Slevan grammar outline: Difference between revisions

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= Slvanjec -- the Slevan language =
'''Note:''' This version of [[Slevan|Slvanjec]] is outdated especially as regards the development of the vowels and hence some endings too.  It will be updated ASAP. BPJ 10:06, 16 Jul 2005 (PDT)


{| border=6, cellpadding=6 style="border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #fc3"
! « Popol szne ljadzva jej popol szne kore »
|}
<br /><br />
[[IBWiki:Slvanjec|Slvanjec]] [ˈsl̩vaɲɛts], or in English Slevan [ˈslɛvən], is spoken primarily in the republic of [[IBWiki:Slevania|Slevania]] (Slvanja), but also by sizeable populations in the neighboring countries [[IBWiki:Hungary|Hungary]], the [[IBWiki:RTC|Republic of the Two Crowns]] and the [[IBWiki:Bohemia|Bohemian Kingdom]], and by a few thousand persons in [[IBWiki:Austria|Austria]]. Together with [[IBWiki:Wenedyk|Wenedyk]], one of the official languages of the Republic of the Two Crowns, and [[IBWiki:Slezan|Slezan]] it forms the north-eastern branch of the [[IBWiki:Romance languages|Romance languages]], also known as the Slavo-Romance languages.
== History ==
To be added
== Dialects ==
To be added
== Alphabet and pronunciation ==
The Slevan alphabet consists of the following letters:
'''a á b c ch cz d dj dz dzs e é f g h i í j k l lj m n nj o ó p r s sz t tj u ú v y ý z zs'''
The letters '''b d f h k m n p t z''' have approximately the same pronunciation as in English.
The pronunciation of the other letters is as follows:
=== Vowels ===
In general the vowels have the same pronunciation as in Italian or Spanish. Native speakers of English should note the following:
{| border = 1, cellpadding = 3
|'''a'''||[a]||as in English ''father'', but shorter.
|-
|'''e'''||[ɛ]||as in English ''dress''.
|-
|'''i'''||[i]||as in English ''machine'', but shorter.
|-
|'''o'''||[o]||as in English ''north'', but shorter.
|-
|'''u'''||[u]||as in English ''brute'', but shorter.
|-
|'''y'''||[ɨ]||is usually pronounced the same as '''i''', but in some dialects '''y''' is pronounced similarly to English ''i'' in ''kit'', though darker. Polish ''ryba'' or Russian ''рыба'' has the exact sound.
|}
==== Vowel length ====
Vowels with an acute accent above ('''á é í ó ú ý''') are in general pronounced the same as the vowels without such a mark, but longer. The exceptions are '''é''' and '''ó''', which for many speakers -- perhaps a majority, although this pronunciation is not considered part of the standard language -- are pronounced as rising diphthongs [iɛ] and [uo], similar to ''ye'' in English ''yes'' and ''wa'' in English ''want'' respectively. In the pronunciation of these speakers the spellings '''é''' and '''je''' are pronounced the same.
Slvanjec vowel length does usually ''not'' reflect Latin vowel length, which was lost in [[Wikipedia:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]],
but was caused by the loss of a short ''ĭ'' or ''ŭ'' in the following syllable, hence the long vowels in the final syllable of the nominative/accusative of most second declension nouns.
There is a number of loanwords that have long vowels adopted from the pronunciation of other languages, e.g. '''táler''' 'dollar' from German ''Taler'', or '''skóla''' from the Renaissance pronunciation of Latin.
=== Stress ===


The word stress in Slevan always falls on the first syllable of the word. It should be carefully noted that the acute accent mark does ''not'' indicate stress, but vowel length.


=== Consonants ===
= Nouns and adjectives =


The consonant letters and digraphs that differ from English are as follows:
== Nouns ==
 
