Proto-Uralic/A: Difference between revisions

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Line 631: Line 631:
| F. karke- || '''*kárkké''' || - || *gɯr- || - || - || - || -
| F. karke- || '''*kárkké''' || - || *gɯr- || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"| Unclear correspondence 5: F. ''*a'', elsewhere per *ä
! colspan="9"| Unclear correspondence 5: F. ''*a'', S. ''*á'', Ms. ''*ää'' (from ''*ä''?)
|-
| "beaver"
| F. majava || *májéké || - || U. mɯj ~ K. moj || - || - || - || -
| Er. '''mijav'''
|-
|-
| "power"
| "power"
Line 649: Line 653:
| "place"
| "place"
| F. ase- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso
| F. ase- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso
| Mo. '''eźem''', Mk. '''(j)äźem''', Er. '''iźim'''
| Mo. ''eźem'', Mk. (j)äźem, Er. '''iźim'''
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"| Unclear correspondence 6: FM. ''*a'', Ms. ''*uu'', Kh. ''*o''
! colspan="9"| Unclear correspondence 6: FM. ''*a'', Ms. ''*uu'', Kh. ''*o''
Line 665: Line 669:
| - || - || - || K. voĺ || völɟ || *wuuĺ || *woɣəĺ || Ne. wäej
| - || - || - || K. voĺ || völɟ || *wuuĺ || *woɣəĺ || Ne. wäej
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"| Unclear correspondence 7: Ma. ''*aa'', U. ''ɯ'', K. ''o''/''u'' (shibilants?)
! colspan="9"| Unclear correspondence 7: Ma. ''*aa'', U. ''ɯ'', K. ''u'' (shibilants?)
|-
| "beaver"
| F. majava || '''*májéké''' || || U. mɯj ~ K. moj || || || ||
| Er. '''mijav'''
|-
|-
| "to go carefully"
| "to go carefully"
Line 731: Line 731:
|-
|-
| "to open"
| "to open"
| F. ava- || - || - || - || style="color:red"| old-, ood- || *ɯɯŋk- || *ääŋ-? aa~ee || -
| F. ava- || - || - || - || style="color:red"| '''old-, ood-''' || *ɯɯŋk- || *ääŋ-? aa~ee || -
|-
|-
| "to leave"
| "to leave"
Line 785: Line 785:
| "shine"
| "shine"
| F. valkea || '''*vélké''' || *waalɣə || *vaaĺk || ('''vilaag''') || waĺk || waĺ- || -
| F. valkea || '''*vélké''' || *waalɣə || *vaaĺk || ('''vilaag''') || waĺk || waĺ- || -
| Note *ĺ
|-
|-
| "early"
| "early"
Line 809: Line 810:
|-
|-
| "close"
| "close"
| F. rakas || - || - || - || rokon || *raaw || *raɣ || -
| F. rakas || - || - || - || '''rokon''' || *raaw || *raɣ || -
|-
|-
| "tail"
| "tail"
Line 843: Line 844:
|-
|-
| "to hurry"
| "to hurry"
| - || - || - || - || sorog- || #surəkt || *saarək ||
| - || - || - || - || '''sorog-''' || #surəkt || *saarək ||
|-
|-
| "to scrape"
| "to scrape"
| - || - || - || *vušt- || vaas- || style="color:red"| *ašk- || #wååčəɣ- || -
| - || - || - || *vušt- || vaas- || style="color:red"| *ašk- || #wååčəɣ- || -
|-
| "grass"
| Es. tarn || - || - || style="color:orange"| *turɯm || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to stomp"
| "to stomp"
| F. tappa- || - || - || *tap- || top- || - || - || *tApər-
| F. tappa- || - || - || *tap- || '''top-''' || - || - || *tApər-
| F. "to kill". Onomatopoetic?
| F. "to kill". Onomatopoetic?
|-
|-
Line 904: Line 902:
Delt |-
Delt |-
| "to flay"
| "to flay"
| S. *ńóvɤ- || *ńij- || ńuuz- || *ńuuj- || - || -
| || *ńóvɤ- || || *ńij- || ńuuz- || *ńuuj- || - || -
| Rather looks like *o, medials messy
| Rather looks like *o, medials messy
|-
|-
| "tip"
| "tip"
| F. kasa || || - || '''hëɟ''' || - || - || -
| F. kasa || '''keačé''' || || - || '''hëɟ''' || - || - || -
| S. '''keačé''' - looks more like *e?
| Looks more like *e?
|-
|-
| "goose"
| "goose"
| S. '''*hɤŋá''' || || - || - || *ɯɯŋk || *ɯɯŋk || '''*åwå'''
| || '''*hɤŋá''' || || - || - || *ɯɯŋk || *ɯɯŋk || '''*åwå'''
| Sami root shape not of Uralic form, medials messy
| Sami root shape not of Uralic form, medials messy
|-
|-
| "ice crust"
| "ice crust"
| S. *čóké || || - || zaj || *såj || *ťooɣ || -
| || *čóké || || - || zaj || *såj || *ťooɣ || -
| Initials a mess.
| Initials messy.
|-
|-
| "gnarled"
| "gnarled"
Line 928: Line 926:
|-
|-
| "sno"
| "sno"
| (*jɤsɤ) || *jož || *juž || - || - || - || -
| || (*jɤsɤ) || *jož || *juž || - || - || - || -
| S. meaning "remaining sno", P. & Ma. meaning "hard sno"
| S. meaning "remaining sno", P. & Ma. meaning "hard sno"
|-
|-
| "sore"
| "sore"
| F. <font color="red">'''näärvä'''</font> || - || - || - || *ńɯɯrəm || *ńaarəm ||
| F. naarmu, <font color="red">'''näärvä'''</font> || TS '''ńaarme''' || - || - || - || *ńɯɯrəm || *ńaarəm ||
| TS '''ńaarme'''; western *ä? CF also S. '''*nárá-''' ibid. OU meaning "groin"
| Western *ä? CF also S. '''*nárá-''' ibid. OU meaning "groin"
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
Line 952: Line 950:
|-
|-
| "clay"
| "clay"
| Mo. śovoń || *šun || K. śun || - || style="color:red"| *suwĺ || *saɣə || -
| Mo. śovoń || || *šun || K. śun || - || style="color:red"| *suwĺ || *saɣə || -
| Looks like *u with F. '''savi'''
| Looks like *u with F. '''savi'''
|-
|-
| "woods"
| "woods"
| S. vóvté || - || - || vad || - || *woont || -
| || vóvté || - || - || vad || - || *woont || -
| looks like *o




