Historical phonology of Slevan: Difference between revisions

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== [[Wikipedia:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]] sound changes ==
== [[Wikipedia:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]] sound changes ==


{| width="100%" align="center" border="1" cellpadding="3"
{{big|Latin to Vulgar Latin (Pre-Romance) ? -150 C.E.}}
 
{{GMPtable|Latin}}
|-
|-
! width="12%" | Latin
|m||word-finally||disappears||{{small|CAELUM}} > *kaelu > czál
!width="33%"| Condition
!width="22%"| Result
!width="33%"| Example(s)
|-
|-
|{{IPA|y̆, ȳ}} || everywhere || ĭ, ī ||
|{{IPA|y̆, ȳ}} || everywhere || ĭ, ī || {{small|CYGNU}} > *kignu > czenj
|-
|rowspan=2|ae|| word-finally|| {{IPA|ǣ}} || {{small|ROSAE}} > *{{IPA|rosǣ}} > roze
|-
|elsewhere || ĕ {{IPA|[ɛ]}} || {{small|CAELU}} > *kelu > czál
|-
|oe|| || ē || {{small|FOEDU}} > *fēdu > véd
|-
|au|| || ō || {{small|CAUSA}} > *kōsa > kuza
|-
|eu|| || jū ||
|-
|ui|| || ū ||
|-
|ĭ,ĕ || before another vowel || j || {{small|SPATIU}} > *spatju > spóc<br> {{small|LĪNEA}} > līnja > linja
|-
| ŭ || before another vowel || w || {{small|VIDUA}} > *vidwa > vedva
|-
| h || disappears || || {{small|HODIĒ}} > odjē > voj<br> {{small|COLAPHU}} > *kolapu > klóp<br> {{small|CATHEDRA}} > *katedra > kotjedra <br> {{small|MĀCHINA}} > *mākina > máczna
|-
| ns || || s || {{small|ĪNSULA}} > *īsula > ízla
|-
| nct, mpt || nt || || {{small|SANCTU}} > *sàntu-ju > sútý<br>
{{small|PRŌMPTUM}} > *prōntu > prútý
|-
|nj, cn, gn, mnj || || ň {{IPA|[ɲ]}} || {{small|LĪNEA}} > *līňa > linja<br> {{small|CYGNU}} > *kiňu > czenj <br> {{small|SOMNIU}} > *soňu > sonj
|-
| mn || || nn || {{small|DAMNU}} > *dannu > dón
|-
| mĭn || between vowels || mn || {{small|DOMINU}} > *domnu > dún
|-
| lj || || ľ {{IPA|[ʎ]}} || {{small|FĪLĬU}} > *fīľu > vílj
|-
| per- || word initially || par- || {{small|PERAMBULĀRE}} > *parambulāre > porúblár <br> {{small|PERDERE}} > *pàrdere > pradír <br> {{small|PERSŌNA}} > *parsōna > prasuna
|-
| b || between vowels || v {{IPA|[β]}} || {{small|LĂBŌRĀRE}} > *lavōrare > lóvrár
|-
| s || between vowels || z || {{small|ĪNSULA}} > *īzula > ízla <br> {{small|CAUSA}} > *kōza > kuza
|-
| sp, st, sc [sk] || word initial ||ĭsp, ĭst, ĭsk || {{small|SPŌNSA}} > *ispōza > spuza <br> {{small|STUDIU}} > *istudju > stuj <br> {{small|SCHOLA}} > *iskola > skola
|}
 
* It is possible that the Greek '''y''' sound was adopted as '''i''' by Vulgar Latin from the beginning.
 
* Note that '''h''' was lost ''everywhere'', also in the Greek aspirates '''ph, th, ch'''.  It is especially noteworthy that '''ph''' became '''p''', not '''f''' in the kind of Vulgar Latin that led to Slevan.
 