{| border=1 cellpadding=3
|'''c'''||[ts]||is in all positions pronounced like the ''tz'' in English ''waltz''. English speakers should take special care to preserve this pronunciation also at the beginning of words, e.g. in '''cék''' 'blind'.
|-
|'''ch'''||[χ] or [x]||is pronounced as in Scots ''loch'' or in German ''Bach'', or in the English interjection ''yech''. It is not a very frequent sound in Slevan.
|-
|'''cz'''||[tʃ]||is pronounced like the English ''ch'' in ''church''.
|-
|'''dj'''||[ɟ]||is pronounced approximately like the ''di'' in English ''medium''.
|-
|'''dz'''||[dz]||is pronounced like the ''ds'' in English ''beds''. As with '''c''' English speakers should take care to preserve the correct pronunciation at the beginning of words, e.g. in '''dzrn''' 'diurnal span (24 hours), date'.
|-
|'''dzs'''||[dʒ]||is pronounced like ''j'' or ''dg'' in English ''judge''.  It is an infrequent sound in Slevan, having mostly been replaced by simple '''zs'''.
|-
|'''g'''||[ɡ]||is always hard, like in English ''go'' or ''get'', never soft like in English ''gem'', e.g. '''gezél''' 'yourneyman'. The '''g''' sound isn't very frequent in Slevan, since it is found only in loan words.
|-
|'''j'''||[j]||has the sound of the English consonantal ''y'' in ''you, yet, yard''. The English sound of ''j'' in ''judge'' is written '''dzs''' in Slevan, but this combination has in most cases been replaced by the simple '''zs'''.
|-
|'''l'''||[ɫ]||at the beginning of a word before the vowels '''a á o ó u ú y ý''' has the dark sound of ''l'' in English ''loll''. Before the vowels e é i í or before '''dj nj tj''' the letter '''l''' is pronounced like the ''li'' in English ''million''. Before a consonant or at the end of a word many speakers pronounce '''l''' like an English ''w'', but this pronunciation is not considered part of the standard language.
|-
|'''lj'''||[ʎ]||is pronounced like the ''li'' in English ''million''. Some speakers tend to pronounce '''lj''' as a simple '''j''' in some positions, but this is not considered part of the standard language.
|-
|'''nj'''||[ɲ]||is pronounced like the ''ny'' in English ''canyon'', or more exactly like the ''ñ'' in Spanish ''cañón''!
|-
|'''r'''||[r]||is a rolled sound like in Italian or Spanish ''carro''. Note that Slevan '''r''' is never silent like in British English.
|-
|'''s'''||[s]||is always pronounced voiceless like in English '''sit, miss''', never voiced, like ''z''. When a voiced ''s'' occurs in loanwords it is replaced by '''z''', e.g. in '''prezident'''.
|-
|'''sz'''||[ʃ]||is pronounced like the English ''sh'' in '''ship'''.
|-
|'''tj'''||[c]||is pronounced approximately like the ''te'' in the English word ''meteor''.
|-
|'''v'''||[v] or [w]||is pronounced like in English, but before another consonant or at the end of a word many speakers pronounce '''v''' like an English ''w''. Unlike the similar pronunciation of '''l''' this is accepted as part of the standard language.
|-
|'''zs'''||[ʒ]||has the sound of ''z'' in English ''azure'' or of ''j'' in French ''jour''. Cf. '''j'''.
|}
 
The letters ''q'' and ''x'' are never used in Slevan. They are always replaced by '''k''' and '''ks''' respectively,
 
e.g. '''kvarc''' 'quartz' and '''tekst'''.
 
=== Syllabic liquids ===
 
The letters '''l''' and '''r''' can in Slevan form a syllable of their own without a supporting vowel, e.g. '''slván''' 'Slevan man', '''blb''' 'onion', '''dzrn''' 'diurnal span, date', '''krce''' 'cross'.
 
A native Slevan speaker would never confuse '''tj''' with '''cz''' or '''dj''' with '''dzs''', but Slevans are rather used to speakers of German or Romany confusing these pairs of sounds.
 
== Nouns and adjectives ==
 
=== Nouns ===


Nouns in Slevan inflect for number and case, and adjectives in addition inflect for gender. There are three main declensions, with a few subtypes within each declension.
Nouns in Slevan inflect for number and case, and adjectives in addition inflect for gender. There are three main declensions, with a few subtypes within each declension.