Line 970: Line 967:
|-
|-
| "door bolt"
| "door bolt"
| F. sarana || || U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir || čir || - || - || -
| F. sarana || - || || U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir || čir || - || - || -
| F. may be ← Baltic
| F. may be ← Baltic
|-
|-
| "bay"
| "bay"
| F. lahti || - || - || - || *look || *lok || -
| F. lahti || *lóktɤ || - || - || - || *look || *lok || -
| F & S. ← Baltic?
| F & S. ← Baltic?
|-
|-
| "hut"
| "hut"
| F. talas || - || U. '''tɯlɯs''' || - || *tuul || - || -
| F. talas || '''*tálo''' || - || U. '''tɯlɯs''' || - || *tuul || - || -
| Ms = "pole". S. '''*tálo''' & F. may be ← Baltic *tala-
| Ms = "pole". F. & S. may be ← Baltic *tala-
|-
|-
| "far"
| "far"
| F. kauka(lo) || - || - || - || - || *kooɣ? || -
| F. kauka(lo) || || - || - || - || - || *kooɣ? || -
| Mk. '''kuvaka''', '''kovil'''. Apparently F ← Gmc, rest *-uwV-
| Mk. '''kuvaka''', '''kovil'''. Apparently F ← Gmc, rest *-uwV-
|-
|-
| "to look"
| "to look"
| F. katso- || - || U. kaźal- || - || - || - || -
| F. katso- || '''keaččɤ-''' || - || U. kaźal- || - || - || - || -
| S. '''keaččɤ-'''. F. may be ← Gmc.
| F. may be ← Gmc.
|-
|-
| "flat"
| "flat"
| style="color:red"| F. lattea || *laptɤ || - || - || - || *laaptək || *lApta ?
| style="color:red"| F. lattea || || *laptɤ || - || - || - || *laaptək || *lApta ?
| F. may be ← Gmc.
| F. may be ← Gmc.
|-
|-
| "river"
| "river"
| Mk. rava || - || - || - || - || *roɣə || -
| Mk. rava || - || - || - || - || - || *roɣə || -
| Mo. "Volga", Kh. "mud" (Cf F. rapa "mud")
| Mo. "Volga", Kh. "mud" (Cf F. rapa "mud")
|-
|-
| "board"
| "board"
| F. lauta || - || - || - || - || - || *lAta
| F. lauta || *lóvté || - || - || - || - || - || *låtå
| F & S. ← Baltic?
| F & S. ← Baltic?
|-
|-
| "asp"
| "asp"
| F. '''haapa''' || *šaapke || - || - || - || - || -
| F. '''haapa''' || '''*súpé''' || *šaapke || - || - || - || - || -
| S. '''*súpé'''; ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?!
| ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?!
|-
|-
| "branch"
| "branch"
| F. hanka || - || - || aag || *tɯɯɣ || *ɬaɣə || -
| F. hanka || || - || - || aag || *tɯɯɣ || *ɬaɣə || -
| F. ← Gmc.
| F. ← Gmc.
|-
|-
| "stiff"
| "stiff"
| F. tankea || *töŋɣe- || - || - || - || - || -
| F. tankea || || *töŋɣe- || - || - || - || - || -
| Mari may be ← Turkic
| Mari may be ← Turkic
|-
|-
| "cheap"
| "cheap"
| style="color:red"| F. halpa || *šulðɤ || - || - || - || - || -
| style="color:red"| F. halpa || - || '''*šulðɤ''' || - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc *salwa ?
| F. ← Gmc *salwa ?
|-
|-
| "metal"
| "metal"
| F. vaski || *waaž || U. vɯś ~ K. veś || vas || *vüš || *waɣ || *wäsä
| F. vaski || '''veašké''' || *waaž || U. vɯś ~ K. veś || vas || *vüš || *waɣ || *wäsä
| S. '''veašké''', Mo. '''*vəśkä'''. ← Toch.?
| Mo. '''*vəśkä'''. ← Toch.?
|-
|-
| "maple"
| "maple"
| Es. vaher || *waaštar || - || - || - || - || -
| Es. vaher || - || *waaštar || - || - || - || - || -
| Mo. '''ukštor'''. Possibly ← Toch.
| Mo. '''ukštor'''. Possibly ← Toch.
|-
|-
| "to tred"
| "to tred"
| F. talla- || - || K. taĺ- || - || - || - || -
| F. talla- || || - || K. taĺ- || - || - || - || -
| Loan from F. → K?
| Loan from F. → K?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| Messy crap
! colspan="9"| Messy crap
|-
|-
| "beginning"
| "beginning"
| style="color:red"| F. alka- || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *aawəl || style="color:red"| *aaləŋ || style="color:red"| '''*olə-'''
| F. alka- || *vólké- || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *aawəl || style="color:red"| *aaləŋ || '''*olə-'''
| Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
| Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