== Northeast Romance sound changes ==
 
{{big|Vulgar Latin to Early Northeast Romance 150 - 600 C.E.}}
 
{{GMPtable|V.L.}}
|-
|rowspan=2| ă, ā || open stressed, or unstressed final, syllable || a || {{small|MĀRE}} > *mare > már<br>{{small|RŌMA}} > *rōma > Ruma
|-
| closed stressed, or an unstressed, syllable || o {{IPA|[ɔ]}} || {{small|CAPRA}} > *kopra > kopra<br>{{small|PĀGĀNU}} > *poganŭ > pohán<br>{{small|ĂRĀNEA}} > *oraňa > oranja
|-
|rowspan=2| ē, ĭ || stressed syllable || e || {{small|TĒLA}} > *tela > tela<br>{{small|SĬTE}} > *setĭ > sétj
|-
| unstressed non-final syllable || ĭ {{IPA|[ɪ]}}||
|-
| ē || unstressed final syllable || i || {{small|CANĒS}} > *kanis > kani<br>{{small|TACĒS}} > *takis > taczi
|-
|rowspan=3| ĕ || stressed open syllable || jě {{IPA|[jæ]}} || {{small|CAELŬ}} > *kjělŭ > czál
|-
| stressed closed syllable || ě {{IPA|[æ]}} || {{small|TĔRRA}} > *těrra > tjera
|-
| unstressed syllable || ĭ  || {{small|RĔGĔRĔ}} > *rjěgěrĭ > rezsár<br>{{small|ĂPĔRĪRĔ}} > *opěrjirĭ > opjerír
|-
| {{IPA|ǣ}} || unstressed final syllable || e || {{small|ROSAE}} > *rŭoze > roze
|-
|rowspan=2| ī || stressed open syllable || ji || {{small|SĪGNŬ}} > *sjiňŭ > színj
|-
| elsewhere || i || {{small|CĪVĪLĔ}} > *kivjilĭ-jŭ > czivílí
|-
|rowspan=2| ō,ŭ || stressed syllable || ō {{IPA|[o]}} || {{small|DŌNŬ}} > *dōnŭ > dún<br> {{small|PŬTĔŬ}} > *pōtjŭ > púc<br> {{small|ŬTĔRŬ}} > *ōtĭrŭ > utjer
|-
| unstressed non-final syllable || ŭ || {{small|SŌLĔMNĔ}} > *sŭlěnnĭ-jŭ > sléní<br> {{small|ĔPĪSTŬLA}} > *ěpistŭla > pístla
|-
|rowspan=3| ŏ || stressed open syllable || ŭo || {{small|BŎNŬ}} > *bŭonŭ-jŭ > bóný
|-
| stressed closed syllable || o || {{small|NŎCTĔ}} > *noktĭ > nóc
|-
| unstressed syllable || ŭ || {{small|MŎNASTĒRĬŬ}} > *mŭnasterjŭ > mnostér
|-
| f || || v || {{small|FĪLĬŬ}} > *viľŭ > vílj<br> {{small|ŎFFĬCĬŬ}} > *ovvekjŭ > ovécz
|-
| k || before ĭ, i, ě ||rowspan=2| č || {{small|CĔNTŬ}} > *čěntŭ > czút<br> {{small|DŬCĔ}} > *dōčĭ > dúcz
|-
| kj || || {{small|ŎFFĬCĬŬ}} > *ovvečŭ > ovécz
|-
| g || before ĭ, i, ě  at the beginning of a word or after a gonsonant || ž || {{small|GĔNTĔ}} > *žěntĭ > zsútj
|-
| g || between a vowel and ĭ, i ||rowspan=2| j || {{small|RĔGĬT}} > *rějĭt > reje<br> {{small|MĂGĬS}} > *majĭs > maj<br> {{small|LĒGE}} > *lejĭ > lej
|-
| gj, dj || between vowels || {{small|ĔXĂGĬŬM}} > *ěχajŭ > jachaj<br> {{small|MĔDĬŬ}} > *mjějŭ > mljaj
|-
| x || before ĭ, i, ě ||rowspan=2| š ||
|-
| xj || || {{small|NŎXĬŬ}} > *nŭošŭ > nósz
|-
| sk, kk || before ĭ, i, ě ||rowspan=2| šč || {{small|PĬSCĔ}} > *peščĭ > pészt<br> {{small|ŎCCĪDĔRĔ}} > *oščiděrĭ > osztidír
|-
| skj, kkj || || {{small|ASCĬŎLA}} > *oščŭla > ósztla<br> {{small|BRĀCCHĬŬ}} > *broščŭ > brószt
|}
|}
[[Category:Slevan]]

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Vulgar Latin sound changes

Latin to Vulgar Latin (Pre-Romance) ? -150 C.E.