==== First declension nouns ====
=== First declension nouns ===


First declension nouns are typically feminine in gender. Those few masculines of the first declension that existed in Latin have as a rule been superseded by other formations, and loanwords that belong to the first declension masculine in Latin are normally assigned to the second declension in Slevan.
First declension nouns are typically feminine in gender. Those few masculines of the first declension that existed in Latin have as a rule been superseded by other formations, and loanwords that belong to the first declension masculine in Latin are normally assigned to the second declension in Slevan.
Line 119: Line 17:
The paradigms for the first declension are '''roza''' 'rose' and '''vilja''' 'daughter, girl':
The paradigms for the first declension are '''roza''' 'rose' and '''vilja''' 'daughter, girl':


{| border = 1, cellpadding = 3
{| cellpadding="3" style="border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc"
!||Singular||Plural||Singular||Plural
!
!valign="top"|Singular
!valign="top"|Plural
!valign="top"|Singular
!valign="top"|Plural
|-
|-
|'''Nominative, Accusative'''||roza||roze||vilja||vilje
|valign="top"|'''Nominative, Accusative'''
|valign="top"|roza
|valign="top"|roze
|valign="top"|vilja
|valign="top"|vilje
|-
|-
|'''Genitive'''||roze||rozár||vilje||viljár
|valign="top"|'''Genitive'''
|valign="top"|roze
|valign="top"|rozár
|valign="top"|vilje
|valign="top"|viljár
|-
|-
|'''Dative'''||roze||rozav||vilje||viljav
|valign="top"|'''Dative'''
|valign="top"|roze
|valign="top"|rozav
|valign="top"|vilje
|valign="top"|viljav
|}
|}


==== Second declension nouns ====
=== Second declension nouns ===


The second declension in Slevan represents a merger of the second and fourth declension of Latin. The nouns belonging here are masculine, with a few exceptions like '''mán''' f. 'hand'. There is no neuter gender in Slevan, the neuter having merged into the masculine early on.
The second declension in Slevan represents a merger of the second and fourth declension of Latin. The nouns belonging here are masculine, with a few exceptions like '''mán''' f. 'hand'. There is no neuter gender in Slevan, the neuter having merged into the masculine early on.
Line 135: Line 49:
The paradigms for the second declension are '''mýr''' 'wall' and '''bánj''' 'bath':
The paradigms for the second declension are '''mýr''' 'wall' and '''bánj''' 'bath':


{| border = 1, cellpadding = 3
{| cellpadding="3" style="border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc"
!||Singular||Plural||Singular||Plural
!
!valign="top"|Singular
!valign="top"|Plural
!valign="top"|Singular
!valign="top"|Plural
|-
|-
|'''Nominative, Accusative'''||mýr||myry||bánj||bani
|valign="top"|'''Nominative, Accusative'''
|valign="top"|mýr
|valign="top"|myry
|valign="top"|bánj
|valign="top"|bani
|-
|-
|'''Genitive'''||myry||myrúr||bani||banjúr
|valign="top"|'''Genitive'''
|valign="top"|myry
|valign="top"|myrúr
|valign="top"|bani
|valign="top"|banjúr
|-
|-
|'''Dative'''||myru||myrov||banju||banjov
|valign="top"|'''Dative'''
|valign="top"|myru
|valign="top"|myrov
|valign="top"|banju
|valign="top"|banjov
|}
|}


The main subtypes of the second declension are represented by '''popol''' 'people' and '''lábelj''' 'lip'. Note the extra syllable in the nominative-accusative singular and the alternation between long and short vowel in the stem:
The main subtypes of the second declension are represented by '''popol''' 'people' and '''lábelj''' 'lip'. Note the extra syllable in the nominative-accusative singular and the alternation between long and short vowel in the stem:


{| border = 1, cellpadding = 3
{| cellpadding="3" style="border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc"
!||Singular||Plural||Singular||Plural
!
!valign="top"|Singular
!valign="top"|Plural
!valign="top"|Singular
!valign="top"|Plural
|-
|-
|'''Nominative, Accusative'''||popol||póply||lábelj||labli
|valign="top"|'''Nominative, Accusative'''
|valign="top"|popol
|valign="top"|póply
|valign="top"|lábelj
|valign="top"|labli
|-
|-
|'''Genitive'''||póply||póplúr||labli||labljúr
|valign="top"|'''Genitive'''
|valign="top"|póply
|valign="top"|póplúr
|valign="top"|labli
|valign="top"|labljúr
|-
|-
|'''Dative'''||póplu||póplov||lablju||labljov/lablv
|valign="top"|'''Dative'''
|valign="top"|póplu
|valign="top"|póplov
|valign="top"|lablju
|valign="top"|labljov/lablv
|}
|}