|-
|-
| "sour"
| "sour"
| style="color:red"| F. hapan || style="color:red"| *šaabə || - || style="color:red"| sava-, sooska- || style="color:red"| *šɯɯɣ- || style="color:red"| *čoɣ- ? || -
| style="color:red"| F. hapan || - || style="color:red"| *šaabə || - || style="color:red"| sava-, sooska- || style="color:red"| *šɯɯɣ- || style="color:red"| *čoɣ- ? || -
| Coincidental?
| Coincidental?
|-
|-
| "armpit"
| "armpit"
| Mk. kaval || *koŋla || *kun || hoon || *kanəl || style="color:red"| *konəŋ || *kali ? (En. seeri)
| Mk. kaval || style="color:red"| '''kájŋél''' || *koŋla || *kun || hoon || *kanəl || style="color:red"| *konəŋ || *kali ? (En. seeri)
| S. <font color="red">'''kájŋél'''</font>, F. <font color="red">kainalo</font>, Veps <font color="red">kaimal</font>
| F. <font color="red">kainalo</font>, Veps <font color="red">kaimal</font>
|-
|-
| "nits"
| "nits"
| Mk. śar̥ka || *šarkeńe || style="color:red"| '''*śerel''' || - || N. seeri ? || E. sɯr ? || Ka. šurijar ?
| Mk. śar̥ka || style="color:red"| '''čívrós''' || *šarkeńe || style="color:red"| '''*śerel''' || - || N. seeri ? || E. sɯr ? || Ka. šurijar ?
| S. <font color="red">'''čívrós'''</font>, F. <font color="red">'''saivar'''</font>
| F. <font color="red">'''saivar'''</font>
|-
|-
| "gull"
| "gull"
| F. kajava || || K. '''gaďa''' || - || ''*kaajik'' || - || Ne. ''ho''
| F. kajava || '''kájéké''' || || K. '''gaďa''' || - || ''*kaajik'' || - || Ne. ''ho''
| S. '''kájéké'''. Substrate word?
| Substrate word? Cf. "beaver"
|-
|-
| "elm"
| "elm"
| Mk. ''śäĺi'' || ''*šol'' || - || ''sil'' || - || - || -
| Mk. ''śäĺi'' || - || ''*šol'' || - || ''sil'' || - || - || -
| F. ''salava'' "willow" ? Might be *ä.
| F. ''salava'' "willow" ? Might be *ä.
|-
|-
| "fly"
| "fly"
| Mk. karvo || style="color:red"| *karme || - || - || - || - || -
| Mk. karvo || - || style="color:red"| *karme || - || - || - || - || -
| F. '''kärpänen'''
| F. '''kärpänen'''
|-
|-
| "to split"
| "to split"
| F. sali- || - || - || '''sil''' || - || - || -
| F. sali- || čólɤ- || - || - || '''sil''' || - || - || -
| Cf. F. säle "splinter"
| Cf. F. säle "splinter"
|-
|-
| "to want"
| "to want"
| F. ''havi-'' || - || - || - || *taŋk- || *ɬaŋkaa- || -
| F. ''havi-'' || - || - || - || - || *taŋk- || *ɬaŋkaa- || -
| Ve. <font color="red">habi-</font>
| Ve. <font color="red">habi-</font>
|-
|-
| "to rise"
| "to rise"
| style="color:red"| F. kapua- || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *kåɣaaɣəl || -
| style="color:red"| F. kapua- || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *kåɣaaɣəl || -
| F. "climb"; Kh. "to float"
| F. "climb"; Kh. "to float"
|-
|-
| "wet sno"
| "wet sno"
| S. *vónčé || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *uuťkəl || -
| - || *vónčé || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *uuťkəl || -
|-
|-
| "skis"
| "skis"
| style="color:red"| SS. laabje || - || - || - || - || E. lump || Ne. lampa
| - || style="color:red"| SS. laabje || - || - || - || - || E. lump || Ne. lampa
| No other words.
| No other words.
|-
|-
| "to graze"
| "to graze"
| S. kótó- || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. hadu ~ Ng. kəðu-
| - || kótó- || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. hadu ~ Ng. kəðu-
|-
|-
| "woods"
| "woods"
| S. *móiðé || - || - || - || - || - || Se. mačče
| - || *mójðé || - || - || - || - || - || Se. mačče
| Weak. IS "hunt"
| Weak. IS "hunt"
|-
|-
| "vessel"
| "vessel"
| F. saima- || - || U. śumɯk || - || - || *sooma ? || Se. somma ?
| F. saima- || - || - || U. śumɯk || - || - || *sooma ? || Se. somma ?
| Mo. <font color="red">śuma, śima</font>. Semantics all over the place.
| Mo. <font color="red">śuma, śima</font>. Semantics all over the place.
|}
|}