Latin Condition Result Example(s)
m word-finally disappears CAELUM > *kaelu > czál
y̆, ȳ everywhere ĭ, ī CYGNU > *kignu > czenj
ae word-finally ǣ ROSAE > *rosǣ > roze
elsewhere ĕ [ɛ] CAELU > *kelu > czál
oe ē FOEDU > *fēdu > véd
au ō CAUSA > *kōsa > kuza
eu jū
ui ū
ĭ,ĕ before another vowel j SPATIU > *spatju > spóc
LĪNEA > līnja > linja
ŭ before another vowel w VIDUA > *vidwa > vedva
h disappears HODIĒ > odjē > voj
COLAPHU > *kolapu > klóp
CATHEDRA > *katedra > kotjedra
MĀCHINA > *mākina > máczna
ns s ĪNSULA > *īsula > ízla
nct, mpt nt SANCTU > *sàntu-ju > sútý

PRŌMPTUM > *prōntu > prútý

nj, cn, gn, mnj ň [ɲ] LĪNEA > *līňa > linja
CYGNU > *kiňu > czenj
SOMNIU > *soňu > sonj
mn nn DAMNU > *dannu > dón
mĭn between vowels mn DOMINU > *domnu > dún
lj ľ [ʎ] FĪLĬU > *fīľu > vílj
per- word initially par- PERAMBULĀRE > *parambulāre > porúblár
PERDERE > *pàrdere > pradír
PERSŌNA > *parsōna > prasuna
b between vowels v [β] LĂBŌRĀRE > *lavōrare > lóvrár
s between vowels z ĪNSULA > *īzula > ízla
CAUSA > *kōza > kuza
sp, st, sc [sk] word initial ĭsp, ĭst, ĭsk SPŌNSA > *ispōza > spuza
STUDIU > *istudju > stuj
SCHOLA > *iskola > skola
  • It is possible that the Greek y sound was adopted as i by Vulgar Latin from the beginning.
  • Note that h was lost everywhere, also in the Greek aspirates ph, th, ch. It is especially noteworthy that ph became p, not f in the kind of Vulgar Latin that led to Slevan.

Northeast Romance sound changes

Vulgar Latin to Early Northeast Romance 150 - 600 C.E.


V.L. Condition Result Example(s)
ă, ā open stressed, or unstressed final, syllable a MĀRE > *mare > már
RŌMA > *rōma > Ruma
closed stressed, or an unstressed, syllable o [ɔ] CAPRA > *kopra > kopra
PĀGĀNU > *poganŭ > pohán
ĂRĀNEA > *oraňa > oranja
ē, ĭ stressed syllable e TĒLA > *tela > tela
SĬTE > *setĭ > sétj
unstressed non-final syllable ĭ [ɪ]
ē unstressed final syllable i CANĒS > *kanis > kani
TACĒS > *takis > taczi
ĕ stressed open syllable jě [jæ] CAELŬ > *kjělŭ > czál
stressed closed syllable ě [æ] TĔRRA > *těrra > tjera
unstressed syllable ĭ RĔGĔRĔ > *rjěgěrĭ > rezsár
ĂPĔRĪRĔ > *opěrjirĭ > opjerír
ǣ unstressed final syllable e ROSAE > *rŭoze > roze
ī stressed open syllable ji SĪGNŬ > *sjiňŭ > színj
elsewhere i CĪVĪLĔ > *kivjilĭ-jŭ > czivílí
ō,ŭ stressed syllable ō [o] DŌNŬ > *dōnŭ > dún
PŬTĔŬ > *pōtjŭ > púc
ŬTĔRŬ > *ōtĭrŭ > utjer
unstressed non-final syllable ŭ SŌLĔMNĔ > *sŭlěnnĭ-jŭ > sléní
ĔPĪSTŬLA > *ěpistŭla > pístla
ŏ stressed open syllable ŭo BŎNŬ > *bŭonŭ-jŭ > bóný
stressed closed syllable o NŎCTĔ > *noktĭ > nóc
unstressed syllable ŭ MŎNASTĒRĬŬ > *mŭnasterjŭ > mnostér
f v FĪLĬŬ > *viľŭ > vílj
ŎFFĬCĬŬ > *ovvekjŭ > ovécz
k before ĭ, i, ě č CĔNTŬ > *čěntŭ > czút
DŬCĔ > *dōčĭ > dúcz
kj ŎFFĬCĬŬ > *ovvečŭ > ovécz
g before ĭ, i, ě at the beginning of a word or after a gonsonant ž GĔNTĔ > *žěntĭ > zsútj
g between a vowel and ĭ, i j RĔGĬT > *rějĭt > reje
MĂGĬS > *majĭs > maj
LĒGE > *lejĭ > lej
gj, dj between vowels ĔXĂGĬŬM > *ěχajŭ > jachaj
MĔDĬŬ > *mjějŭ > mljaj
x before ĭ, i, ě š
xj NŎXĬŬ > *nŭošŭ > nósz
sk, kk before ĭ, i, ě šč PĬSCĔ > *peščĭ > pészt
ŎCCĪDĔRĔ > *oščiděrĭ > osztidír
skj, kkj ASCĬŎLA > *oščŭla > ósztla
BRĀCCHĬŬ > *broščŭ > brószt
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