Two other subtypes are presented below. '''Áher''' 'field' is similar to the two previous types, while amec 'friend' together with other words which ended in ''-ICUS'' in Romance forms a subtype of their own:
Two other subtypes are presented below. '''Áher''' 'field' is similar to the two previous types, while amec 'friend' together with other words which ended in ''-ICUS'' in Romance forms a subtype of their own:


{| border = 1, cellpadding = 3
{| cellpadding="3" style="border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc"
!||Singular||Plural||Singular||Plural
!
!valign="top"|Singular
!valign="top"|Plural
!valign="top"|Singular
!valign="top"|Plural
|-
|-
|'''Nominative, Accusative'''||áher||ahry||amec||ameczi
|valign="top"|'''Nominative, Accusative'''
|valign="top"|áher
|valign="top"|ahry
|valign="top"|amec
|valign="top"|ameczi
|-
|-
|'''Genitive'''||ahry||ahrúr||ameczi||amecúr
|valign="top"|'''Genitive'''
|valign="top"|ahry
|valign="top"|ahrúr
|valign="top"|ameczi
|valign="top"|amecúr
|-
|-
|'''Dative'''||ahru||ahrov||amecu||amecov
|valign="top"|'''Dative'''
|valign="top"|ahru
|valign="top"|ahrov
|valign="top"|amecu
|valign="top"|amecov
|}
|}


==== Third declension nouns ====
=== Third declension nouns ===


The third declension includes both masculine and feminine nouns, without any difference in inflection based on gender. There are however, like in the second declension, a number of subtypes due to differences in the final sound of the stem. The most distinctive trait of the third declension is the lack of an ending (but lengthening of the vowel of the final syllable of the stem) in the genitive plural.
The third declension includes both masculine and feminine nouns, without any difference in inflection based on gender. There are however, like in the second declension, a number of subtypes due to differences in the final sound of the stem. The most distinctive trait of the third declension is the lack of an ending (but lengthening of the vowel of the final syllable of the stem) in the genitive plural.


The two basic types of inflection in the third declension are represented by '''sule''' 'sun' and '''pasture''' 'shepherd':
The two basic types of inflection in the third declension are represented by '''súlj''' 'sun' and '''pastúr''' 'shepherd':


{| border = 1, cellpadding = 3
{| cellpadding="3" style="border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc"
!||Singular||Plural||Singular||Plural
!
!valign="top"|Singular
!valign="top"|Plural
!valign="top"|Singular
!valign="top"|Plural
|-
|-
|'''Nominative, Accusative'''||sule||sulje||pasture||pasturje
|valign="top"|'''Nominative, Accusative'''
|valign="top"|súlj
|valign="top"|sulje
|valign="top"|pastúr
|valign="top"|pasturje
|-
|-
|'''Genitive'''||suli||súlj||pasturi||pastúr
|valign="top"|'''Genitive'''
|valign="top"|suli
|valign="top"|súlj
|valign="top"|pasturi
|valign="top"|pastúr
|-
|-
|'''Dative'''||suli||suljev||pasturi||pasturev
|valign="top"|'''Dative'''
|valign="top"|suli
|valign="top"|suljev
|valign="top"|pasturi
|valign="top"|pasturev
|}
|}


Stems ending in '''c''' and '''dz''' are represented by krce 'cross' and ljedze 'law':
Stems ending in '''cz''' and '''zs''' are represented by krcz 'cross' and '''ljézs''' 'law':


{| border = 1, cellpadding = 3
{| cellpadding="3" style="border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc"
!||Singular||Plural||Singular||Plural
!
!valign="top"|Singular
!valign="top"|Plural
!valign="top"|Singular
!valign="top"|Plural
|-
|-
|'''Nominative, Accusative'''||krce||krcze||ljedze||ljedzse
|valign="top"|'''Nominative, Accusative'''
|valign="top"|krcz
|valign="top"|krcze
|valign="top"|ljézs
|valign="top"|ljezse
|-
|-
|'''Genitive'''||krczi||krcz||ljedzsi||ljédzs
|valign="top"|'''Genitive'''
|valign="top"|krczi
|valign="top"|krcz
|valign="top"|ljezsi
|valign="top"|ljézs
|-
|-
|'''Dative'''||krczi||krczev||ljedzsi||ljedzsev
|valign="top"|'''Dative'''
|valign="top"|krczi
|valign="top"|krczev
|valign="top"|ljezsi
|valign="top"|ljezsev
|}
|}


=== Adjectives ===
== Adjectives ==


Adjectives in Slevan are declined exactly like nouns of the corresponding declensions and types.
Adjectives in Slevan are declined exactly like nouns of the corresponding declensions and types.