Revision as of 04:56, 3 July 2009

The many and varied cognates of Finno-Mordvinic *a.

Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. Italic cases are unclear.

Mari and Permic use the following ad hoc reconstruction:

  • short vowels = branches agree
    • except *ɤ = Meadow Mari /o/
  • Mari *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /a o ɤ/ in Hill Mari, /o u u/ in Meadow Mari
  • Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
    • In Komi, /v/ appears initially

Abbreviations used: B. = Baltic, Cf. = 'compare', En = Enets, Er. = Erźa, Es. = Estonian, F. = Finnish, Gmc. = Germanic, H. = Hungarian, Hi. = Hill Mari, IA = Indo-Aryan, IE = Indo-European, K. = Komi, Ka. = Kamass, Kh. = Khanty, Li. = Livonian, Ma. = Mari, Me. = Meadow Mari, Mk. = Mokša, Mo. = Mordvinic, Ms. = Mansi, N = North, Ne. = Nenets, Ng. = Nganasan, P. = Permic, PU = Proto-Uralic, S. = Samic, South, Se. = Selkup, Smy. = Samoyedic, U. = Udmurt, Ve. = Veps

Standard PU *a

Lexeme FM example Samic Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
S. *ó, Ma. *aa, P. *oo, H. a, Ms. & Kh. *uu, Smy. *å
"bit" F. pala *pólé *pultəš - fal *puul *puul *pålä Possibly K. palak "hole"
"to open" Er. panžo- *póncé *paača- - - *puunš *puunč -
"pot" F. pata - *paat - fazeek *puut *puut -
"young deer" Mk. śarda - *šaarðɤ - - *suurtə *suurtə Ne. siraj ?
"to scoop" F. amme- - - - - *uum- *uum- -
"marsh" F. aro - - - - *uuraj *uurə -
"to step" F. askel- - *aaškəl- *ooćkVl- - *uusəl - *äsəl Smy. *a → ä before a palzd. coda.
"twig" - *tórkɤ Me. tor - - - *tuuɣər -
"mountain" - *váré - *vɤɤr - *wur *wuur *wårå P. *oo → *ɤɤ next to a labial
"to step" Mk. šašto- - - - - *šuuš- *čooč- *čåčä- Kh. *oo after *č?
"to hit" Mk. šavo- *cáŋmé- *čaaŋɣe- - - *šɯɯŋkʷ- *čooŋk- *čåŋå- Ms. transfer of labialization? Kh. *oo after *č?
"village" F. palva- - - - falu *pɯɯwəl *puuɣəl - Ms. transfer of labialization?
"sun" F. kaja- NS guoje *kaaja- - - - - *kåjå
"to peel" Mk. vatka- *vótké- *waatka- - - - - Ne. waataa-
"to present" Mk. kaźe- - *kužək *koodźim hason - - *kåsɯ ?
"to dig" F. kaiva- *koajvó- *kooe- *kooj- hajiit- - - *käjwå- Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw-, S. *oa by 2nd onset *v
"to thro" Mo. kaja- - - *kooj- hajiit- - - - Homophonic with the prev.
"foot" F. jalka *jólké *jaal - ɟalog - - -
"to bild" F. rakenta- - - - rak- - - -
"to grasp" F. tarttu- - - - tart- - - -
"penis" - *póčɤ - - fas - - -
"roof" F. lakka - - - lak- - - - H. "to dwell"
"brain" F. aivo *vójŋé - - aɟ - - - Mk. uj ← *ojwa?
"to sink" F. vajo- *vójó- - *vɤɤj(ɯ)- vejse- *uuj- - - P. labial dissim.
"hard" - *čárés - *ćoorɯd - - - *sårə
"with" F. kanssa - - *gooz - - - -
"rump" Mk. kaska - - *koos - - - -
"to roast" F. paahta- - - *pɤɤž- - - - - P. labial dissim. F. 2ndary length?
"to drive" F. aja- vójé- - *ooj- - *wujt- - - ← IE *aɟe- ?
"series" F. sarja - - *śoor - - - -
"to shoot" F. ampa- ámpo- - U. ɯb- - - - - S. ← F? P. labial dissim.
"smell" F. katku - - K. kočɯs - - - - Cf. "bitter"
"currant" - - *šaaptər U. suter ~ K. setɤr - - - -
"to close" - - paačke- U. pɯškɯ- - - - - P. labial dissim.
"rake" F. hara *sóré *šaar - - - - -
"opposite" F. vasta *vósté *waašta - - - - -
"to grind" F. jauha- - *jaaŋɤže- - - - - -
"fishing net" F. vata - *waat - - - - - ← Gmc?
"wet" Mk. načka *ńóské *naačkə - - - (*ńašak) - Khanty "raw" may not belong
Same except Ma. *o, P. *u, H. aa, Kh. *aa
"to steal" F. sala- *sól-ɤk *šolə- - - *tuul- *ɬaal- *tål- ?
"flood, lake" F. sarajas - - - aar *tuur *ɬaar -
"net" F. kalin - - K. kulɤm haalo *kuuləp *kaaləp - Cf. "fish"
"to dry" - - - *śur- saar- *šuur- #saar- -
"low ground" - - - U. śum - *suujəm *saajəm -
"to conjure" Er. al(s)ta- - *ulte- - aald- - *aaləɬ- -
"white" Mk. akša - *oš - - - *aaš -
"rodent" Mk. maksa- - - - - - *maaɣ - Weak. Mo. "mole", Kh. "beaver"
"to beat soft" F. vanu- - - - vaańol- - - -
"hind" - - - - aaɟeek *uunć - -
"crust" F. kamara - *kom *koomVĺ haaml- köömtol ~ kamtul? - Ne. såw U. also kɤm
"to receive" F. saa- NW *sákɤ- *šoo- K. su- - - - *tåj- *saxi. Ma. *oo possibly from reduction of *-x- (cf. *kajwa-)
"to stand" Liv. saiso- *čónčó- *šinće- K. sidź- - *tuunś *ɬaanć *tensə- Finnish seiso-. Ma. & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?)
Mari, Hungarian and Khanty disagree
"fish" F. kala *kólé *kol - hal *kuul *kuul *kålä
"to leave" F. kato- *kóðé- *koðV- U. kɯĺ- ~ K. koĺ- haɟ- *kuuĺ- *kaaj- *kåjä-
"to carry" F. kanta- *kónté- *kaande- - - *kuunt *kaant *kån-
"crow" F. varis *vórččé - - varjuu *uurin *uurŋ- ~ warŋ- *wər- Check Smy
"to burst" F. pakahtu- - - - fakad- - *paaɣ- -
Mari and Permic disagree
"groove" F. latu - *laaðo K. lu - - - - ← Baltic?
"rotten" - - *kaaškə- *kuź - - - -
"to gro" - - *paaše- *pušjɯ- - - - -
"to ask" - - *jaada- *jual- - - - - P. ← *-uða- ?
Indistinct *a
"in-law" F. nato *nótó *nuðo - - - - *nåto
"death" F. kalma *kólmé - - - - *kålm- Cf. "to die"
"ground" F. tanner *tóntɤr - - - - - *tåntə-
"branch" F. sarka *sórké - - - - - *tårkå
"word" F. vala *vólé - - - - - *wålä
"crane" Mk. karga *kórkɤ - - - - - *kårə ? F. kurki
"to want" Mk. karma- - - - - - - *kårmä ?
"knot" Mk. pakškä - - - - - - *påktV
"left" F. vasen - - - - - - *wåtä ?
"to stick" - *čóŋké- - - - - - *såŋkə-
"to rain" F. sata- *čáðé- - - - - - *sårå- S. also *čócé- "to hit"
"spirit" Mk. vajmä vájmó - - - - *wäjŋ- Smy. palzn; Er. ojme, F. vaimo "woman"
"thru" Mk. šačk - - - - - - Se. sačk Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation?

