋ → w / _t (*xt only occurring in newer derivativs/loans) | ||
* x → k | |||
* sʲ | '''Spirant fortition''' | ||
* ś x → ć k / _V | |||
* PS *ć (written also *č) is probably best described as a palatal stop, so we may be dealing with a process [sʲ ~ ɕ] → [ç] → [c]. Original *s *š however remain sibilants! | |||
* *ś (likewise also written *š) remains elsewhere (just _{k t}?) | |||
'''Fronting of postalveolars''' | |||
* tʃ ʃ <č š> → ts s <c s> | * tʃ ʃ <č š> → ts s <c s> | ||
'''Popular areal changes''' | |||
* w → v (even syllable-finally) | * w → v (even syllable-finally) | ||
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'''Centralization''' (a late change - consider eg the northern Lappland toponym ''*ɤnárɤš'' → Finnish ''Inari'') | '''Centralization''' (a late change - consider eg the northern Lappland toponym ''*ɤnárɤš'' → Finnish ''Inari'') | ||
* ɪ ʊ → ɤ o | * ɪ ʊ → ɤ o | ||
There may have also been a lax unrounded back vowel (see [[Proto-Uralic/new#*ô|ô_a]]). A merger into that might provide the motivation for the unusual back reflex of PU *i. | |||
<hr> | <hr> | ||
This results in the following inventory: | This results in the following inventory: | ||
* long vowels */iː eː ea aː oa oː uː/ <í é ea á oa ó ú> | * long vowels */iː eː ea aː oa oː uː/ <í é ea á oa ó ú> | ||
* short vowels */ɤ o/ <ë o> | * short vowels */ɤ o/ <ë o> | ||
/ea oa/ are traditionally analyzed as [ɛː ɔː], however I'm at a loss to explain how would *ɑː end up as *oː in that case. | |||
The shortening of iː uː → i u and the [[diphthongization]] eː oː → ie uo may postdate Proto-Samic; the former have bimoraic reflexes /ij uv/ in South Samic. | The shortening of iː uː → i u and the [[diphthongization]] eː oː → ie uo may postdate Proto-Samic; the former have bimoraic reflexes /ij uv/ in South Samic. | ||
Revision as of 06:57, 6 December 2009
Sound changes from Proto-Uralic
Possibly original:
- e → ɪ / _Ci (see *ê)
- e → e / _{j w x} (ie. does not become *ɪ → *ɤ)
- Vx → Və → Vː / _C
Proto-Uralic to Pre-Samic (≈ "Finno-Volgaic")
- w → ∅ / _{y u o} (shared with Finnic, Mordvinic, Mari)
- j → ∅ / _{i e} (not sure about the distribution of this)
Shared with Finnic & Mordvinic
- ë → a
- ðʲ → ð (also lʲ → l, if it exists separately; note that other palatals *tɕ *ɕ *nʲ remain)
Shared with Mordvinic
- ü → i (feeds the next changes)
- i → iː / _{j x}
- u → uː / _{w x}
- i u → ɪ ʊ (*iː *uː remain) (also shared with Nenets!)
Pre-Samic to Proto-Samic
- V → Vː / [-HIGH] (also shared with Nenets!)
a-umlaut
- eː äː oː → ea aː oa / _C{aː, oː} (note that this *aː is distinct from *ɑː!)
2nd syllable vowel changes go around here…
- x, ŋ → w / _t (*xt only occurring in newer derivativs/loans)
Spirant fortition
- ś x → ć k / _V
- PS *ć (written also *č) is probably best described as a palatal stop, so we may be dealing with a process [sʲ ~ ɕ] → [ç] → [c]. Original *s *š however remain sibilants!
- *ś (likewise also written *š) remains elsewhere (just _{k t}?)
Fronting of postalveolars
- tʃ ʃ <č š> → ts s <c s>
Popular areal changes
- w → v (even syllable-finally)
Raising & epenthesis (first two shared with North Finnic but obviously non-genetic)
- äː ɑː → eː oː / [+STR]
- ∅ → v / #_oː
- ∅ → j / #_eː
- aː → eː / [-STR]
Gradation could be described around here.
Centralization (a late change - consider eg the northern Lappland toponym *ɤnárɤš → Finnish Inari)
- ɪ ʊ → ɤ o
There may have also been a lax unrounded back vowel (see ô_a). A merger into that might provide the motivation for the unusual back reflex of PU *i.
This results in the following inventory:
- long vowels */iː eː ea aː oa oː uː/ <í é ea á oa ó ú>
- short vowels */ɤ o/ <ë o>
/ea oa/ are traditionally analyzed as [ɛː ɔː], however I'm at a loss to explain how would *ɑː end up as *oː in that case.
The shortening of iː uː → i u and the diphthongization eː oː → ie uo may postdate Proto-Samic; the former have bimoraic reflexes /ij uv/ in South Samic.