==== First and second declension adjectives ====
=== First and second declension adjectives ===


The first and largest class of adjectives follow the first declension in the feminine and the second declension in the masculine, e.g. '''nóv''' 'new':
The first and largest class of adjectives follow the first declension in the feminine and the second declension in the masculine, e.g. '''nóv''' 'new':


{| border = 1, cellpadding = 3
{| cellpadding="3" style="border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc"
!||Masculine|| ||Feminine||
!
!valign="top"|Masculine
!valign="top"|  
!valign="top"|Feminine
!valign="top"|
|-
|-
!||Singular||Plural||Singular||Plural
!
!valign="top"|Singular
!valign="top"|Plural
!valign="top"|Singular
!valign="top"|Plural
|-
|-
|'''Nominative, Accusative'''||nóv||novy||nova||nove
|valign="top"|'''Nominative, Accusative'''
|valign="top"|nóv
|valign="top"|novy
|valign="top"|nova
|valign="top"|nove
|-
|-
|'''Genitive'''||novy||novúr||nove||novár
|valign="top"|'''Genitive'''
|valign="top"|novy
|valign="top"|novúr
|valign="top"|nove
|valign="top"|novár
|-
|-
|'''Dative'''||novu||novov||nove||novav
|valign="top"|'''Dative'''
|valign="top"|novu
|valign="top"|novov
|valign="top"|nove
|valign="top"|novav
|}
|}


==== Third declension adjectives ====
=== Third declension adjectives ===


Third declension adjectives also are declined just like nouns. The adjectives '''hrúde''' 'big' and '''hrave''' 'stern' represent yet two other inflection types in this declension:
Third declension adjectives also are declined just like nouns. The adjectives '''hrúde''' 'big' and '''hrave''' 'stern' represent yet two other inflection types in this declension:


{| border = 1, cellpadding = 3
{| cellpadding="3" style="border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc"
!||Singular||Plural||Singular||Plural
!
!valign="top"|Singular
!valign="top"|Plural
!valign="top"|Singular
!valign="top"|Plural
|-
|-
|'''Nominative, Accusative'''||hrúde||hrúdje||hrave||hravlje
|valign="top"|'''Nominative, Accusative'''
|valign="top"|hrúdj
|valign="top"|hrúdje
|valign="top"|hráv
|valign="top"|hravje
|-
|-
|'''Genitive'''||hrúdi||hrúdj||hravi/hravli||hrávlj/hráv
|valign="top"|'''Genitive'''
|valign="top"|hrúdi
|valign="top"|hrúdj
|valign="top"|hravi
|valign="top"|hráv
|-
|-
|'''Dative'''||hrúdi||hrudjev||hravi/hravli||hravljev
|valign="top"|'''Dative'''
|valign="top"|hrúdi
|valign="top"|hrudjev
|valign="top"|hravi
|valign="top"|hravev
|}
|}


== Adverbs ==
= Adverbs =


To be added
To be added


== Pronouns ==
= Pronouns =


To be added
To be added


== Verbs ==
= Verbs =
 
Slevan verbs are traditionally, since the grammar of Pavel Mrác divided among three conjugations.  In reality the four conjugations of [[Wikipedia:Latin|Latin]] remain distinct in Slevan, but Mrác choose another categorization both in order to conform to the classification of other modern Romance languages, and because many Slevan verbs belong to conjugation 2.B. in the present but to 2.A. in the Simple past.
 
Slevan has three simple tenses &mdash; ''Present'' ('''prezsátj'''), ''Imperfect'' ('''japravéc''') and ''Simple past'' ('''pasát''') &mdash;, three compound tenses &mdash; ''Perfect'' ('''pravéc'''), ''Pluperfect'' ('''plypravéc''') and ''Future'' ('''votýr''') &mdash;, two moods &mdash ''Indicative'' ('''jadecatív''') and ''Subjunctive'' ('''konjúcív''') &mdash; and two voices &mdash; ''Active'' ('''acív''') and ''Passive'' ('''pasív''').
 