With long vowels in Finnic

Lexeme Finnish Mordvinic Samic Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
std. PU *ax?
"streak" juoni jan *jónɤ - - - - - - ← IA ?
"bed" F. vuode - - *aaĺ - - if F. not ← vuota ← B.
"mountain" vuori - -  *waar *woor - Cf. *wara?
"butter" voi Er. oj ~ Mk. vaj *vójɤ *ü *vɤɤj vaj *waaj *wooj - ← IA *āǵya ? No explicit evidence for length; looks like regular *o, save Finnic initial v-.
"tree spec." saarni - *šäärtńi, šartńi *śir - - - - Li. säärna. F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
"to lecture" saarna- *sárné - K. śorni- - - *sarna- - S. ← F?
"salt" suola sal - ćal U. sɯlal ~ K. sol - - - - ← IE, multiple loans?
""
std. PU *ox? (for comparision)
"to hack" kuokki- - - - *kook- - - - -
"pit" kuoppa U. gop Coincidental?
"crust" kuori kaŕ - - K. kɯrś - *kur- *kor- - For Se. ker- cf. *kêri "ibid."?
"in heat" suota - *čóðé- - K. ćual- salad- - - *såjä Smy palatal assimilation?
"to die" kuole- kulo- - *kole- *kul- hal- *kaal- *kal- *kåə-
"to lick" nuole- nola- *noaló- *nɤɤle- *ńul- ńal- *ńal- *ńal- *ńåə- Check Smy forms
"to sweep" huosi- - - - U. čuž- - *šaaš- *čaač- Se čuuč-
"side" puoli pola - - - - - - -
"berry" puola - - K. pul boĺoo, boɟoo ? *pul - *pål-
"intestine" suoli śula *čoalé *šol *śul - - *sol - ← IA ?
"year" vuosi - *vótɤ - U. va ~ K. u vaĺ - *ål ? - ← IA *vataḥ
"pole" vuoli - - K. ɯɯ ? - *ula *wol -
"pole" ulku *holkɤ - *aawla *oɣəl *uj for comparision
std. PU *ox but looks more like *ux
"spruce" kuusi kuz *kósɤ *kož U. kɯz ~ K. koz - *kawt *kooɬ *kåət
"sheep" uuhi uča - *ɤžɣa *ɯž - *aaš *aač - ← IE, multiple loans?

