Proto-Samic: Difference between revisions
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== | ==Sound changes from [[Proto-Uralic]]== | ||
'''Possibly original:''' | |||
* e → ɪ / _Ci (see [[Proto-Uralic/new|*ê]]) | |||
* e → e / _{j w x} (ie. does not become *ɪ → *ɤ) | |||
* Vx → Və → Vː / _C | |||
===Proto-Uralic to Pre-Samic (≈ "Finno-Volgaic")=== | |||
* w → ∅ / _{y u o} (shared with [[Finnish|Finnic]], Mordvinic, Mari) | |||
* j → ∅ / _{i e} (not sure about the distribution of this) | |||
'''Shared with Finnic & Mordvinic''' | '''Shared with Finnic & Mordvinic''' | ||
* ë → a | * ë → a | ||
* | * ðʲ → ð (also lʲ → l, if it exists separately; note that other palatals *tɕ *ɕ *nʲ remain) | ||
'''Shared with Mordvinic''' | '''Shared with Mordvinic''' | ||
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* i u → ɪ ʊ (*iː *uː remain) (also shared with Nenets!) | * i u → ɪ ʊ (*iː *uː remain) (also shared with Nenets!) | ||
===Pre-Samic to Proto-Samic=== | |||
* V → Vː / [-HIGH] (also shared with Nenets!) | * V → Vː / [-HIGH] (also shared with Nenets!) | ||
'''a-umlaut''' | |||
* eː äː oː → ea aa oa / _C{aː, oː} (note that this *aː is distinct from *ɑː!) | * eː äː oː → ea aa oa / _C{aː, oː} (note that this *aː is distinct from *ɑː!) | ||
* äː ɑː → eː oː / [+STR] | |||
2nd syllable vowel changes go around here… | |||
* x, ŋ → w / _t (*xt only occurring in newer derivativs) | |||
* x → k | |||
* sʲ <ś> → tɕ <č> _V | |||
* tʃ ʃ <č š> → ts s <c s> | |||
* w → v (even syllable-finally) | |||
'''Raising & epenthesis''' (first two shared with North Finnic but obviously non-genetic) | |||
* äː ɑː → eː oː / [+STR] | |||
* ∅ → v / #_oː | |||
* ∅ → j / #_eː | |||
* aː → eː / [-STR] | * aː → eː / [-STR] | ||
Gradation could be described around here. | |||
'''Centralization''' (a late change - consider eg the northern Lappland toponym ''*ɤnárɤš'' → Finnish ''Inari'') | |||
* ɪ ʊ → ɤ o | |||
<hr> | <hr> | ||
This results in the following inventory: | This results in the following inventory: | ||
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The shortening of iː uː → i u and the [[diphthongization]] eː oː → ie uo may postdate Proto-Samic; the former have bimoraic reflexes /ij uv/ in South Samic. | The shortening of iː uː → i u and the [[diphthongization]] eː oː → ie uo may postdate Proto-Samic; the former have bimoraic reflexes /ij uv/ in South Samic. | ||
Revision as of 16:09, 13 November 2009
Sound changes from Proto-Uralic
Possibly original:
- e → ɪ / _Ci (see *ê)
- e → e / _{j w x} (ie. does not become *ɪ → *ɤ)
- Vx → Və → Vː / _C
Proto-Uralic to Pre-Samic (≈ "Finno-Volgaic")
- w → ∅ / _{y u o} (shared with Finnic, Mordvinic, Mari)
- j → ∅ / _{i e} (not sure about the distribution of this)
Shared with Finnic & Mordvinic
- ë → a
- ðʲ → ð (also lʲ → l, if it exists separately; note that other palatals *tɕ *ɕ *nʲ remain)
Shared with Mordvinic
- ü → i (feeds the next changes)
- i → iː / _{j x}
- u → uː / _{w x}
- i u → ɪ ʊ (*iː *uː remain) (also shared with Nenets!)
Pre-Samic to Proto-Samic
- V → Vː / [-HIGH] (also shared with Nenets!)
a-umlaut
- eː äː oː → ea aa oa / _C{aː, oː} (note that this *aː is distinct from *ɑː!)
2nd syllable vowel changes go around here…
- x, ŋ → w / _t (*xt only occurring in newer derivativs)
- x → k
- sʲ <ś> → tɕ <č> _V
- tʃ ʃ <č š> → ts s <c s>
- w → v (even syllable-finally)
Raising & epenthesis (first two shared with North Finnic but obviously non-genetic)
- äː ɑː → eː oː / [+STR]
- ∅ → v / #_oː
- ∅ → j / #_eː
- aː → eː / [-STR]
Gradation could be described around here.
Centralization (a late change - consider eg the northern Lappland toponym *ɤnárɤš → Finnish Inari)
- ɪ ʊ → ɤ o
This results in the following inventory:
- long vowels */iː eː ea aː oa oː uː/ <í é ea á oa ó ú>
- short vowels */ɤ o/ <ë o>
The shortening of iː uː → i u and the diphthongization eː oː → ie uo may postdate Proto-Samic; the former have bimoraic reflexes /ij uv/ in South Samic.