== Simple tenses ==
=== The Indicative ===
 
{| style="border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc"
|+'''''Slevan simple tenses in the indicative'''''
|-
|  || ''1. conjugation'' || ''2. conjugation A'' || ''2. conjugation B'' || ''3. conjugation''
|-
| || ''Infinitive''
|-
|  || '''amár''' || '''taczér''' || '''rezser''' || '''dromír'''
|-
|  || 'love' || 'be silent' || 'rule' || 'sleep'
|-
| || ''Present''
|-
| 1. sg. || '''amu''' || '''taczu''' || '''rehu''' || '''dromesku'''
|-
| 2. || '''amaj''' || '''taczej''' || '''rezsi''' || '''dromeszi'''
|-
| 3. || '''ama''' || '''tacze''' || '''rezse''' || '''dromesze'''
|-
| 1. pl. || '''amám''' || '''taczém''' || '''rezsem''' || '''dromím'''
|-
| 2. || '''amátj''' || '''taczétj''' || '''rezsetj''' || '''dromítj'''
|-
| 3. || '''amú''' || '''tacza''' || '''rehú''' || '''dromeszú'''
|-
|  || ''Imperative''
|-
| Sg. || '''ám''' || '''tácz''' || '''rézs''' || '''dromesz'''
|-
| Pl. || '''amátj''' || '''taczétj''' || '''rezsetj''' || '''dromítj'''
|-
| || ''Imperfect''
|-
| 1. sg. || '''amaba''' || '''taczeba''' || '''rezseba''' || '''dromljeba'''
|-
| 2. || '''amabaj''' || '''taczebaj''' || '''rezsebaj''' || '''dromljebaj'''
|-
| 3. || '''amaba''' || '''taczeba''' || '''rezseba''' || '''dromljeba'''
|-
| 1. sg. || '''amabám''' || '''taczebám''' || '''rezsebám''' || '''dromljebám'''
|-
| 2. || '''amabátj''' || '''taczebátj''' || '''rezsebátj''' || '''dromljebátj'''
|-
| 3. || '''amabú''' || '''taczebú''' || '''rezsebú''' || '''dromljebú'''
|-
| || ''Simple past''
|-
| 1. sg. || '''amaj''' || '''taký''' || '''rjeszi''' || '''dromí'''
|-
| 2. || '''amajsti''' || '''takysti''' || '''rjeszesti''' || '''dromísti'''
|-
| 3. || '''amaj''' || '''taký''' || '''rjész''' || '''dromí'''
|-
| 1. pl. || '''amajm''' || '''takým''' || '''rjeszem''' || '''dromím'''
|-
| 2. || '''amajszt''' || '''takýszt''' || '''rjeszeszt''' || '''dromíszt'''
|-
| 3. || '''amajerú''' || '''takyjerú''' || '''rjeszerú''' || '''dromijerú'''
|}
 
=== The subjunctive ===
TO BE ADDED
 
= Conjunctions =


To be added
To be added


== Conjunctions ==
= Interjections =


To be added
To be added


== Interjections ==
= Syntax =  


To be added
To be added


== Syntax ==
BPJ 13:06, 27 Jul 2005 (PDT)


To be added


[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 11:49, 6 May 2005 (PDT)
[[Category:Slevan]]

Latest revision as of 06:20, 2 July 2009

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Note: This version of Slvanjec is outdated especially as regards the development of the vowels and hence some endings too. It will be updated ASAP. BPJ 10:06, 16 Jul 2005 (PDT)


Nouns and adjectives

Nouns

Nouns in Slevan inflect for number and case, and adjectives in addition inflect for gender. There are three main declensions, with a few subtypes within each declension.

First declension nouns

First declension nouns are typically feminine in gender. Those few masculines of the first declension that existed in Latin have as a rule been superseded by other formations, and loanwords that belong to the first declension masculine in Latin are normally assigned to the second declension in Slevan.

The paradigms for the first declension are roza 'rose' and vilja 'daughter, girl':

Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative, Accusative roza roze vilja vilje
Genitive roze rozár vilje viljár
Dative roze rozav vilje viljav

Second declension nouns

The second declension in Slevan represents a merger of the second and fourth declension of Latin. The nouns belonging here are masculine, with a few exceptions like mán f. 'hand'. There is no neuter gender in Slevan, the neuter having merged into the masculine early on.