Standard PU *ë

Lexeme FM example Samic Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
S. *ó, Ma. ö/ü, P. *u, Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (std. PU *ëCC)
"tree stump" F. kanto *kóntój - (K. gɯd) - *kɯɯnt *kaant - K. "bend, bottom", may not belong
"mushroom" Mk. pango - *poŋɣɤ - - *pɯɯŋk *paaŋk -
"land" F. maa - *mü, *mu *mu - *mɯɯ *meɣ - Reduction of *x? Monosyllabic?
"wet place" Mk. nar *nöre- *ńur ńirok *ńɯɯr - *ńɤr
"gills" - *ńókčɤm *naašmə K. ńokćim - *ńɯɯkśəm *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni ? Or *a2 with Ms. delabzn after a palatal? (K. would still be irregular)
"land" F. lansi *lómté Hi. landaka *lud - - - *lɤmtu- ← IE at least in Ma?
"to chop" Er. čapo- *cápɤ- - *čup- - - *čopam - Cf. "to hit"
"to get wet" - *lóccɤ- *löčä- - - - - -
"to bury" - - *müde- *mudɯ- - - - -
"hair" F. hapsi *vóptɤ *üp - - *ɯɯt *aapət *ɤptə
"swede" Ve. nagriž - - - - *nɯɯr *naaɣər -
"cartilage" - *ńórkés *nörɣə - ńiir *ńɯɯrəɣ *ńaarəɣ *ńɤr
"child, cradle" F. lapsi *lɤpš - - - - *jɤpsə / *lɤpsə
Similar except F. *oo, P. *ɤ, Smy. *ɤə (std. PU *ëx_i)
"vein" Mk. san *sónɤ *šün *sɤn iin *tɯɯn *ɬaan *čɤn F. suoni
"arrow" Mk. nal *ńólɤ *nölö U. ńil ~ K. ńɯl ńiil *ńɯɯl *ńaal *ńɤəj F. nuoli
"fish skin" Mk. śav *čómɤ *šüm *śɤm - *sɯɯm *saam Ne. śaaw ?? F. suomu
"bird cherry" Mo. ĺom *ðómɤ *lom *ĺɤm - *ĺɯɯm *joom *jɤəm F. tuomi
"to bite" - S. kácké- *kaačka- K. gɤčkɯ- - - - -
"bitter" F. katkera *kóccɤk *kaača- U. kɤš - *kɯɯšɣə ? *kiičə ? - Cf. "smell"
"to produce" F. suolta- *čólté- - *ćɤlt- - - - - if F. not ← *soxli
"to whittle" F. vuole- *vólɤ- - *vɤl- - *walt- *walt-
Ma. o/ü, P. *u, Ms. *a, Kh. *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɯ (std. PU *ëCa - note open syllables in Smy!)
"down" F. ala- *vólé- *ül *ul al- *jal *ɯɯl *ɯlə
"to divide" F. jaka- *jóké - *juk - *jaɣtit ? *jɯɯɣəɬ *jɤkə- Ms. East only. Check Smy forms.
"sembra" - - - *sus - *tɯɯt *ɬɯɯɣəɬ *tɯtə(k) Ms. per original closed syllable?
"liver" F. maksa *móksé *mokš *musk maaj *majət *muuɣəɬ *mɯtə Kh. *ɯɯ → *uu after a labial?
"mother-in-law" F. anoppi *vóném - - - *aanəp *oonəp *ɯnå
"to put" F. ahta- *vókté- *optə- K. oktɯ- - - *ɯɯɣət *ɯtå-
Indistinct between *ë_a and *a2_a
"to stretch" - NS ńuoddzi- *ńuž- - *ńuunš- *ńɯɯnč - Argues against Ms. delabzn
"to giv" F. anta- *vómté- - *ud- ad- - - -
"to take off; to be able" F. jaksa- - - *juskɯ- - - - - Er. jukśe-
"bitter" F. karvas - - *kurɯd - - *koorəɣ ? -
"handle" F. vanka - - *vug - - - -
"hoop" F. vanne - - *vudž - - - -
"to reach" Er. saźu- - - *sudź- - - - -
"stiff" Er. tarďe - - K. tur- - - - K. "to freeze"
"tassel" - *tóŋké - *tug - - - -
"to accuse" - NS guoccot - U. kušɯ - - - - No other words!

All the rest

Lexeme FM example Samic Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
IE loans: FM *a_a, K. *a, H. *aa, Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa
"100" Mk. śada *čóté *šüðə *śoo saaz *šɯɯt *saat - ← II *śata; separately in P. ?
"calf" F. vasa *vósé - - (üsöö) *wɯɯsəɣ - - ← II
"pole" F. salko *čólkój - K. dźal saal *sɯɯɣlaa *saaɣəl - ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa
"value" F. arvo - - K. arta- aar - - - ← II. Mo. aŕse-
Unclear correspondence 1: FM *a, Ma *u, P. *a, H. *a (with palatals)
"meadow" Es. aas - - *adź asoo - - -
"back; belly" - - - U. gač has - - -
"stomach" F. vatsa - - U. vaś - - - - F. → S. *vátté
"willow" F. paju *poajó - *baď faɟal - - *pewə
"to hit" Mk. ćapa- *čóppé- *čuča- *ćapkɯ- čap- - - - Onomatopoetic?
"to gro" F. kasva- - *kuška- - hason ? - - - H. "use, advantage"
"shaft" F. varsi - *wurðə - - - - - ← B?
Unclear correspondence 2: Ma *aa, P. *a (with palatals)
"to fall" - *vóčé- *waaza- U. vaź- - - - - Note Ma. *z
"shelter" F. suoja *sójé *šaaj *saj - - - -
"to look" - - *aanče- *addź- - - - -
"to take out" - - *taara- K. taral- - taar - - Ma. "far", H. "open"
"to unravel" - *rúč- *raanće- K. radź- ronɟ - *ratə- - Note Ma. *ć
Unclear correspondence 3: FM *a, P. front vowel, Ms. *a (substrate?)
"understanding" Er. važov - - K. vežɤr - *aš *oč -
"to (let) go" Mk. laśka- *lóšté- - *ledź- - *laśke- ? *låsɣə- - Note Ms. *ś
"membrane" F. kalvo *kálɤ ? - *kiĺ haaĺog *kaĺəp *kaĺi - Note *ĺ
Unclear correspondence 4: FM *a, M. *o, P. *ɯ, OU *uu
"2" F. kaksi *kókté *kok *kɯk keet *kit *kiit, käät *kêtä *kêt in eastern branches (incl. Permic?)
"ax" F. tahko - *toš *tɯš(k-) - - - - F. "grindstone"
"thru" Mk. pačk - - K. pɯšji - *puuš - Se. pooč
"to fall apart" - - - K. gɯlal- - *kuul- *kuul- -
"coarse" F. karke- *kárkké - *gɯr- - - - -
Unclear correspondence 5: F. *a, S. *á, Ms. *ää (from *ä?)
"beaver" F. majava *májéké - U. mɯj ~ K. moj - - - - Er. mijav
"power" F. tarmo *tármó - - - W. teeriŋ E. tärəm -
"gall" F. sappi *sáppé - U. sep ~ K. sɤp epe *tääp - - Mo. säpä
"board" F. parsi - - - *päärt *peert -
"winter" F. talvi *tálvé *tel U. tol ~ K. tɤl teel *tääl *teləɣ Er. tele, Mk. ƭala
"place" F. ase- - - - - - - Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso Mo. eźem, Mk. (j)äźem, Er. iźim
Unclear correspondence 6: FM. *a, Ms. *uu, Kh. *o
"to be able" Mk. mašto- - *mɤšte- - - *muust- *moštə- -
"birch bark" F. tana - - - - *tuunt *tontə -
"staff" F. sauva *čávŋé - - - *suuw *soɣ -
"river bend" - - - K. voĺ völɟ *wuuĺ *woɣəĺ Ne. wäej
Unclear correspondence 7: Ma. *aa, U. ɯ, K. u (shibilants?)
"to go carefully" - *váncé- *waanče- U. vɯž- ~ K. vuž- - *wuunč- *uunč- *wånč-
"root" - - *waaž U. vɯž ~ K. vuž - - - *wånčå
"to be born" Mk. šačo- - *šaača- U. čɯžɯ- ~ K. ćuž- - *šašə *čačə *čäčə
"to stand" - - *šaa(l)ɣ U. sɯl- ~ K. sulal- aall- - -
to be sorted
"lord" Mk. azor - - *oozɯr - *aatər - - Komi ozɯr without /v/-
"much" F. paljo - Hi. pülä - - *paal - *påj F. possibly ← Gmc.
"berry" F. marja *mórjé *mör - - *maar- *muur- ? -
"to shade" - - *šöšte- K. saśtɯ- - - - - "to darken" vs. "to hide"
"opening" F. aukko *vóŋɤs äŋ *vɤɤm aj ~ aaj - *ooŋ *äŋ Mo. *oŋkśt; K. also vom; F. ← *aŋa- "to open" ?
"arch" F. kaari *kóŋɤr - - - - *kooŋkar - Might be *o?
"tame" - *vóńɤs - - - - *ońɯ *ɯńə
"wall" F. pato *póðó - - fal - *pal -
"to touch" F. kajoa- *kájó- - - *kaaj- *kaaj- -
"aunt" Mk. ańa- *vóńé- - U. ańɯ ~ K. ɤń aanɟ, ańa *aań(-iikʷa) *anəkə *ɤńä Check Smy.
"to put" F. pane- - *paańəža- *pɤn- - *pun- *pan- *pɯn-
"across" - - *kaač K. kɤččɤb - - - -
"light" F. salama - - - *sɯɯl *sal- *sålə
"to open" F. ava- - - - old-, ood- *ɯɯŋk- *ääŋ-? aa~ee -
"to leave" Mk. valgo- *vólké- *waale- - vaal- *wɯɯɣəl *wɯɯɣəl -
"net needle" - *čópsémé *šaapš - - *taas #sååpəs - Possibly *o?
"to dry" - - - - asoo *taaš #såås
"hole" - - *raaž K. roź rees - - -
"to dig" Mk. kara- - *kaare- K. kɯr- - - *kiir- ? - P. *kɯr- in general "to wash"
"pale" - - *šapa- - saapad- - - -
"father-in-law" F. appi vóppɤ *owo - ipa *up *uup *əpə
"sleigh" F. ahkio - - - - - *oɣəɬ Nen. ŋuutuuʔ
"rotten" - *cómcé *šać *žoodź - - - -
"dry place" F. kaŋŋas - *kaŋɣa - - *kuŋkʷə ? - -
"instrument" Mk. kaŕźi - *kärəš U. kɯre(d)ź - - - -
"pond" F. lampi *lómpɤl Me. lop - - - - *lɯmpå