The paradigms for the second declension are mýr 'wall' and bánj 'bath':

Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative, Accusative mýr myry bánj bani
Genitive myry myrúr bani banjúr
Dative myru myrov banju banjov

The main subtypes of the second declension are represented by popol 'people' and lábelj 'lip'. Note the extra syllable in the nominative-accusative singular and the alternation between long and short vowel in the stem:

Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative, Accusative popol póply lábelj labli
Genitive póply póplúr labli labljúr
Dative póplu póplov lablju labljov/lablv

Two other subtypes are presented below. Áher 'field' is similar to the two previous types, while amec 'friend' together with other words which ended in -ICUS in Romance forms a subtype of their own:

Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative, Accusative áher ahry amec ameczi
Genitive ahry ahrúr ameczi amecúr
Dative ahru ahrov amecu amecov

Third declension nouns

The third declension includes both masculine and feminine nouns, without any difference in inflection based on gender. There are however, like in the second declension, a number of subtypes due to differences in the final sound of the stem. The most distinctive trait of the third declension is the lack of an ending (but lengthening of the vowel of the final syllable of the stem) in the genitive plural.

The two basic types of inflection in the third declension are represented by súlj 'sun' and pastúr 'shepherd':

Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative, Accusative súlj sulje pastúr pasturje
Genitive suli súlj pasturi pastúr
Dative suli suljev pasturi pasturev

Stems ending in cz and zs are represented by krcz 'cross' and ljézs 'law':

Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative, Accusative krcz krcze ljézs ljezse
Genitive krczi krcz ljezsi ljézs
Dative krczi krczev ljezsi ljezsev

Adjectives

Adjectives in Slevan are declined exactly like nouns of the corresponding declensions and types.

First and second declension adjectives

The first and largest class of adjectives follow the first declension in the feminine and the second declension in the masculine, e.g. nóv 'new':

Masculine Feminine
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative, Accusative nóv novy nova nove
Genitive novy novúr nove novár
Dative novu novov nove novav

Third declension adjectives

Third declension adjectives also are declined just like nouns. The adjectives hrúde 'big' and hrave 'stern' represent yet two other inflection types in this declension:

Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative, Accusative hrúdj hrúdje hráv hravje
Genitive hrúdi hrúdj hravi hráv
Dative hrúdi hrudjev hravi hravev

Adverbs

To be added

Pronouns

To be added

Verbs

Slevan verbs are traditionally, since the grammar of Pavel Mrác divided among three conjugations. In reality the four conjugations of Latin remain distinct in Slevan, but Mrác choose another categorization both in order to conform to the classification of other modern Romance languages, and because many Slevan verbs belong to conjugation 2.B. in the present but to 2.A. in the Simple past.

Slevan has three simple tenses — Present (prezsátj), Imperfect (japravéc) and Simple past (pasát) —, three compound tenses — Perfect (pravéc), Pluperfect (plypravéc) and Future (votýr) —, two moods &mdash Indicative (jadecatív) and Subjunctive (konjúcív) — and two voices — Active (acív) and Passive (pasív).

Simple tenses

The Indicative

Slevan simple tenses in the indicative
1. conjugation 2. conjugation A 2. conjugation B 3. conjugation
Infinitive
amár taczér rezser dromír
'love' 'be silent' 'rule' 'sleep'
Present
1. sg. amu taczu rehu dromesku
2. amaj taczej rezsi dromeszi
3. ama tacze rezse dromesze
1. pl. amám taczém rezsem dromím
2. amátj taczétj rezsetj dromítj
3. amú tacza rehú dromeszú
Imperative
Sg. ám tácz rézs dromesz
Pl. amátj taczétj rezsetj dromítj
Imperfect
1. sg. amaba taczeba rezseba dromljeba
2. amabaj taczebaj rezsebaj dromljebaj
3. amaba taczeba rezseba dromljeba
1. sg. amabám taczebám rezsebám dromljebám
2. amabátj taczebátj rezsebátj dromljebátj
3. amabú taczebú rezsebú dromljebú
Simple past
1. sg. amaj taký rjeszi dromí
2. amajsti takysti rjeszesti dromísti
3. amaj taký rjész dromí
1. pl. amajm takým rjeszem dromím
2. amajszt takýszt rjeszeszt dromíszt
3. amajerú takyjerú rjeszerú dromijerú

The subjunctive

TO BE ADDED

Conjunctions

To be added

Interjections

To be added

Syntax

To be added

BPJ 13:06, 27 Jul 2005 (PDT)

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