"flat side" F. lapa *lópé - - - N. lop? - *lɤpä Cf. next!
"flat" F. lappea *láppɤ *lap *laap lap - E. lapsək - S. "aside"
"to press" F. paina- *pájné- - *paańV- - *pańəɣt - Ka. paŋdə- S. ← F?
"shine" F. valkea *vélké *waalɣə *vaaĺk (vilaag) waĺk waĺ- - Note *ĺ
"early" - - *aažno *vaadź - - - -
"valley" In. lakso leakšɤ *laksa U. los(k) - - - -
"woman" F. nainen - - - naas *nääji *naaji ? -
"painted" - - ? pač U. pužɯ - - - Ne. paadaa- ~ Ng. fadu-
"to freeze" Mk. palo- *pólɤš - - faɟ *paaĺ- *pojət-
"flock" F. parvi - - *pur - - *parə -
"gadfly" Es. parm - *paarmə - - - - - F. paarma, Mo. purom
"close" F. rakas - - - rokon *raaw *raɣ -
"tail" - - *paač *bɤɤž - *panš *poč *pančå Could also be *o?
"gold, copper" - - - - arań *tarəń *ɬoorńə
"ski" - *čójkɤ - - - *taj- - *tåj(-kə)
"resin" F. kata NS kaččé - - - - *kåCə S. *kássé ← Gmc.
"snot" F. natta IS ńetti - - - - - Ne. naad- ~ Ng. noudi-
"fishing gear" - - *mača - - - - Se. maaše- Coincidental?
"piece" F. sukku - - - sak - *sak -
"thick" F. sakea *sókɤ *šukɤ K. suk - - - -
"1000" - - - *śurs - *šaatər- *ťarəs Cf. "100"
"to hurry" - - - - sorog- #surəkt *saarək
"to scrape" - - - *vušt- vaas- *ašk- #wååčəɣ- -
"to stomp" F. tappa- - - *tap- top- - - *tApər- F. "to kill". Onomatopoetic?
"to bend" F. taipu- *toajé- - K. tuj- - *tääjəp- *tɯɯj- *tɯj- ? Check Smy.
"back" F. taka - - - - - - *tɤkä
"to sink" - - - - maart- *muur- *marət-
"to hang" F. takertu- - - - - - *taɣər- Se. tokua- ?
"skin" F. talja *tóljé *tåjå if not F & S. ← B.
"this" Es. ta - *ta K. to - - *tamə *tå
"old" F. vanha - - U. vuž ~ K. važ - - - -
"to shame" Mo. viźďe - *waažəla- U. vodźɯt- - - - -
"to thro" Mk. vačka- - vačka- ? - - - *waaškalt-
"to breik" F. katkea- - *kɤɤčkeða- U. kwačkal- - - - -
"sister" Mk. sazor - *šɤɤžar *soozər F. sisar ← B.
"good" Mk. para *póré *pooro *bur - - - - ← IA. Ma. also *paarema- "to recover"
"blueberry" - - *moodə - - - - Ka. modo
Irregularities explainable by loan etymologies for some branches
"woven band" F. vaula *vóvlé - - - *waaɣlap - - F & S. ← Gmc.
"door bolt" F. sarana - U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir čir - - - F. may be ← Baltic
"bay" F. lahti *lóktɤ - - - *look *lok - F & S. ← Baltic?
"hut" F. talas *tálo - U. tɯlɯs - *tuul - - Ms = "pole". F. & S. may be ← Baltic *tala-
"far" F. kauka(lo) - - - - *kooɣ? - Mk. kuvaka, kovil. Apparently F ← Gmc, rest *-uwV-
"to look" F. katso- keaččɤ- - U. kaźal- - - - - F. may be ← Gmc.
"flat" F. lattea *laptɤ - - - *laaptək *lApta ? F. may be ← Gmc.
"river" Mk. rava - - - - - *roɣə - Mo. "Volga", Kh. "mud" (Cf F. rapa "mud")
"board" F. lauta *lóvté - - - - - *låtå F & S. ← Baltic?
"asp" F. haapa *súpé *šaapke - - - - - ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?!
"branch" F. hanka - - aag *tɯɯɣ *ɬaɣə - F. ← Gmc.
"stiff" F. tankea *töŋɣe- - - - - - Mari may be ← Turkic
"cheap" F. halpa - *šulðɤ - - - - - F. ← Gmc *salwa ?
"metal" F. vaski veašké *waaž U. vɯś ~ K. veś vas *vüš *waɣ *wäsä Mo. *vəśkä. ← Toch.?
"maple" Es. vaher - *waaštar - - - - - Mo. ukštor. Possibly ← Toch.
"to tred" F. talla- - K. taĺ- - - - - Loan from F. → K?
Messy crap
"beginning" F. alka- *vólké- - - - *aawəl *aaləŋ *olə- Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
"sour" F. hapan - *šaabə - sava-, sooska- *šɯɯɣ- *čoɣ- ? - Coincidental?
"armpit" Mk. kaval kájŋél *koŋla *kun hoon *kanəl *konəŋ *kali ? (En. seeri) F. kainalo, Veps kaimal
"nits" Mk. śar̥ka čívrós *šarkeńe *śerel - N. seeri ? E. sɯr ? Ka. šurijar ? F. saivar
"gull" F. kajava kájéké K. gaďa - *kaajik - Ne. ho Substrate word? Cf. "beaver"
"elm" Mk. śäĺi - *šol - sil - - - F. salava "willow" ? Might be *ä.
"fly" Mk. karvo - *karme - - - - - F. kärpänen
"to split" F. sali- čólɤ- - - sil - - - Cf. F. säle "splinter"
"to want" F. havi- - - - - *taŋk- *ɬaŋkaa- - Ve. habi-
"to rise" F. kapua- - - - - - *kåɣaaɣəl - F. "climb"; Kh. "to float"
"wet sno" - *vónčé - - - - *uuťkəl -
"skis" - SS. laabje - - - - E. lump Ne. lampa No other words.
"to graze" - kótó- - - - - - Ne. hadu ~ Ng. kəðu-
"woods" - *mójðé - - - - - Se. mačče Weak. IS "hunt"
"vessel" F. saima- - - U. śumɯk - - *sooma ? Se. somma ? Mo. śuma, śima. Semantics all over the place.


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